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[Purpose] Sarcopenia is considered one of the major causes of disability in the elderly population and is highly associated with aging. Exercise is an essential strategy for improving muscle health while aging and involves multiple metabolic and transcriptional adapta tions. Although the beneficial effects of exercise modali ties on skeletal muscle structure and function in aging are well recognized, the exact cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the influence of exercise have not been fully elucidated. [Methods] We summarize the biochemical pathways involved in the progression and pathogenesis of sar copenia and describe the beneficial effects of exercise training on the relevant signaling pathways associated with sarcopenia. [Results] This study briefly introduces current knowl edge on the signaling pathways involved in the devel opment of sarcopenia, effects of aerobic exercise on mitochondria-related parameters and mitochondrial function, and role of resistance exercise in the regula tion of muscle protein synthesis against sarcopenia. [Conclusion] This review suggested that the beneficial effects of exercise are still under-explored, and acceler ated research will help develop better modalities for the prevention, management, and treatment of sarcopenia.