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Background: The $r$ process is thought to be a dominant mechanism for the production of medium mass and heavy nuclei. Despite extensive study, neither the process nor its site, and, consequently, the origin of these elements, is well understood. One of the principal reasons is the lack of adequate knowledge of neutron capture cross sections in neutron-rich nuclei, especially up to a few hundred keV. Existing statistical model calculations differ widely and are unreliable more than a few nucleons beyond stability.Purpose: To provide a new, more reliable empirical method to estimate neutron capture cross sections.Method: To use an entirely empirical approach by exploiting a newly discovered correlation between two-neutron separation energies and neutron capture cross sections.Results: It is shown that there is a compact correlation between neutron capture cross sections and ${S}_{2n}$ for ${S}_{2n}$ values from 10 to 16 MeV, encompassing nuclei in five mass regions comprising seven classes of nuclei from $A\ensuremath{\approx}110$ through the actinides over Maxwellian energy distributions from $kT=5$ to 100 keV. As a consequence, many unknown cross sections can be predicted by interpolation, with accuracies on the order of $\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}25%$. In other cases, the cross sections can still be predicted with greatly improved accuracy compared to current models. Finally, it is shown that, in very neutron-rich nuclei, measurements of ${S}_{2n}$ can replace more difficult or impossible neutron capture measurements to estimate $r$-process abundances.Conclusions: A new approach to estimate neutron capture cross section allows much improved predictions of these key ingredients into $r$-process calculations, perhaps providing an enhanced ability to model this process and to better define its site(s).

New data for the ${}^{\text{nat}}\mathrm{V}(p,x)$ reactions have been measured in the range 26--70 MeV, with production of the nuclides $^{47}\mathrm{Sc}, ^{43}\mathrm{Sc}, {}^{44m}\mathrm{Sc}, {}^{44g}\mathrm{Sc}, ^{46}\mathrm{Sc}, ^{48}\mathrm{Sc}, ^{42}\mathrm{K}, ^{43}\mathrm{K}, ^{48}\mathrm{V}, ^{48}\mathrm{Cr}, ^{49}\mathrm{Cr}$, and $^{51}\mathrm{Cr}$. The focus is on the production of $^{47}\mathrm{Sc}$, a ${\ensuremath{\beta}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ emitter suitable for innovative radiotheranostic applications in nuclear medicine. The measured cross sections for this radionuclide and its contaminants are compared with the theoretical excitation functions calculated with the talys code. In view of novel radiopharmaceutical applications, it is essential to accurately describe these cross sections for the evaluation of yields, purities, and dose releases. Hence, we optimize the level-density parameters of the microscopic models in the talys code to obtain the best possible descriptions of the new data. We consider different irradiation conditions to estimate the production yields from the cross sections determined in this paper.

Recent data on the nuclear modification of $W$ and $Z$ boson production measured by the ATLAS collaboration in PbPb collisions at $\sqrt{{s}_{\mathrm{NN}}}=5.02\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}\mathrm{TeV}$ show an enhancement in peripheral collisions, seemingly contradicting predictions of the Glauber model. The data were previously explained by arguing that the nucleon-nucleon cross section may be shadowed in nucleus-nucleus collisions and hence suppressed compared with the proton-proton cross section at the same collision energy. This interpretation has quite significant consequences for the understanding of heavy-ion data, in particular in the context of the Glauber model. Instead, we provide an alternative explanation of the data by assuming that there is a mild bias present in the centrality determination of the measurement; on the size of the related systematic uncertainty. Using this assumption, we show that the data is in agreement with theoretical calculations using nuclear parton distribution functions. Finally, we speculate that the centrality dependence of the ${W}^{\ensuremath{-}}/{W}^{+}$ ratio may point to the relevance of a larger skin thickness of the Pb nucleus, which, if present, would result in a few percent larger PbPb cross section than currently accounted for in the Glauber model and may hence be the root of the centrality bias.

We investigate $\ensuremath{\phi}$ meson photoproduction on the nucleon and $^{4}\mathrm{He}$ targets within a dynamical model approach based on a Hamiltonian which describes the production mechanisms by the Pomeron exchange, meson exchange, $\ensuremath{\phi}$ radiation, and nucleon resonance excitation mechanisms. The final $\ensuremath{\phi}N$ interactions are included and described by the gluon-exchange, direct $\ensuremath{\phi}N$ couplings, and the box diagrams arising from the couplings with $\ensuremath{\pi}N, \ensuremath{\rho}N, K\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}$, and $K\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Sigma}}$ channels. The parameters of the Hamiltonian are determined by the experimental data of $\ensuremath{\gamma}p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\phi}p$ from the CLAS Collaboration. The resulting Hamiltonian is then used to predict the coherent $\ensuremath{\phi}$-meson production on the $^{4}\mathrm{He}$ targets by using the distorted-wave impulse approximation. For the proton target, the final $\ensuremath{\phi}N$ rescattering effects, as required by the unitarity condition, are found to be very weak, which supports the earlier calculations in the literature. For the $^{4}\mathrm{He}$ targets, the predicted differential cross sections are in good agreement with the data obtained by the LEPS Collaboration. The role of each mechanism in this reaction is discussed and predictions for a wide range of scattering angles are presented, which can be tested in future experiments.

Based on the isospin dependent transport model IBUU, the pion production and its absorption are thoroughly studied in the central collision of $Au+Au$ at a beam energy of 400 MeV/nucleon. It is found that the pions are firstly produced by the hard $\Delta$ decay at the average density around $1.75\rho_{0}$, whereas about 18\% of them are absorbed absolutely in the subsequent inelastic collisions. For the free pions observed, more than half of them have been scattered for one or more times before they are free from matter. And the more scattering numbers of pions, the higher the momentum they possess. These pions, due to longer time of their existence in high density nuclear matter, carry more information about the symmetry energy of the nuclear matter at high densities., Comment: 6 pages, 8 figures

To compare fusion-evaporation (FE) and multinucleon transfer (MNT) approaches and make more reliable predictions for producing superheavy nuclei, the unified description of FE and MNT processes is performed in the reaction $^{48}\mathrm{Ca}+^{238}\mathrm{U}$ within the (DNS) model. We extend the fusion concept in the DNS model based on the deformation degree of freedom. Our calculations support the experimental result [Nishio et al., Phys. Rev. C 77, 064607 (2008)] that compact configuration enhances the fusion probability. The experimental production cross sections of isotopes in FE and MNT processes can be simultaneously reproduced. By comparing the production cross sections in the MNT reaction $^{238}\mathrm{U}+^{248}\mathrm{Cm}$ with the FE reactions $^{48}\mathrm{Ca}+^{238}\mathrm{U}$ and $^{54}\mathrm{Cr}+^{248}\mathrm{Cm}$, we find that the FE process shows great advantages of cross sections for producing Cn isotopes and is the only approach that could produce superheavy elements beyond oganesson.

Physical review / C 104(3), 034908 (2021). doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.104.034908, We study the deuteron production via the deuteron pion and nucleon catalysis reactions, ��pn ��� ��d and Npn ��� Nd, by employing stochastic multi-particle reactions in the hadronic transport approach SMASH for the first time. This is an improvement compared to previous studies, which introduced an artificial fake resonance d��� to simulate these 3 ��� 2 reactions as a chain of 2 ��� 2 reactions. The derivation of the stochastic criterion for multi-particle reactions is presented in a comprehensive fashion and its implementation is tested against an analytic expression for the scattering rate and the equilibrating particle yields in box calculations. We then study Au + Au collisions at ���sNN = 7.7 GeV, where we find that multi-particle collisions substantially reduce the time required for deuterons to reach partial chemical equilibrium with nucleons. Subsequently, the final yield of d is practically independent from the number of d at particlization, confirming the results of previous studies. The mean transverse momentum and the integrated elliptic flow as a function of centrality are rather insensitive to the exact realization of the 2 ��� 3 reactions., Published by Inst., Woodbury, NY

Calculations of inclusive $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ particle production are performed to interpret reaction experimental data induced by the two-neutron halo $^{6}\mathrm{He}$ and the isotopes $^{6,7}\mathrm{Li}$ on different target nuclei. We have implemented the zero-range post-form distorted-wave Born approximation (DWBA) to compute the elastic and nonelastic breakup cross sections. Integrated cross sections, angular distributions, and spectra are presented. Projectiles are approximated as two-body clusters, namely $^{6}\mathrm{He}$ as $\ensuremath{\alpha}+\text{dineutron}$ and $^{6}\mathrm{Li}$ ($^{7}\mathrm{Li}$) are interpreted as $\ensuremath{\alpha}+\text{deuteron}$ (triton). The S\~ao Paulo optical potential is employed in the calculation of the distorted wave functions for the incident channels, while standard phenomenological interactions are taken for the fragment-target interactions. Calculations for $^{6}\mathrm{Li}$ and $^{7}\mathrm{Li}$ furnish a good description of the data, while the reaction involving $^{6}\mathrm{He}$ is found to be more complicated, where interpretation of the data must still be considered incomplete. The present analysis identifies an overall large contribution from inclusive breakup emission for all the cases studied.

