1. 20 years of research on the Alcator C-Mod tokamaka)
- Author
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Istvan Cziegler, R. M. McDermott, John Goetz, R.F. Vieira, Robert Granetz, Amanda Hubbard, S. Horne, Ian H. Hutchinson, Nathan Howard, C. K. Li, Robert Mumgaard, E. Edlund, Arturo Dominguez, A. Tronchin-James, Paul Ennever, Theodore Golfinopoulos, C. Gao, John Rice, J. H. Irby, S. Pitcher, Thomas W. Fredian, James Myra, R.R. Parker, N. Smick, Stewart Zweben, D. R. Mikkelsen, Bruce Lipschultz, Olaf Grulke, W. Bergerson, D. Terry, Aaron Bader, D.G. Whyte, V.A. Izzo, Yuichi Takase, Z.S. Hartwig, Brian LaBombard, Harold Barnard, James R. Wilson, W. Burke, S.J. Wukitch, Vincent Tang, G. McCracken, D.R. Ernst, J. M. Sierchio, G.M. Olynyk, Igor Bespamyatnov, W. Beck, C.L. Fiore, Christian Theiler, Jeff Candy, Joshua Stillerman, Dan Brunner, S.M. Wolfe, P.T. Bonoli, Jerry Hughes, A. Loarte, Andrea Schmidt, Choongki Sung, B. P. Duval, John Wright, Odd Erik Garcia, Gregory Wallace, Mohammad Reza Bakhtiari, D. L. Brower, R. Ochoukov, Ian Faust, S. Shiraiwa, A. Mazurenko, Earl Marmar, W. L. Rowan, Anne White, Ahmed Diallo, D. A. Mossessian, Miklos Porkolab, J.L. Terry, C.E. Kessel, Naoto Tsujii, P. B. Snyder, G.M. Wright, J. A. Snipes, Seung Gyou Baek, E. Nelson-Melby, Martin Greenwald, Yuri Podpaly, Brandon Sorbom, Yu-Ming Lin, Cornwall Lau, Matthew Reinke, Orso Meneghini, J.R. Walk, S. D. Scott, M. Churchill, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Greenwald, Martin J., Baek, Seung Gyou, Barnard, Harold, Beck, William K., Bonoli, Paul T., Brunner, Daniel Frederic, Burke, William M., Ennever, Paul Chappell, Ernst, Darin R., Faust, Ian Charles, Fiore, Catherine, Fredian, Thomas W., Gao, Chi, Golfinopoulos, Theodore, Granetz, Robert S., Hartwig, Zachary, Hubbard, Amanda E., Hughes, Jerry W., Jr., Hutchinson, Ian H., Irby, James Henderson, Labombard, Brian, Li, Chikang, Lin, Yijun, Marmar, Earl S., Mumgaard, Robert Thomas, Parker, Ronald R., Porkolab, Miklos, Rice, John E., Shiraiwa, Shunichi, Sierchio, Jennifer M., Sorbom, Brandon Nils, Stillerman, Joshua A., Sung, Choongki, Terry, David Rankin, Terry, James L., Vieira, Rui F., Walk, John R., Jr., Wallace, Gregory Marriner, White, Anne E., Whyte, Dennis G., Wolfe, Stephen M., Wright, Graham, Wright, John C., and Wukitch, Stephen James
- Subjects
Physics ,Tokamak ,VDP::Mathematics and natural science: 400::Physics: 430::Space and plasma physics: 437 ,Divertor ,Nuclear engineering ,Cyclotron ,Context (language use) ,Fusion power ,Condensed Matter Physics ,01 natural sciences ,010305 fluids & plasmas ,law.invention ,Alcator C-Mod ,Physics::Plasma Physics ,law ,VDP::Matematikk og Naturvitenskap: 400::Fysikk: 430::Rom- og plasmafysikk: 437 ,0103 physical sciences ,Plasma diagnostics ,Radio frequency ,Atomic physics ,010306 general physics - Abstract
The object of this review is to summarize the achievements of research on the Alcator C-Mod tokamak [Hutchinson et al., Phys. Plasmas 1, 1511 (1994) and Marmar, Fusion Sci. Technol. 51, 261 (2007)] and to place that research in the context of the quest for practical fusion energy. C-Mod is a compact, high-field tokamak, whose unique design and operating parameters have produced a wealth of new and important results since it began operation in 1993, contributing data that extends tests of critical physical models into new parameter ranges and into new regimes. Using only high-power radio frequency (RF) waves for heating and current drive with innovative launching structures, C-Mod operates routinely at reactor level power densities and achieves plasma pressures higher than any other toroidal confinement device. C-Mod spearheaded the development of the vertical-target divertor and has always operated with high-Z metal plasma facing components—approaches subsequently adopted for ITER. C-Mod has made ground-breaking discoveries in divertor physics and plasma-material interactions at reactor-like power and particle fluxes and elucidated the critical role of cross-field transport in divertor operation, edge flows and the tokamak density limit. C-Mod developed the I-mode and the Enhanced Dα H-mode regimes, which have high performance without large edge localized modes and with pedestal transport self-regulated by short-wavelength electromagnetic waves. C-Mod has carried out pioneering studies of intrinsic rotation and demonstrated that self-generated flow shear can be strong enough in some cases to significantly modify transport. C-Mod made the first quantitative link between the pedestal temperature and the H-mode's performance, showing that the observed self-similar temperature profiles were consistent with critical-gradient-length theories and followed up with quantitative tests of nonlinear gyrokinetic models. RF research highlights include direct experimental observation of ion cyclotron range of frequency (ICRF) mode-conversion, ICRF flow drive, demonstration of lower-hybrid current drive at ITER-like densities and fields and, using a set of novel diagnostics, extensive validation of advanced RF codes. Disruption studies on C-Mod provided the first observation of non-axisymmetric halo currents and non-axisymmetric radiation in mitigated disruptions. A summary of important achievements and discoveries are included., United States. Dept. of Energy (Cooperative Agreement DE-FC02-99ER54512), United States. Dept. of Energy (Cooperative Agreement DE-FG03-94ER-54241), United States. Dept. of Energy (Cooperative Agreement DE-AC02-78ET- 51013), United States. Dept. of Energy (Cooperative Agreement DE-AC02-09CH11466), United States. Dept. of Energy (Cooperative Agreement DE-FG02-95ER54309), United States. Dept. of Energy (Cooperative Agreement DE-AC02-05CH11231), United States. Dept. of Energy (Cooperative Agreement DE-AC52-07NA27344), United States. Dept. of Energy (Cooperative Agreement DE-FG02- 97ER54392), United States. Dept. of Energy (Cooperative Agreement DE-SC00-02060)
- Published
- 2014
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