1. Meta-analysis of SHANK Mutations in Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Gradient of Severity in Cognitive Impairments
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Anne Claude Tabet, Françoise Devillard, Christelle M. Durand, Dominique Bonneau, Caroline Schluth-Bolard, Hugo Peyre, Frédérique Amsellem, Jennifer L. Howe, Brigitte Assouline, Laurence Perrin, Patrick Edery, Gudrun A. Rappold, Alexis Brice, Tobias M. Boeckers, Kevin Mouzat, Mary Coleman, Diana Zelenika, Guy A. Rouleau, Christel Depienne, Alexandra Afenjar, Pilar Galan, Peter Szatmari, Coline Stordeur, Fabienne Giuliano, Thomas Bourgeron, Delphine Héron, Anthony P. Monaco, Aurélia Jacquette, Marion Leboyer, Elena Maestrini, Roberto Toro, Anne Polge, Serge Lumbroso, Richard Delorme, Maria Råstam, François Rivier, Richard Holt, Stephen W. Scherer, Jessica Guibert, Elodie Ey, Dalila Pinto, Christopher Gillberg, Béatrice Regnault, Fanny Laffargue, Claire S. Leblond, Julie Gauthier, Nathalie Lemière, James Lespinasse, Alexandre Mathieu, Michael J. Schmeisser, Jean Chiesa, Agnès Rastetter, Marc Delepine, Catalina Betancur, I. Carina Gillberg, Daisuke Sato, Mark Lathrop, Caroline Nava, Damien Sanlaville, Guillaume Huguet, Génétique humaine et fonctions cognitives - Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions (GHFC (UMR_3571 / U-Pasteur_1)), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Gènes, Synapses et Cognition (CNRS - UMR3571 ), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre de Recherche de l'Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (CRICM), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Service de Biochimie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nîmes (CHU Nîmes), Laboratoire de diagnotic moléculaire, CHU Sainte Justine [Montréal], Service de génétique médicale, Hôpital l'Archet, Service de Psychiatrie de l'Enfant et de l'Adolescent, Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Hôpital Robert Debré, Departments of Psychiatry, Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai [New York] (MSSM)-Seaver Autism Center-, The Mindich Child Health & Development Institute, Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, Hospital for Sick Children-University of Toronto McLaughlin Centre, Laboratoire de sciences cognitives et psycholinguistique (LSCP), Département d'Etudes Cognitives - ENS Paris (DEC), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Fondation FondaMental [Créteil], Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University [Lund], Gillberg Neuropsychiatry Centre [Göteborg, Sueden], Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology [Göteborg]-University of Gothenburg (GU), Department of Molecular Human Genetics, Universität Heidelberg [Heidelberg] = Heidelberg University, The Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics [Oxford], University of Oxford, Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna [Bologna] (UNIBO), Unité de Recherche en Epidémiologie Nutritionnelle (UREN), Université Paris 13 (UP13)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (USPC)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière [AP-HP], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU), CHU Trousseau [APHP], Département de génétique et procréation, Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Hôpital Couple-Enfant, Unité Pédopsychiatrique et Neuropédiatrique de Diagnostic et d'Evaluation des Troubles Envahissants du Développement, Centre Alpin de DIagnostic Précoce de l'Autisme - CADIPA-Centre Hospitalier Alpes Isère, Service de Génétique Médicale [CHU Clermont-Ferrand], CHU Estaing [Clermont-Ferrand], CHU Clermont-Ferrand-CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Département de Génétique Chromosomique, Bâtiment Hôtel Dieu - Centre Hospitalier de Chambéry, Laboratoire de Cytogénétique, Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron [Pôle Chimie Balard] (IBMM), Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier (ENSCM)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Physiologie & médecine expérimentale du Cœur et des Muscles [U 1046] (PhyMedExp), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Montpellier] (CHRU Montpellier), Biologie Neurovasculaire et Mitochondriale Intégrée (BNMI), Université d'Angers (UA)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Service de Biochimie et Génétique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire d'Angers (CHU Angers), PRES Université Nantes Angers Le Mans (UNAM)-PRES Université Nantes Angers Le Mans (UNAM), Génotypage des Eucaryotes (Plate-Forme), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP), Centre National de Génotypage (CNG), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Centre de recherche en neurosciences de Lyon - Lyon Neuroscience Research Center (CRNL), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Étienne (UJM)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Département de génétique, Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Hôpital Robert Debré-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7), Institut for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Universität Ulm - Ulm University [Ulm, Allemagne], Foundation for Autism Research, Center of Excellence in Neuroscience, CHU de Montréal, Neuroscience Paris Seine (NPS), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (IBPS), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale (IMRB), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-IFR10-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12), Service de psychiatrie, Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Hôpital Henri Mondor-Hôpital Albert Chenevier, Institute of Child Health, University College of London [London] (UCL), This work was funded by the Institut Pasteur, CNRS, INSERM, AP-HP, University