We had been gradually working towards building a comprehensive quarkonia suppression formalism to explain all 3 dependencies of quarkonium suppression obtained from heavy-ion collision experiments. We present here the improved version of quarkonia suppression framework. It assumes bottomonia produced in the early stage which dissociates due to color screening, gluonic dissociation, and collisional damping in addition to the shadowing as an initial state effect. The QGP medium formed in the collisions is assumed to evolve under ($3+1$)-dimensional relativistic viscous hydrodynamics which is modeled using ECHO-QGP. This replaces the Bjorken's hydrodynamics which we had used in our earlier work where we determined the centrality and transverse momentum dependent suppression. The correlated bottom quark and bottom anti-quark could recombine in the plasma. A rate equation is employed, whose solution gives the final number of bottomonium after dissociation and recombination under $(3+1)$-dimensional expansion of the QGP medium. The Shadowing effect, which is the dominant Cold Nuclear Matter effect at LHC energies, has now been modified by employing the most recent parton distribution functions obtained from CT14 global analysis and shadowing factors from EPPS16. Using this improved formalism we determine the centrality, transverse momentum, and rapidity, dependencies of bottomonium suppression for $\Upsilon(1S)$, and $\Upsilon(2S)$ at the LHC's energies of $2.76$ TeV and $5.02$ TeV. We find a fairly good agreement between theoretically calculated survival probability and the measured nuclear modification factor($R_{AA}$) at the two energies., Comment: 9 pages, 7 figures, 1 table

In order to study incomplete fusion (ICF) reaction dynamics, the present work manifests the role of a non-$\ensuremath{\alpha}$-cluster $^{14}\mathrm{N}$ projectile on $^{181}\mathrm{Ta}$ target at energies $\ensuremath{\approx}4--7$ MeV/nucleon using the offline $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray spectroscopy. The excitation functions for 15 reaction residues populated in $^{14}\mathrm{N}+^{181}\mathrm{Ta}$ system have been measured and analyzed within the framework of statistical model code PACE4. The experimentally measured excitation functions of evaporation residues populated via xn/pxn channels are found to be well reproduced by the predictions of code PACE4, which confirms their production solely via complete fusion process. However, an enhancement in the measured excitation function as compared to PACE4 calculations, particularly in tail portion of $^{192}\mathrm{Hg}$ residue ($3n$ channel) has been observed indicating the presence of precompound emission. A significant contribution from precursor decay in pxn channels has also been observed. An enhancement in the measured excitation functions for $\ensuremath{\alpha}$-emitting channels as compared to the PACE4 predictions has been observed and attributed to the incomplete fusion process. Further, the contribution from incomplete fusion process in the $^{14}\mathrm{N}+^{181}\mathrm{Ta}$ system has also been deduced in terms of strength function (${F}_{\mathrm{ICF}}$). The results have been discussed in terms of the parameters which influence the dynamics of ICF process. The ${F}_{\mathrm{ICF}}$ is found to depend strongly on projectile energies, the product of projectile and target charges, and $\ensuremath{\alpha}\ensuremath{-}Q$ value of the projectile.

Background: Light ($30\ensuremath{\le}Z\ensuremath{\le}45$) neutron-rich isotopes are thought to be synthesized in the neutrino-driven ejecta of core-collapse supernovae explosions via the weak $r$ process. Recent nucleosynthesis studies have demonstrated that $(\ensuremath{\alpha},xn)$ reactions play a particularly important role in the production of these isotopes. $\ensuremath{\alpha}$-nucleus optical model potentials ($\ensuremath{\alpha}$-OMPs) are used to model this nucleosynthesis scenario.Purpose: The different $\ensuremath{\alpha}$-OMP model parameters can affect the calculated cross sections by more than an order of magnitude in the relevant energy regions, which affects the production of light neutron-rich isotopes. Consequently, to constrain the astrophysical conditions characterizing the supernovae ejecta, the uncertainty of the nuclear physics input has to be reduced.Methods: The cross section of the $^{100}\mathrm{Mo}(\ensuremath{\alpha},n)^{103}\mathrm{Ru}$ reaction was measured by means of the activation method. 0.5 mm thick molybdenum disks were irradiated with ${E}_{\ensuremath{\alpha}}$ = 7.0 to ${E}_{\ensuremath{\alpha}}$ = 13.0 MeV $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ beams. Thick target yields and reaction cross sections were determined via $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray spectroscopy.Results: Cross sections at several energies below the Coulomb barrier were measured, reaching the astrophysically relevant energy region. Large discrepancies between the experimental values and statistical model predictions calculated using the well-known $\ensuremath{\alpha}$-OMPs were found. The measured cross section data could be excellently described by the Atomki-V2 potential. Therefore, this $\ensuremath{\alpha}$-OMP was used to derive the astrophysical reaction rates as a function of temperature.Conclusions: The successful reproduction of the measured cross sections in a wide energy region confirm the reliability of the Atomki-V2 potential. The usage of the new $^{100}\mathrm{Mo}(\ensuremath{\alpha},n)^{103}\mathrm{Ru}$ experimental data along with the Atomki-V2 potential reduces the nuclear uncertainties of the weak $r$-process production yields of nuclei with $36\ensuremath{\le}Z\ensuremath{\le}50$ to a marginal level.

Multinucleon transfer mechanisms near barrier collisions between very heavy nuclei are investigated in the framework of the improved dinuclear system model by considering the influence of orientation effects combined with statistical model code gemini++. Several transfer reactions for different actinide targets ($^{238}\mathrm{U},^{248}\mathrm{Cm}$, and $^{249}\mathrm{Cf}$) are studied in detail. One notices that the isotopic distributions of the above-target products decrease drastically by a factor of 10 per proton, which is moved from projectile to target. However, the calculated and measured results show that the larger production cross sections above targetlike fragments can be produced by using the heaviest available target. The predicted cross sections and excitation functions of the new transfermium isotopes may be useful for future experiments.

Nuclear deexcitation lines are regularly observed in the $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray emission spectra of strong solar flares. The most prominent lines are produced by interactions of protons and $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ particles, accelerated up to hundreds of MeV, with abundant nuclei of the solar atmosphere. Analysis and interpretation of these lines, which carry valuable information on the solar flare properties, need cross-section data for the $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray line emission in these interactions for a wide particle energy range. To this purpose, we measured the $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray emission in interactions of $\ensuremath{\alpha}$-particle beams of ${E}_{\ensuremath{\alpha}}=50\text{--}90$ MeV with target foils of C, Mg, Si, and Fe at the center for proton therapy of the Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin. Setups of three high-purity Ge detectors and one $\mathrm{La}{\mathrm{Br}}_{3}$:Ce detector have been employed to detect the $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ rays in two experiment campaigns. Relatively large distances of the detectors from the target and pulsed beams with sub-ns-wide pulses allowed the separation of beam-induced prompt $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray emission from the targets from other $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ rays and neutron-induced background. $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray production cross sections for about 60 deexcitation lines from excited target nuclei or reaction products have been determined. For the strongest deexcitation lines from the major target isotopes, $^{12}\mathrm{C}$, $^{24}\mathrm{Mg}$, $^{28}\mathrm{Si}$, $^{56}\mathrm{Fe}$, there are now measured cross-section data from reaction threshold to ${E}_{\ensuremath{\alpha}}=90$ MeV that can be directly used for astrophysical applications like solar flares. Comparison of the results with a cross-section compilation for strong $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray lines in solar flare emissions and the predictions of the talys nuclear reaction code were done. They underline the importance of cross-section determinations at accelerator laboratories for the establishment of an accurate cross-section data base in a wide projectile energy range.

Background: Abundance calculations of a certain class of proton-rich isotopes, known as $p$ nuclei, require knowledge of the cross sections of thousands of nuclear reactions entering a reaction network. As a result, the solution of the latter relies on the predictions of the Hauser-Feshbach (HF) theory and, hence, on the reliability of the models describing the nuclear parameters entering the HF calculations, notably the optical model potential (OMP), the nuclear level density (NLD) and the $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray strength function ($\ensuremath{\gamma}\mathrm{SF}$).Purpose: The present work reports on a systematic study of proton capture reactions on Sr isotopes at energies relevant to the $p$ process which is responsible for the production of the $p$ nuclei at explosive stellar sites. The purpose of the work reported here is to perform a validity test of the different OMP, NLD, and $\ensuremath{\gamma}\mathrm{SF}$ models through extensive and detailed comparisons between HF calculations and experimental cross section data. This test is necessary to understand the origin of discrepancies between the $p$-nuclei abundances observed in the solar system and those predicted by the different astrophysical models, known as $p$-process models, aiming at describing the nucleosynthesis of the $p$ isotopes.Method: Cross sections were determined from $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-angular distribution measurements and from angle-integrated $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ spectra taken with the $4\ensuremath{\pi}\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}\ensuremath{\gamma}$-summing technique. Cross-section data and the resulting astrophysical $S$ factors were compared with Hauser-Feshbach calculations obtained with the latest version 1.95 of the nuclear reaction code talys using combinations of global semi-microscopic and phenomenological models of optical potentials (OMPs), nuclear level densities (NLDs), and $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray strength functions ($\ensuremath{\gamma}\mathrm{SFs}$).Results: Total cross sections as well as cross sections to the ground and metastable states were determined for the reactions $^{86}\mathrm{Sr}(p,\ensuremath{\gamma})^{87}\mathrm{Y}$, $^{87}\mathrm{Sr}(p,\ensuremath{\gamma})^{88}\mathrm{Y}$, and $^{88}\mathrm{Sr}(p,\ensuremath{\gamma})^{89}\mathrm{Y}$ at incident proton-beam energies from 2.5 to 3.6, 2 to 5, and 1.5 to 5 MeV, respectively.Conclusions: The experimental data reported in the present work are in very good agreement with the talys 1.95 calculations obtained with the default combination of OMP, NLD, and $\ensuremath{\gamma}\mathrm{SF}$ models. This combination is based on purely phenomenological models. A semimicroscopic proton-nucleus optical model potential was optimized at low energies leading to an equally good agreement between experimental data and theoretical calculations based solely on combinations of fully semimicroscopic models of OMP, NLD, and $\ensuremath{\gamma}\mathrm{SF}$. Our results highlight the need for a continued effort on the systematic study of proton-capture reactions to reduce the range of uncertainties arising from global nuclear models for as wide a range of relevant nuclei as possible. In this regard, new ($p,\ensuremath{\gamma}$) data at the lowest possible energies below the opening of the neutron channel are of key importance to improve global proton-nucleus optical model potentials.

We study the expansion of neutron star (NS) matter containing hyperons $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}$ from high densities up to the end of nucleosynthesis. This process should occur in NS-NS or NS--black hole collisions. Hyperons $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}$ decay by mesonic and nonmesonic reactions on a very short timescale to form proton and neutron matter. When material becomes diluted enough, the formation of helium and heavier nuclei releases energy and increases its temperature to reach nuclear statistical equilibrium (NSE) conditions with high entropy per baryon. From then on, nucleosynthesis proceeds and the final composition is largely determined by the proton per baryon fraction ${Y}_{p}$. We consider a recent equation of state that considers the presence of $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}$ hyperons [D. Logoteta, I. Vida\~na, and I. Bombaci, Eur. Phys. J. A 55, 207 (2019)] and simultaneously allows for the existence of NSs with masses $M\ensuremath{\gtrsim}2{M}_{\ensuremath{\bigodot}}$. We assumed the composition of NS matter at densities above the threshold for the occurrence of $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}$ hyperons and computed its decay, finding that it appreciably increases ${Y}_{p}$. Then, we computed the subsequent nucleosynthesis starting from NSE assuming that the density falls exponentially. We find that, depending on the initial composition of the ejected material, the increase in ${Y}_{p}$ due to hyperon decay is sufficient to sizeably affect the final isotopic composition of ejected matter (for example, lanthanide production may be strongly inhibited). These results indicate that $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}$ hyperons may affect the final composition of matter ejected in kilonova events. We also discuss the case of pure $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}$ matter as a possible scenario for the collision by strange stars, where we have obtained values ${Y}_{p}\ensuremath{\approx}0.4\text{--}0.5$, which leads to final isotopes far lighter than in the former case.

In this paper, the excitation function utilizing the nuclear reaction $^{\mathrm{nat}}\mathrm{V}(p,X)$ $^{44}\mathrm{Ti}$ was determined. The seven investigated metallic vanadium disks were proton irradiated within an energy range of 111--954 MeV between 1995 to 1996. The experiments' cross sections were validated using two independent measurements by combining $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ spectrometry with both a low-energy germanium detector and a high-purity germanium detector. The maximum cross section was observed for energies of 145 $\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}$ 1.2 and 150.2 $\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}$ 1.2 MeV with values of 803 $\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}$ 28 and 805 $\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}$ 27 $\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{b}$, respectively. In this regard, it was demonstrated that our data were in good agreement with the former, however, unpublished results which were investigated over a similar energy range. Thus, combined with these earlier measurements, a consistent data set for the $^{\mathrm{nat}}\mathrm{V}(p,X)$ $^{44}\mathrm{Ti}$ excitation function from 111 to 1350 MeV is provided. Model calculations using Li\`ege Intranuclear Cascade (INCL)/ABLA reproduce the shape of the excitation function correctly but overpredict the absolute values by factors of 2 to 3. Some considerations regarding this already earlier observed systematic overestimation of neutron-poor residues are given. The results will trigger new approaches in code development in order to improve the predictions.

The transverse momentum spectra of seven identified hadrons produced in $\mathrm{Pb}+\mathrm{Pb}$ collisions at $\sqrt{{s}_{NN}}=2.76$ and 5.02 TeV at the CERN Large Hadron Collider have been investigated in the framework of the recombination model (RM). Soft, semihard, and hard partons all play important roles in our model and are uniformly treated for all hadrons produced. The investigation has been extended to noncentral collisions and the parameters controlling the momentum degradation of semihard partons have been tuned. Our study shows good agreement between theoretical results and experimental data. To be able to provide a coherent explanation for the production of all identified hadrons ($\ensuremath{\pi}, p, K, \mathrm{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}, \ensuremath{\phi}, \mathrm{\ensuremath{\Xi}}, \mathrm{\ensuremath{\Omega}}$) for transverse momenta as high as 14 $\mathrm{GeV}/c$ (for $\ensuremath{\pi}, p$, and $K$), and for all centralities, is an unprecedented achievement that supports the RM as a sensible model to combine various mechanisms of parton production with a universal scheme of hadronization.

Background: The experimental knowledge of nuclear reaction data and decay properties plays a vital role in searching for novel and exotic radioisotopes, prompting us to widen the experimental study of heavy-ion induced reactions.Purpose: The aim is to study the production of mass separated (i.e., separation of different masses of residues, where each mass group consists of isobaric nuclei) evaporation residues (ERs) populated in $^{32}\mathrm{S}+^{70}\mathrm{Zn}$ and $^{32}\mathrm{S}+^{68}\mathrm{Zn}$ reactions within 115--135 and 130--150 MeV incident energy ranges, respectively, and optimization of masses 97 and 95 u that consist of $^{97}\mathrm{Pd}$, $^{97}\mathrm{Rh}$, $^{97}\mathrm{Ru}$, and $^{95}\mathrm{Pd}$, $^{95}\mathrm{Rh}$, $^{95}\mathrm{Ru}$, $^{95}\mathrm{Tc}$ isobaric residues, respectively.Method: Mass separation of ERs has been achieved at the focal plane of the Heavy Ion Reaction Analyser (HIRA) at the 15 UD Pelletron facility, IUAC, India. The residues were detected at the focal plane of HIRA using a multiwire proportional counter (MWPC).Results: Competing production of masses 97 and 95 u through the fusion of $^{32}\mathrm{S}$ ions with $^{70}\mathrm{Zn}$ and $^{68}\mathrm{Zn}$, respectively, have been observed in comparison to their neighboring masses within the measured energy range. The maximum cumulative production of $^{97}\mathrm{Ru}$ has been found to be $\ensuremath{\approx}99\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}9.9$ $\mathrm{Bq}/\mathrm{h}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{pnA}(\mathrm{mg}/{\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$) at 125 MeV, while for $^{95}\mathrm{Ru}$ it is $\ensuremath{\approx}69\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}6.9$ $\mathrm{Bq}/\mathrm{h}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{pnA}(\mathrm{mg}/{\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$) at 135 MeV. Comparisons of experimental results with the theoretical calculations indicate that the residues are mainly populated through the compound reaction mechanism.Conclusions: As anticipated from theory, significant yields of $^{97}\mathrm{Ru}$ and $^{95}\mathrm{Ru}$ in reactions $^{32}\mathrm{S}+^{70}\mathrm{Zn}$ and $^{32}\mathrm{S}+^{68}\mathrm{Zn}$ have been achieved via cumulative production of different isobars of mass 97 and 95 u, respectively. Cumulative yield of $^{97}\mathrm{Ru}$ has been found to be equivalent, i.e., the same order of magnitude [viz., $\ensuremath{\approx}{10}^{7}$ nuclei/h pnA(mg/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$)], compared to its independent production through $^{11}\mathrm{B}$ and $^{7}\mathrm{Li}$ projectile induced reactions.

Production cross sections for the $^{93}\mathrm{Nb}(p,x)^{90}\mathrm{Mo},\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}^{92m,90,89m}\mathrm{Nb},\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}^{89,88,86}\mathrm{Zr}$, and $^{88,87m,87g}\mathrm{Y}$ reactions were measured using a stacked-foil technique in the proton energy range of 58--100 MeV. The target was arranged in the stack including Nb, Al, Au foils, and Pb plates and was irradiated with 100-MeV protons. After the irradiation, the production yields of the interested radionuclei were measured by a $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray spectroscopy system using HPGe detectors. Proton beam intensities were measured using the $^{27}\mathrm{Al}(p,3pn)^{24}\mathrm{Na},\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}^{197}\mathrm{Au}(p,p3n)^{194}\mathrm{Au}$, and $^{197}\mathrm{Au}(p,pn)^{196}\mathrm{Au}$ monitor reactions. Some 54 cross section data points were measured, including independent and cumulative cross sections and were compared with other experimental data. The excitation functions of the reactions were also calculated by nuclear models using the talys code with a default mode as well as different nuclear level-density models. The calculated cross sections were compared to the measured data and to the tendl library. It was figured out that the theoretical calculations could reproduce the shape of the measured cross sections well, whereas the magnitude of the cross sections was not reproduced. It was also shown that the preequilibrium mechanism played an important role in the cross section calculations in this paper.