Paris Diderot, the Bettencourt-Schueller foundation, the Orange foundation, the FondaMental foundation, the Conny-Maeva foundation, the Cognacq-Jay foundation, the ANR (ANR-08-MNPS-037-01 - SynGen), Neuron- ERANET (EUHF-AUTISM), the DFG (BO1718/3-1, 4-1) and Baustein L.SBN.0081., Leblond CS, Nava C, Polge A, Gauthier J, Huguet G, Lumbroso S, Giuliano F, Stordeur C, Depienne C, Mouzat K, Pinto D, Howe J, Lemière N, Durand CM, Guibert J, Ey E, Toro R, Peyre H, Mathieu A, Amsellem F, Rastam M, Gillberg IC, Rappold GA, Holt R, Monaco AP, Maestrini E, Galan P, Heron D, Jacquette A, Afenjar A, Rastetter A, Brice A, Devillard F, Assouline B, Laffargue F, Lespinasse J, Chiesa J, Rivier F, Bonneau D, Regnault B, Zelenika D, Delepine M, Lathrop M, Sanlaville D, Schluth-Bolard C, Edery P, Perrin L, Tabet AC, Schmeisser MJ, Boeckers TM, Coleman M, Sato D, Szatmari P, Scherer SW, Rouleau GA, Betancur C, Leboyer M, Gillberg C, Delorme R, Bourgeron T, Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universität Heidelberg [Heidelberg], University of Oxford [Oxford], Unité Fonctionnelle de Génétique Clinique [CHU Pitié Salpétrière], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU), Institut Pasteur [Paris], Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Université Jean Monnet [Saint-Étienne] (UJM)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Neurosciences Paris Seine (NPS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (USPC)-Université Paris 13 (UP13)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP), Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre de recherche en neurosciences de Lyon (CRNL), and Betancur, Catalina
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Male ,Cancer Research ,[SDV.GEN] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Genetics ,medicine.disease_cause ,GENE DELETION ,0302 clinical medicine ,Cognition ,Intellectual disability ,Child ,Genetics (clinical) ,Genetics ,Psychiatry ,Neurons ,0303 health sciences ,Mutation ,SDV:GEN ,META-ANALYSIS ,Penetrance ,Hypotonia ,3. Good health ,SHANK2 ,Autism spectrum disorder ,Female ,medicine.symptom ,Research Article ,lcsh:QH426-470 ,DNA Copy Number Variations ,Nerve Tissue Proteins ,Biology ,03 medical and health sciences ,Intellectual Disability ,mental disorders ,medicine ,Humans ,Clinical significance ,AUTISM ,Molecular Biology ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics ,030304 developmental biology ,[SDV.GEN]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Genetics ,Biology and Life Sciences ,Human Genetics ,medicine.disease ,lcsh:Genetics ,Child Development Disorders, Pervasive ,Case-Control Studies ,Synapses ,Autism ,Cognition Disorders ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery - Abstract
SHANK genes code for scaffold proteins located at the post-synaptic density of glutamatergic synapses. In neurons, SHANK2 and SHANK3 have a positive effect on the induction and maturation of dendritic spines, whereas SHANK1 induces the enlargement of spine heads. Mutations in SHANK genes have been associated with autism spectrum disorders (ASD), but their prevalence and clinical relevance remain to be determined. Here, we performed a new screen and a meta-analysis of SHANK copy-number and coding-sequence variants in ASD. Copy-number variants were analyzed in 5,657 patients and 19,163 controls, coding-sequence variants were ascertained in 760 to 2,147 patients and 492 to 1,090 controls (depending on the gene), and, individuals carrying de novo or truncating SHANK mutations underwent an extensive clinical investigation. Copy-number variants and truncating mutations in SHANK genes were present in ∼1% of patients with ASD: mutations in SHANK1 were rare (0.04%) and present in males with normal IQ and autism; mutations in SHANK2 were present in 0.17% of patients with ASD and mild intellectual disability; mutations in SHANK3 were present in 0.69% of patients with ASD and up to 2.12% of the cases with moderate to profound intellectual disability. In summary, mutations of the SHANK genes were detected in the whole spectrum of autism with a gradient of severity in cognitive impairment. Given the rare frequency of SHANK1 and SHANK2 deleterious mutations, the clinical relevance of these genes remains to be ascertained. In contrast, the frequency and the penetrance of SHANK3 mutations in individuals with ASD and intellectual disability—more than 1 in 50—warrant its consideration for mutation screening in clinical practice., Author Summary Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are a heterogeneous group of neurodevelopmental disorders. Mutations altering genes involved in the junction between brain cells have been repeatedly associated in ASD. For example, SHANK1, SHANK2 and SHANK3 emerged as one family of genes that are associated with ASD. However, little was known about the number of patients carrying these mutations and the clinical outcome. Here, we performed a new genetic screen of SHANK mutations and these results were analyzed in combination with those of the literature. In summary, SHANK mutations account for ∼1% of patients with ASD and were detected in the whole spectrum of autism with a gradient of severity in cognitive impairment: mutations in SHANK1 were rare (0.04%) and present in males with normal IQ and autism; mutations in SHANK2 were present in 0.17% of patients with ASD and mild intellectual disability; mutations in SHANK3 were present in 0.69% of patients with ASD and up to 2.12% of the cases with moderate to profound intellectual disability. Given the high frequency and impact of SHANK3 mutations in individuals with ASD and intellectual disability—more than 1 in 50—this gene should be screened for mutations in clinical practice.
- Published
- 2014
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