$\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray emission from $^{12}\mathrm{C}$ and $^{13}\mathrm{C}$ samples irradiated with deuterium-tritium fusion neutrons was experimentally measured at the Omega Laser Facility and at the Ohio University Edwards Accelerator Laboratory. The intent of these measurements was to determine the feasibility of using $^{13}\mathrm{C}$-based plastic ablators with embedded $^{12}\mathrm{C}$ layers for ``dark mix'' diagnosis of inertial confinement fusion implosions. Spectrally resolved measurements at Ohio University identified significant 4.44-MeV $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray emission from the $^{13}\mathrm{C}(n,2n\ensuremath{\gamma})^{12}\mathrm{C}$-L1 reaction channel. The recorded 4.44-MeV $^{13}\mathrm{C}$ signal was compared against emission from an identically irradiated $^{12}\mathrm{C}$ target with known $^{12}\mathrm{C}$($n,{n}^{\ensuremath{'}}\ensuremath{\gamma})^{12}\mathrm{C}$-L1 cross section, which resulted in an average $^{13}\mathrm{C}(n,2n\ensuremath{\gamma})^{12}\mathrm{C}$-L1 cross section of 117 $\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}$ 17 mb over the incident neutron energy distribution range from 14.4 to 15.8 MeV. Integrated $^{13}\mathrm{C}$ $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray signals above 2.9 MeV recorded with the Gas Cherenkov Detector at Omega exceeded MCNP6.1 predictions by a factor of 3. The additional signal was attributed to 4.44-MeV $\ensuremath{\gamma}\mathrm{s}$ resulting in an inferred $^{13}\mathrm{C}(n,2n\ensuremath{\gamma})^{12}\mathrm{C}$-L1 cross section of $95\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}11$ mb at 14.1-MeV average incident neutron energy. As a result, the $^{13}\mathrm{C}$-based ``dark mix'' diagnostic concept was deemed infeasible.

The reactions $^{6,7}\mathrm{Li}+^{27}\mathrm{Al}$ were compared with the reactions $^{17,18}\mathrm{O}+^{16}\mathrm{O}$ which form the same compound nuclei $^{33,34}\mathrm{S}$. Cross-section data for the reactions $^{6,7}\mathrm{Li}+^{27}\mathrm{Al}$ were derived from experimentally determined \ensuremath{\gamma}-ray production cross sections for transitions in several residual nuclei. For the reactions $^{17,18}\mathrm{O}+^{16}\mathrm{O}$ experimental results from the literature were used. It could be shown that the weakly bound projectiles $^{6,7}\mathrm{Li}$ undergo not only fusion processes, but also breakup reactions quite in contrast to the tightly bound projectiles $^{18}\mathrm{O}$ and $^{17}\mathrm{O}$, respectively. Especially below the Coulomb barrier such direct reactions play an important role in competition to complete fusion. Calculations based on the statistical model agree well with the available data for $^{17,18}\mathrm{O}+^{16}\mathrm{O}$, but failed to represent the behavior of the experimentally determined production cross sections for the evaporation residues in the reactions $^{6,7}\mathrm{Li}+^{27}\mathrm{Al}$. But coupled-channel codes and calculations based on a nucleus-nucleus proximity potential are able to reproduce the energy dependence of the complete fusion cross sections.

The question of the number and origin of isomeric states in $^{256}\mathrm{Rf}$ arose from two independent experiments but remained unanswered for a decade. To shed light on this puzzle, we studied isomeric decay in $^{256}\mathrm{Rf}$ by measuring conversion electrons with fast fully digital electronics. $^{256}\mathrm{Rf}$ was produced in the fusion-evaporation reactions of $^{50}\mathrm{Ti}+^{207}\mathrm{Pb}$ and $^{50}\mathrm{Ti}+^{208}\mathrm{Pb}$ at the gas-filled recoil separator TransActinide Separator and Chemistry Apparatus. Among a total of 120 decays of $^{256}\mathrm{Rf}$, we detected 22 and 12 decays proceeding through one and two isomeric states. Half-lives of the low- and higher-lying states were assigned to be ${T}_{1/2}={14}_{\ensuremath{-}4}^{+6}$ and ${10}_{\ensuremath{-}3}^{+5}\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{s}$, respectively. Population rates of these isomeric states were estimated to be $\ensuremath{\approx}18%$ and $g10%$, which are similar to those for two-quasiparticle $K$ isomeric states in this region of nuclei. The results, thus, confirm an earlier claim on the existence of multiple $K$ isomeric states in $^{256}\mathrm{Rf}$ and show their population rates are as high as in No isotopes. Suggestively, $K$ remains a good quantum number in isotopes of heavier elements like Sg and Hs, where yet unknown high-$K$ isomeric states still could exist. The present experimental results demonstrate that the ``triggerless'' measurement guarantees an efficient detection of delayed conversion electron signals. Thus, it is a very efficient method for the identification of isomeric states in experiments with one nucleus-at-a-time production rates.

Background: Radionuclides in the Mo-Tc region play an important role in modern medical diagnostics. These applications require a $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-emitting radioisotope that is injected into the patient. Various production methods of those radionuclides have been investigated in the past; among them are ($p,x$) reactions on natural or enriched molybdenum. Reliable estimations for the produced activity of the radionuclides and radioactive byproducts are required. Therefore, either precise theoretical calculations or a firm experimental database for the nuclear production reactions are needed. In addition, experimental cross-section data of proton-induced reactions on heavy nuclei are very valuable to test nuclear models that enter theoretical calculations of reaction rates relevant for nuclear astrophysics.Purpose: The present paper reports on experimental cross sections of the $^{96}\mathrm{Mo}(p,n)^{96m+g}\mathrm{Tc}$ reaction. The contribution of the ground-state population as well as for the population of the metastable state in $^{96}\mathrm{Tc}$ are determined individually. The obtained results are very valuable to test existing models that enter statistical model calculations. In addition, the present work aims at remeasuring the branching ratio of the decay of the metastable state $^{96m}\mathrm{Tc}$.Method: Highly enriched $^{96}\mathrm{Mo}$ targets were irradiated with protons at energies between ${E}_{p}=3.9\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}\mathrm{MeV}$ and ${E}_{p}=5.4\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}\mathrm{MeV}$, which are slightly above the ($p,n$) threshold (${E}_{th}=3.8\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}\mathrm{MeV}$). By employing an offline analysis, the $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray decay of the reaction product was investigated and reaction cross sections were calculated by means of the activation technique.Results: Individual reaction cross sections for the production channel of the metastable state ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{m}$ and the ground state ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{gs}$ as well as the branching of the $^{96m}\mathrm{Tc}\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}^{96}\mathrm{Tc}$ decay were determined.Conclusion: The measured cross sections are in good agreement with previously measured cross sections as well as with recent Hauser-Feshbach calculations. The new branching ratio for the direct decay of $^{96m}\mathrm{Tc}$ into $^{96}\mathrm{Mo}$ amounts to $4.1{\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}}_{\ensuremath{-}0.34}^{+0.39}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}%$ compared to previously reported $2\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.5%$.

The investigation of fusion reactions involving light neutron-rich exotic nuclei is of paramount significance to understand nucleosynthesis in astrophysical scenarios. It is also estimated as a possible heat source to ignite $^{12}\mathrm{C}+^{12}\mathrm{C}$ reaction and production of x-ray superbursts from accreting neutron star. Recently, the fusion of neutron-rich $^{20}\mathrm{O}$ with $^{12}\mathrm{C}$ target has been studied with measurement of fusion cross-section $({\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\text{fus}})$. Bass model under predicts the ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\text{fus}}$ and time-dependent Hartree-Fock model also fails to explain the experimental data. To explicate the same, the investigation of $^{20}\mathrm{O}+^{12}\mathrm{C}$ reaction at near barrier energies has been made within quantum mechanical fragmentation-based dynamical cluster-decay model (DCM). Within DCM, the fragmentation potential comprises temperature-dependent Coulomb, nuclear and centrifugal potentials, along with temperature-dependent binding energies (T.B.E.) calculated within the macroscopic approach of Davidson mass formula. Recently, we have explored the temperature-dependence of different nuclear properties and nuclear symmetry energy within microscopic relativistic mean-field (RMF) theory [M. Kaur et al., Nucl. Phys. A 1000, 121871 (2020)]. In the present work, we inculcate the microscopic T.B.E. from RMF theory within DCM and investigate the structure of fragmentation potential for $^{32}\mathrm{Si}^{*}$ formed in $^{20}\mathrm{O}+^{12}\mathrm{C}$ reaction, comparatively for macroscopic (mac) and microscopic (mic) T.B.E. obtained from Davidson mass formula and RMF theory, respectively. The structure and magnitude of fragmentation potential are found to change drastically/notably along with a change in energetically favored/minimized fragments for both choices of T.B.E. The $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ particles $(^{4}\mathrm{He}$, $^{5}\mathrm{He})$ are favored at lower angular momenta in fragmentation profile for mic T.B.E. case only, which is in the agreement with predictions of statistical model results. This change in the nuclear structure embodied via fragmentation potential energy carries its imprints in the preformation probability ${P}_{0}$ of different fragments and affects the contribution of individual light-charged particle (LCP) channel in the ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\text{fus}}$. A comparison of the relative cross-section of different LCP channels toward ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\text{fus}}$ is quite different for both cases of T.B.E. The cross-section of $^{2}\mathrm{H}$ and $^{4}\mathrm{He}$ LCP channels is relatively enhanced for mic T.B.E. compared to mac T.B.E. Among different LCP channels, the $^{5}\mathrm{He}$ channel is the major contributor in ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\text{fus}}$, which is in line with the results of the statistical EVAPOR model. The DCM-calculated ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\text{fus}}$ is in agreement with the experimental data.

We present a possibility of direct resonance production of pionic atoms (Coulomb bound states of a negative pion and a nucleus) with a rate of up to $\ensuremath{\approx}{10}^{10}$ per second using the gamma-ray beams from the Gamma Factory.

Gamma-ray production cross-section data have been obtained for the inelastic neutron scattering reactions $^{126,128,130}\mathrm{Te}(n,{n}^{\ensuremath{'}}\ensuremath{\gamma})$ at five neutron energies between 3.6 and 10 MeV. We report data for the $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray energy region relevant to $0\ensuremath{\nu}\ensuremath{\beta}\ensuremath{\beta}$ decay of $^{130}\mathrm{Te}$ with a ${Q}_{\ensuremath{\beta}\ensuremath{\beta}}$ value of 2527.515 keV, assuming natural-abundance tellurium, as used at CUORE and $\mathrm{SNO}+$. The natural abundance of $^{130}\mathrm{Te}$, $^{128}\mathrm{Te}$, and $^{126}\mathrm{Te}$ is 34%, 32%, and 19%, respectively. For CUORE the $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray cascades from the excited state in $^{130}\mathrm{Te}$ at 2527.06 keV and in $^{126}\mathrm{Te}$ at 2533.85 keV are of concern. For $\mathrm{SNO}+$, accounting for its inferior energy resolution, an additional four levels are important in $^{130}\mathrm{Te}$, an additional nine levels in $^{128}\mathrm{Te}$, and an additional eight levels in $^{126}\mathrm{Te}$. Of these, we report neutron-induced $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray production cross sections for the strongest transitions: the 2581.15 keV level in $^{130}\mathrm{Te}$, the 2494.20, 2508.06, and 2630.14 keV levels in $^{128}\mathrm{Te}$, and the 2496.83 and 2585.46 keV level in $^{126}\mathrm{Te}$. The largest cross-section values were found for cascade $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray transitions to the ground state, while direct transitions to the ground state are very weak and were not observed in the present work. Both the CUORE and $\mathrm{SNO}+$ detectors, however, may not be able to distinguish between cascade transitions and direct transitions to the ground state, making the neutron-induced excitation of the 2527.06 keV state of $^{130}\mathrm{Te}$ in particular a potential problem for $0\ensuremath{\nu}\ensuremath{\beta}\ensuremath{\beta}$ decay searches of $^{130}\mathrm{Te}$, because it matches its ${Q}_{\ensuremath{\beta}\ensuremath{\beta}}$ value.

Recent astronomical data have provided the primordial deuterium abundance with percent precision. As a result, big bang nucleosynthesis may provide a constraint on the universal baryon to photon ratio that is as precise as, but independent from, analyses of the cosmic microwave background. However, such a constraint requires that the nuclear reaction rates governing the production and destruction of primordial deuterium are sufficiently well known. Here, a new measurement of the $^{2}\mathrm{H}{(p,\ensuremath{\gamma})}^{3}\mathrm{He}$ cross-section is reported. This nuclear reaction dominates the error on the predicted big bang deuterium abundance. A proton beam of 400--1650 keV beam energy was incident on solid titanium deuteride targets, and the emitted $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ rays were detected in two high-purity germanium detectors at angles of ${55}^{\ensuremath{\circ}}$ and ${90}^{\ensuremath{\circ}}$, respectively. The deuterium content of the targets has been obtained in situ by the $^{2}\mathrm{H}(^{3}\mathrm{He},p)^{4}\mathrm{He}$ reaction and offline using the elastic recoil detection method. The astrophysical $S$ factor has been determined at center of mass energies between 265 and 1094 keV, addressing the uppermost part of the relevant energy range for big bang nucleosynthesis and complementary to ongoing work at lower energies. The new data support a higher $S$ factor at big bang temperatures than previously assumed, reducing the predicted deuterium abundance.

Heavy-ion collisions at low beam energies explore the high density regime of strongly interacting matter. The dynamical evolution of these collisions can be successfully described by hadronic transport approaches. In March 2019, the HADES Collaboration took data for AgAg collisions at ${E}_{\mathrm{Kin}}=1.58A\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}\mathrm{GeV}$, and in this work we provide predictions for particle production and spectra within the Simulating Many Accelerated Strongly interacting Hadrons (smash) approach. The multiplicities and spectra of strange and nonstrange particles follow the expected trends as a function of system size. In particular, in ArKCl (and $p\mathrm{Nb}$) collisions, much higher yields of double-strange baryons were observed experimentally than expected from a thermal model. Therefore, we incorporate a previously suggested mechanism to produce $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Xi}}$ baryons via rare decays of high mass ${N}^{*}$ resonances and predict the multiplicities. In addition, we predict the invariant mass spectrum for dilepton emission and explore the most important sources of dileptons above 1 GeV, that are expected to indicate the temperature of the medium. Interestingly, the overall dilepton emission is very similar to the one in AuAu collisions at $1.23A\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}\mathrm{GeV}$, a hint that the smaller system at a higher energy behaves very similarly to the larger system at lower beam energy.

In this paper, we calculate the cross sections for proton-induced reactions producing short-lived radionuclides like $^{7,10}\mathrm{Be}$, $^{26}\mathrm{Al}$, $^{53,54}\mathrm{Mn}$, etc., with the Li\`ege intranuclear cascade model (incl$++$). The results show that the incl model, when coupled with the proper deexcitation model, gives satisfactory results for most of the considered reactions. Generally, results for reactions with $(\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Delta}}N\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Delta}}Z)$ equal to 0 or 1 are more likely to precisely match experimental data than those for reactions with larger or smaller $|\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Delta}}N\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Delta}}Z|$. Our results can provide useful references for both the users and developers of incl and deexcitation models.

The CNO cycle is the main energy source in stars more massive than our sun, it defines the energy production and the cycle time that lead to the lifetime of massive stars, and it is an important tool for the determination of the age of globular clusters. One of the largest uncertainties in the CNO chain of reactions comes from the uncertainty in the $^{14}$N$(p,\gamma)^{15}$O reaction rate. This uncertainty arises predominantly from the uncertainty in the lifetime of the sub-threshold state in $^{15}$O at $E_{x}$ = 6792 keV. Previous measurements of this state's lifetime are significantly discrepant. Here, we report on a new lifetime measurement of this state, as well as the excited states in $^{15}$O at $E_{x}$ = 5181 keV and $E_{x}$ = 6172 keV, via the $^{14}$N$(p,\gamma)^{15}$O reaction at proton energies of $E_{p} = 1020$ keV and $E_{p} = 1570$ keV. The lifetimes have been determined with the Doppler-Shift Attenuation Method (DSAM) with three separate, nitrogen-implanted targets with Mo, Ta, and W backing. We obtained lifetimes from the weighted average of the three measurements, allowing us to account for systematic differences between the backing materials. For the 6792 keV state, we obtained a $\tau = 0.6 \pm 0.4$ fs. To provide cross-validation of our method, we measured the known lifetimes of the states at 5181 keV and 6172 keV to be $\tau = 7.5 \pm 3.0$ and $\tau = 0.7 \pm 0.5$ fs, respectively, which are in good agreement with previous measurements., Comment: 10 pages, 13 figures

A $\ensuremath{\beta}$-decay unstable isomer with a half-life of 14.1 yr at 264 keV in $^{113}\mathrm{Cd}$ is a branching point in the $s$ process, from which a weak branch reaches to a rare tin isotope $^{115}\mathrm{Sn}$ whose astrophysical origin has been an open problem. We have measured $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ rays decaying to the ground state or the isomer in the $^{112}\mathrm{Cd}(n,\ensuremath{\gamma})^{113}\mathrm{Cd}$ reaction using high-energy resolution detectors in conjunction with a time-of-flight method. The relative production ratios of the isomer to the total following the neutron capture reactions on $^{112}\mathrm{Cd}$ have been evaluated in an energy region of up to 9 keV, and the spin and parity of several resonances have been assigned.

We apply a quark combination model to study yield densities and transverse momentum (${p}_{T}$) spectra of strange (anti)hadrons at midrapidity in central $\mathrm{Au}+\mathrm{Au}$ collisions at $\sqrt{{s}_{NN}}=7.7$, 11.5, 19.6, 27, 39, and 200 GeV. We show that the experimental data for ${p}_{T}$ spectra of (anti)hadrons in these collisions can be systematically described by the equal velocity combination of constituent quarks and antiquarks at hadronization. We obtain the ${p}_{T}$ spectra of quarks and antiquarks at hadronization and study their collision energy dependence. We also reproduce the yield densities of hadrons and antihadrons. In particular, we demonstrate that the yield ratios of antihadrons to hadrons ${K}^{\ensuremath{-}}/{K}^{+}, \overline{p}/p, \overline{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}}/\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}, {\overline{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Xi}}}}^{+}/{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Xi}}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$, and ${\overline{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Omega}}}}^{+}/{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Omega}}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ simply correlate with each other and their experimental data except ${\overline{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Omega}}}}^{+}/{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Omega}}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ at $\sqrt{{s}_{NN}}=7.7$ GeV are systematically described by the model. These results suggest that the equal velocity combination mechanism for quarks and antiquarks at hadronization plays an important role for the production of these long-lived hadrons in $\mathrm{Au}+\mathrm{Au}$ collisions at low RHIC energies ($\sqrt{{s}_{NN}}\ensuremath{\ge}11.5$ GeV).

Light neutron-rich isotopes are populated as products of the multinucleon transfer reaction following the collisions of $^{64}\mathrm{Ni}$ beams onto $^{130}\mathrm{Te}, ^{208}\mathrm{Pb}$, and $^{238}\mathrm{U}$ targets and $^{40}\mathrm{Ar}$ beams onto $^{197}\mathrm{Au}, ^{208}\mathrm{Pb}$, and $^{238}\mathrm{U}$ targets at bombarding energies slightly above the Coulomb barrier. Distribution characteristics of projectile-like fragments are studied in the framework of dinuclear system concept where dynamic deformation is taken into account. The odd-even effect in the diffusion process is discussed, and the distribution of final isotopes can be well reproduced by the effective local excitation energies excluding pairing energies. Compared with the experimental data, it is found that the heavier (i.e., larger $N/Z$ ratio) the target is, the more likely it is to produce light neutron-rich isotopes.

Background: Actinium-225 is of interest for medical isotope production and there is on-going research into methods of producing $^{225}\mathrm{Ac}$, either directly or via the decay of its parent isotopes ($^{229}\mathrm{Th}, ^{229}\mathrm{Pa}$, and $^{225}\mathrm{Ra}$). One method that has been suggested is the $^{230}\mathrm{Th}(p,2n)^{229}\mathrm{Pa}$ reaction. However, there is no available cross-section data for this reaction in the literature.Purpose: Measure the $^{230}\mathrm{Th}(p,2n)$ and $^{230}\mathrm{Th}(p,3n)$ reaction cross sections in the energy range where the $(p,2n)$ reaction is predicted to peak to determine the feasibility of $^{225}\mathrm{Ac}$ production via the $^{230}\mathrm{Th}(p,2n)$ reaction.Methods: Targets naturally enriched in $^{230}\mathrm{Th}$ were irradiated at the Center for Accelerator Mass Spectrometry at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory with energies ranging from 14.1 to 16.9 MeV. Chemical processing was used to separate the protactinium activation products, followed by $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray spectroscopy to measure the activities of $^{228,229,230,232}\mathrm{Pa}$ produced in the irradiation.Results: Excitation functions are reported for the first time in the literature for the $^{230}\mathrm{Th}(p,2n)$ and $^{230}\mathrm{Th}(p,3n)$ reactions in this energy range. The peak measured value of the $^{230}\mathrm{Th}(p,2n)$ reaction was found to be $182\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}12$ mb at $14.4\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.1$ MeV. The $^{232}\mathrm{Th}(p,n)^{232}\mathrm{Pa}$ reaction was used to verify the experimental conditions, the measured values are reported and are comparable to the existing literature values. From the $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray spectrometry data, the half-life of $^{229}\mathrm{Pa}$ was measured as $1.5\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.1$ days, which is within the error of the half-life reported in the evaluated nuclear data as well as in the recent measurements, and the half-life of $^{228}\mathrm{Pa}$ was measured as $19.5\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.4$ hours.Conclusions: The $^{230}\mathrm{Th}(p,2n)^{229}\mathrm{Pa}$ reaction could reasonably be used for $^{225}\mathrm{Ac}$ isotope production, although significant amounts of relatively isotopically pure $^{230}\mathrm{Th}$ would be needed for significant production because the low alpha-decay branching ratio of $^{229}\mathrm{Pa}$ and long half-life of $^{229}\mathrm{Th}$ inhibit the in-growth of significant amounts of $^{225}\mathrm{Ac}$.

Using the double-folding potential based on the dinuclear system model, the production cross section of different even isotopes of $\mathrm{Og}$ through $^{84--92}\mathrm{Kr}+^{208}\mathrm{Pb}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}^{292--300}\mathrm{Og}$, various even isotopes of $\mathrm{Fl}$ through $^{72,74,76}\mathrm{Ge}+^{208}\mathrm{Pb}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}^{280,282,284}\mathrm{Fl}, ^{279}\mathrm{Nh}$ and $^{278}\mathrm{Cn}$ through interaction of $^{70}\mathrm{Zn}$ with $^{208}\mathrm{Pb}$ and $^{209}\mathrm{Bi}$ cold reactions are calculated. To evaluate the nuclear temperature of these compound nucleus, the exact Ginzburg-Landau theory is employed. Calculated formation cross section for different isotopes of $\mathrm{Og}, \mathrm{Fl}, \mathrm{Nh}$, and $\mathrm{Cn}$ using complete set of potentials consisting of nuclear double-folding, Coulomb, and centripetal potentials are compared with the results of other theoretical models as well as available experimental data. The comparison indicates that the calculated formation cross section using this approach agreed well with experimental data and the results of other theoretical models.

The reaction systems $^{48}\mathrm{Ca}+^{238}\mathrm{U}$ and $^{48}\mathrm{Ca}+^{248}\mathrm{Cm}$ are investigated within the improved dinuclear system model+GEMINI++. The theoretical results show that the distributions of isotopes in the $^{48}\mathrm{Ca}+^{238}\mathrm{U}$ reaction are well described with the model. For the $^{48}\mathrm{Ca}+^{248}\mathrm{Cm}$ reaction, the model partly describes well the experimental production cross sections. Experimental and theoretical data from multinucleon transfer reactions indicate that the isotopic distributions of the $^{48}\mathrm{Ca}+^{238}\mathrm{U}$ reaction system above Pb are shifted toward the neutron-rich side as compared to the $^{136}\mathrm{Xe}+^{208}\mathrm{Pb}$ reaction except the isotopic distribution of Bi.

Within the framework of the dinuclear system model, the contributions of the constituent parts of the driving potentials in different orientation configurations in the $^{86}\mathrm{Kr}+^{166}\mathrm{Er}$ reaction are investigated. The Coulomb potential plays a predominant role in the change of driving potential among different configurations with mass number ${A}_{1}=52--200$. In the region of ${A}_{1}l52$ and ${A}_{1}g200$, the effects of the nuclear potential increased significantly. This work also studied the multinucleon transfer process of $^{204}\mathrm{Hg}+^{232}\mathrm{Th}$ in tip-to-tip and side-to-side configurations to produce unknown neutron-rich isotopes with $Z=62--75$. In the $^{204}\mathrm{Hg}+^{232}\mathrm{Th}$ reaction, the tip-to-tip configuration accounts for the main contribution to produce unknown neutron-rich isotopes with $Z=62--75$ because of the ``inverse'' quasifission process. The optimal incident energy is 678.1 MeV. Considering the experimental conditions provided by the experiments, there are 29 unknown isotopes whose production rate is greater than one count per day. Especially, the production rates per day of $^{179}\mathrm{Ho}, ^{181,182}\mathrm{Er}, ^{182,183,184}\mathrm{Tm}, ^{186}\mathrm{Yb}, ^{189}\mathrm{Lu}, ^{191,192}\mathrm{Hf}$, and $^{195}\mathrm{Ta}$ are 21, 25, 13, 701, 1217, 29, 94, 29, 102, 29, and 20, respectively. The reaction of $^{204}\mathrm{Hg}+^{232}\mathrm{Th}$ at 678.1 MeV is a potential candidate to produce new neutron-rich nuclei with $Z=62--75$.

The initial energy density produced in heavy ion collisions can be estimated with the Bjorken energy density formula after choosing a proper formation time $\tau{_{\rm F}}$. However, the Bjorken formula breaks down at low energies because it neglects the finite nuclear thickness. Here we include both the finite time duration and finite longitudinal extension of the initial energy production. When $\tau{_{\rm F}}$ is not too much smaller than the crossing time of the two nuclei, our results are similar to those from a previous study that only considers the finite time duration. In particular, we find that at low energies the initial energy density has a much lower maximum value but evolves much longer than the Bjorken formula, while at large-enough $\tau{_{\rm F}}$ and/or high-enough energies our result approaches the Bjorken formula. We also find a qualitative difference in that our maximum energy density $\epsilon^{\rm max}$ at $\tau{_{\rm F}}=0$ is finite, while the Bjorken formula diverges as $1/\tau{_{\rm F}}$ and the previous result diverges as $\ln (1/\tau{_{\rm F}})$ at low energies but as $1/\tau{_{\rm F}}$ at high energies. Furthermore, our solution of the energy density approximately satisfies a scaling relation. As a result, the $\tau{_{\rm F}}$-dependence of $\epsilon^{\rm max}$ determines the $A$-dependence, and the weaker $\tau{_{\rm F}}$-dependence of $\epsilon^{\rm max}$ in our results at low energies means a slower increase of $\epsilon^{\rm max}$ with $A$., Comment: 10 pages, 8 figures, 1 table; typos in Eq.(19) and Fig.8 corrected; final published version

We study phenomenologically a ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Xi}}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ production spectrum of the $^{9}\mathrm{Be}({K}^{\ensuremath{-}},{K}^{+})$ reaction at 1.8 GeV/$c$ within the distorted-wave impulse approximation using the optimal Fermi-averaged ${K}^{\ensuremath{-}}p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{K}^{+}{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Xi}}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ amplitude. We attempt to clarify properties of a $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Xi}}$-nucleus potential for ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Xi}}}^{\ensuremath{-}}\text{\ensuremath{-}}^{8}\mathrm{Li}$, comparing the calculated spectrum with the data of the BNL-E906 experiment. The results show a weak attraction in the $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Xi}}$-nucleus potential for ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Xi}}}^{\ensuremath{-}}\text{\ensuremath{-}}^{8}\mathrm{Li}$, which can sufficiently explain the data in the ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Xi}}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ quasifree region. The strength of ${V}_{0}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Xi}}}=\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}\ensuremath{-}17\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}6$ MeV is favored within the Woods-Saxon potential, accompanied by the reasonable absorption of ${W}_{0}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Xi}}}=\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}\ensuremath{-}5$ MeV for ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Xi}}}^{\ensuremath{-}}p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Xi}}}^{0}n$ and ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Xi}}}^{\ensuremath{-}}p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}$ transitions in nuclear medium. It is difficult to determine the value of ${W}_{0}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Xi}}}$ from the data due to the insufficient resolution of 14.7 MeV FWHM. The energy dependence of the Fermi-averaged ${K}^{\ensuremath{-}}p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{K}^{+}{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Xi}}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ amplitude is also confirmed by this analysis, and its importance in the nuclear $({K}^{\ensuremath{-}},{K}^{+})$ reaction is emphasized.

The $^{26}\mathrm{Si}(p,\ensuremath{\gamma})^{27}\mathrm{P}$ reaction might be relevant in understanding the $^{26}\mathrm{Si}$ depletion and $^{26}\mathrm{Al}$ production in stars. The asymptotic normalization coefficients (ANC) for the $^{26}\mathrm{Si}(p,\ensuremath{\gamma})^{27}\mathrm{P}$ reaction were extracted earlier from the reanalysis of $^{26}\mathrm{Mg}(d,p)^{27}\mathrm{Mg}$ and $^{26}\mathrm{Mg}(t,d)^{27}\mathrm{Mg}$ reactions, in which the deduced ANC's show significant discrepancies. In this work, a dedicated ($d,p$) measurement is presented: the ANC for the $^{27}\mathrm{Mg}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}^{26}\mathrm{Mg}+n$ virtual decay is deduced from the $^{26}\mathrm{Mg}(d,p)^{27}\mathrm{Mg}$ reaction populating the ground and the first excited state of $^{27}\mathrm{Mg}$ using the distorted wave Born approximation (DWBA). The charge symmetry properties for mirror nuclei have been used to calculate the ANC for the direct capture $^{26}\mathrm{Si}+p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}^{27}\mathrm{P}$ populating the ground state of $^{27}\mathrm{P}$. By means of the same formalism, the ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}}_{p}$ width for the first excited state has also been deduced. The reaction rate is also updated using recent values for the ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}}_{\ensuremath{\gamma}}/{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}}_{p}$ ratio measured by [Sun et al., Phys. Rev. C 99, 064312 (2019); Sun et al., Phys. Lett. B 802, 135213 (2020)].

Background: The competing $^{22}\mathrm{Ne}(\ensuremath{\alpha},\ensuremath{\gamma})^{26}\mathrm{Mg}$ and $^{22}\mathrm{Ne}(\ensuremath{\alpha},n)^{25}\mathrm{Mg}$ reactions control the production of neutrons for the weak $s$ process in massive and asymptotic giant branch (AGB) stars. In both systems, the ratio between the corresponding reaction rates strongly impacts the total neutron budget and strongly influences the final nucleosynthesis. A number of experimental studies have been performed over recent years which necessitate the reevaluation of the $^{22}\mathrm{Ne}(\ensuremath{\alpha},\ensuremath{\gamma})^{26}\mathrm{Mg}$ and $^{22}\mathrm{Ne}(\ensuremath{\alpha},n)^{25}\mathrm{Mg}$ reaction rates. Evaluations of the reaction rates following the collection of new nuclear data presently show differences of up to a factor of 500, resulting in considerable uncertainty in the resulting nucleosynthesis.Purpose: To reevaluate the $^{22}\mathrm{Ne}(\ensuremath{\alpha},\ensuremath{\gamma})^{26}\mathrm{Mg}$ and $^{22}\mathrm{Ne}(\ensuremath{\alpha},n)^{25}\mathrm{Mg}$ reaction rates using updated nuclear data from a number of sources including updating spin and parity assignments.Methods: With updated spin and parity assignments, the levels which can contribute to the reaction rates are identified. The reaction rates are computed using a Monte Carlo method which has been used for previous evaluations of the reaction rates in order to focus solely on the changes due to modified nuclear data.Results: The evaluated $^{22}\mathrm{Ne}(\ensuremath{\alpha},\ensuremath{\gamma})^{26}\mathrm{Mg}$ reaction rate remains substantially similar to that of Longland et al. but, including recent results from Texas A, the $^{22}\mathrm{Ne}(\ensuremath{\alpha},n)^{25}\mathrm{Mg}$ reaction rate is lower at a range of astrophysically important temperatures. Stellar models computed with newton and mesa predict decreased production of the weak branch $s$ process due to the decreased efficiency of $^{22}\mathrm{Ne}$ as a neutron source. Using the new reaction rates in the mesa model results in $^{96}\mathrm{Zr}/^{94}\mathrm{Zr}$ and $^{135}\mathrm{Ba}/^{136}\mathrm{Ba}$ ratios in much better agreement with the measured ratios from presolar SiC grains.Conclusion: The $^{22}\mathrm{Ne}+\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\ensuremath{\alpha}$ reaction rates $^{22}\mathrm{Ne}(\ensuremath{\alpha},\ensuremath{\gamma})^{26}\mathrm{Mg}$ and $^{22}\mathrm{Ne}(\ensuremath{\alpha}.n)^{25}\mathrm{Mg}$ have been recalculated based on more recent nuclear data. The $^{22}\mathrm{Ne}(\ensuremath{\alpha},\ensuremath{\gamma})^{26}\mathrm{Mg}$ reaction rate remains substantially unchanged since the previous evaluation but the $^{22}\mathrm{Ne}(\ensuremath{\alpha}.n)^{25}\mathrm{Mg}$ reaction rate is substantially decreased due to updated nuclear data. This results in significant changes to the nucleosynthesis in the weak branch of the $s$ process.

Background: In heavy-ion fusion reactions, the compound nucleus' de-excitation process is observed via two competitive modes, evaporation of particles and fission, at relatively higher excitation energies. Although fusion-fission dynamics have been extensively studied in actinide nuclei, exploration of the same is yet to come for preactinide nuclei.Purpose: The objective is to understand the fusion-fission dynamics involved in the $^{11}\mathrm{B}+^{181}\mathrm{Ta}$ reaction within 4.8--5.7 MeV/nucleon energy by measuring absolute cross sections of the residues, which are mainly populating through complete and incomplete fusion-evaporation (FE), pre-equilibrium (PEQ), and fusion-fission (FF) mechanisms, as well as to infer on the mass and charge distributions of fission fragments.Method: The stacked-foil activation technique was employed, followed by off-line $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray spectroscopy, to measure the activity and production cross sections of radionuclides populated through FE and FF. Charge and mass distributions were studied to obtain dispersion parameters of fission fragments.Results: The equilibrium and pre-equilibrium reaction models have been used to analyze residual cross-section data resulting from FE and PEQ processes in the framework of EMPIRE3.2.2 and PACE4 codes. PEQ reaction's strengths in $3n$-channel have been extracted and compared with other systems. The relative distribution of spins between the ground and isomeric state of $^{186}\mathrm{Ir}$ has been discussed in view of the measured isomeric cross-section ratios. Further, 22 fission-fragments have been identified within the mass range $24\ensuremath{\le}A\ensuremath{\le}160$. The variance extracted from the measured isotopic yield distributions of Nd isotopes is in good agreement with the literature values. A well-consistent approach has been employed to determine the isobaric yield distribution of Nd and In isotopes.Conclusion: The combination of Hauser-Feshbach formalism for compound evaporation and the Exciton model for PEQ reaction agrees with the measured data of $xn$-channel residues, which confirms their production from the CF mechanism. Indirect evidence of ICF was observed in the $\ensuremath{\alpha}$- and $p$-emitting channels. Further, fission fragments' mass distribution is broad and symmetric, indicating their production through the compound nuclear mechanism. The variance of fission fragments' mass distribution shows an increasing trend with raising excitation energy.

The production of neutron-rich isotopes and the occurrence of neutron capture cascades via laser-driven (pulsed) neutron sources are investigated theoretically. The considered scenario involves the interaction of a laser-driven neutron beam with a target made of a single type of seed nuclide. We present a comprehensive study over $95$ seed nuclides in the range $3\le Z \le 100$ from $^7_3$Li to $^{255}_{100}$Fm. For each element, the heaviest sufficiently-long-lived (half life $> 1$ h) isotope whose data is available in the recent ENDF-B-VIII.0 neutron sublibrary is considered. We identify interesting seed nuclides with good performance in the production of neutron-rich isotopes where neutron capture cascades may occur. The effects of the neutron number per pulse, the neutron-target interaction size and the number of neutron pulses are also analyzed. Our results show the possibility of observing up to $4$ successive neutron capture events leading to neutron-rich isotopes with $4$ more neutrons than the original seed nuclide. This hints at new experimental possibilities to produce neutron-rich isotopes and simulate neutron capture nucleosynthesis in the laboratory. With several selected interesting seed nuclides in the region of the branching point of the $s$-process ($^{126}_{51}$Sb, $^{176}_{71}$Lu and $^{187}_{75}$Re) or the waiting point of the $r$-process (Lu, Re, Os, Tm, Ir and Au), we expect that laser-driven experiments can shed light on our understanding of nucleosynthesis., 23 pages, 8 figures, 1 table; discussions added; accepted for publication in Physical Review C

The effects of cluster correlations have been studied in the $^{12}\mathrm{C}+^{12}\mathrm{C}$ reaction at 50 MeV/nucleon, using three antisymmetrized molecular dynamics (AMD) models, the AMD (AMD/D) without any additional cluster correlations, AMD/D-COALS with nucleon correlations based on a coalescence prescription for light cluster formations with $A\ensuremath{\le}4$, and AMD-cluster with an extended cluster correlation in two-nucleon collision processes and a special treatment for intermediate fragment formation with $A\ensuremath{\le}9$. The angular distributions and energy spectra of fragments have been simulated and compared with the available experimental data. It is found that the cluster correlations take a crucial role to describe the productions of light charged particles (LCPs) and intermediate mass fragments (IMFs), and the AMD-cluster studied here provides a consistent overall reproduction of the experimental data. It is also shown that the significant effects of the secondary decay processes are involved for the fragment production besides the dynamical productions in the AMD stage. Detailed LCP and IMF production mechanisms involved in the intermediate energy heavy ion collisions are discussed.

The multinucleon transfer reaction is treated as a diffusion process by solving four-variable master equations within the dinuclear system (DNS) concept. The reaction systems $^{136}\mathrm{Xe}+^{208}\mathrm{Pb}$ and $^{136}\mathrm{Xe}+^{198}\mathrm{Pt}$ are investigated and compared to the experimental data. The calculated results correctly describe the magnitude and maxima of the observed transfer cross sections for a wide range of transfers. One finds that the neutron richness of the reaction products is strongly dependent on the projectile energy near the Coulomb barrier. By comparing the obtained results for the above two reaction systems, the absolute cross sections from the $^{208}\mathrm{Pb}$ target predict smaller production cross sections for neutron-deficient nuclei and moderately neutron-rich nuclei as compared to $^{198}\mathrm{Pt}$.

To shed light on the conditions for synthesizing some new heavy neutron-rich nuclei using multinucleon transfer reactions, the reaction systems $^{40}\mathrm{Ca}+^{208}\mathrm{Pb}$, $^{58}\mathrm{Ni}+^{208}\mathrm{Pb}$, $^{40}\mathrm{Ar}+^{208}\mathrm{Pb}$, $^{64}\mathrm{Ni}+^{208}\mathrm{Pb}$, and $^{136}\mathrm{Xe}+^{208}\mathrm{Pb}$ are investigated within improved dinuclear system (DNS) $\mathrm{model}+$gemini$++$. The transfer cross sections are calculated and compared with existing experimental data. The calculated results are in good agreement with available data. One found the projectiles are changed from the neutron-deficient $^{40}\mathrm{Ca}$ and $^{58}\mathrm{Ni}$ to moderately neutron-rich $^{40}\mathrm{Ar}$, and neutron-rich $^{64}\mathrm{Ni}$ and $^{136}\mathrm{Xe}$ projectiles on $^{208}\mathrm{Pb}$ target, the transfer flux its trend gradually evolves from proton stripping and neutron pickup to the proton pickup and neutron stripping and pickup (pickup and stripping are referring to the projectilelike fragment).

The production of strange particles ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Xi}}}_{c}^{+},{K}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ is simulated in $pp$ collisions at $\sqrt{s}=7$ TeV at mid-rapidity with $0.2\ensuremath{\le}{p}_{T}\ensuremath{\le}6$ $\mathrm{GeV}/c$ using the paciae model. The results are consistent with LHCb experimental data on ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Xi}}}_{c}^{+}$ and ${K}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ yield. Then, a dynamically constrained phase-space coalescence model plus paciae model was used to produce the ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Xi}}}_{c}^{+}{K}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ bound states and study the narrow excited ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Omega}}}_{c}^{0}$ states through ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Omega}}}_{c}^{0}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Xi}}}_{c}^{+}{K}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ in $pp$ collisions at $\sqrt{s}=7$ and 13 TeV. The yield, transverse momentum distribution, and rapidity distribution of the five new excited ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Omega}}}_{c}^{0}$ states of ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Omega}}}_{c}{(3000)}^{0}$, ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Omega}}}_{c}{(3050)}^{0}$, ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Omega}}}_{c}{(3066)}^{0}$, ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Omega}}}_{c}{(3090)}^{0}$, and ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Omega}}}_{c}{(3119)}^{0}$ were predicted.

We have investigated the production yields of charged pions, kaons, and (anti)protons (restricted to midrapidity of $|y|l0.1$) in $\mathrm{Au}+\mathrm{Au}$ collisions at $\sqrt{{s}_{NN}}=7.7,\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}11.5,\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}19.6,\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}27$, and 39 GeV, from the STAR experiment in the Beam Energy Scan (BES) program at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC), within an improved heavy-ion jet interaction generator (ImHIJING) code plus a relativistic transport (ART) model. Improvements of the dynamical content of ImHIJING code include (i) sampling of initial momenta of nuclear ground state, (ii) a Regge cascade for initial-state interaction effects, and (iii) an advanced popcorn mechanism for baryon production. It is found that the implementation of initial-state interactions in the $\mathrm{ImHIJING}+\mathrm{ART}$ model is crucial for the description of collision centrality dependence of bulk hadron observables in peripheral and semicentral ($\ensuremath{\approx}10%$--$70%$) $\mathrm{Au}+\mathrm{Au}$ collisions at $\sqrt{{s}_{NN}}g11.5$ GeV.

New high precision total and differential cross sections are reported for the $dp\to {}^3\textrm{He}\,\eta$ reaction close to threshold. The measurements were performed using the magnetic spectrometer ANKE, which is an internal fixed target facility at the COSY cooler synchrotron. The data were taken for deuteron beam momenta between $3.14641~\textrm{GeV}/c$ and $3.20416~\textrm{GeV}/c$, which corresponds to the range in excess energy $Q$ for this reaction between $1.14~\textrm{MeV}$ and $15.01~\textrm{MeV}$. The normalization was established through the measurement in parallel of deuteron-proton elastic scattering and this was checked through the study of the $dp\to {}^3\textrm{He}\,\pi^0$ reaction. The previously indicated possible change of sign of the slope of the differential cross sections near the production threshold, which could be explained by a rapid variation of the $s$- and $p$-wave interference term, is not confirmed by the new data. The energy dependence of the total cross section and the $90^{\circ}$ slope parameter are well explained by describing the final state interaction in terms of a complex Jost function and the results are significant in the discussion of $\eta$-mesic nuclei. In combination with recently published WASA-at-COSY data [P. Adlarson $et\, al.$, Phys. Lett. B 782, 297 (2018)], a smooth variation of the slope parameter is achieved up to an excess energy of $80.9~\textrm{MeV}$.

Single-nucleon knockout cross sections from fast secondary beams of the proton-drip-line nuclei $^{9}\mathrm{C}$, $^{13}\mathrm{O}$, and $^{17}\mathrm{Ne}$ on a $^{9}\mathrm{Be}$ target have been studied with emphasis on the production of resonance states. These states were identified by their invariant mass, and resonances with two-, three-, and five-body exit channels were examined. The measured cross sections for these states were compared with eikonal-model predictions using shell-model or variational Monte Carlo spectroscopic factors. The experimental yields were found to be suppressed relative to the model predictions, especially when a well-bound neutron or proton is removed. This suppression exceeds that found systematically in measured inclusive cross sections to particle-bound final states. In neutron knockout from $^{9}\mathrm{C}$ and $^{13}\mathrm{O}$ projectiles, this suppression of the unbound ground-state residuals yield is a factor of two to three times larger than that found in the bound final-state studies. Modifications to the structure of these systems due to coupling of the shell-model configurations to the continuum is expected to contribute to this extra suppression, especially when the final state is a near-threshold resonance. However, other considerations including the role of nuclear dynamics may be required to explain all the observed trends.