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5. Diarrhea, stimulation and growth predict neurodevelopment in young North Indian children

Author

Kvestad, Ingrid, Taneja, Sunita, Hysing, Mari, Kumar, Tivendra, Bhandari, Nita, and Strand, Tor A.

Subjects
Diarrhea, Male, Science, India, Infant, Nervous System, Placebos, Double-Blind Method, Medisinske Fag: 700 [VDP], Child, Preschool, Humans, Medicine, Female, Research Article
Abstract

Background and objectiveInfants and young children in low to middle-income countries are at risk for adverse neurodevelopment due to multiple risk factors. In this study, we sought to identify stimulation and learning opportunities, growth, and burden of respiratory infections and diarrhea as predictors for neurodevelopment.MethodsWe visited 422 North Indian children 6 to 30 months old weekly for six months. Childhood illnesses were assessed biweekly. At end study, we assessed neurodevelopment using the Ages and Stages Questionnaire 3rd ed. (ASQ-3) and gathered information on stimulation and learning opportunities. We identified predictors for ASQ-3 scores in multiple linear and logistic regression models.ResultsWe were able to explain 30.5% of the variation in the total ASQ-3 score by the identified predictors. When adjusting for child characteristics and annual family income, stimulation and learning opportunities explained most of the variation by 25.1%. Height for age (standardized beta: 0.12, pConclusionOur results support the importance of early child stimulation and general nutrition for child development. Our study also suggests that diarrhea is an additional risk factor for adverse neurodevelopment in vulnerable children.

Published
2015

7. Predictors of Time to Recovery in Infants with Probable Serious Bacterial Infection

Author

Singh, Prashant, primary, Wadhwa, Nitya, additional, Lodha, Rakesh, additional, Sommerfelt, Halvor, additional, Aneja, Satinder, additional, Natchu, Uma Chandra Mouli, additional, Chandra, Jagdish, additional, Rath, Bimbadhar, additional, Sharma, Vinod Kumar, additional, Kumari, Mohini, additional, Saini, Savita, additional, Kabra, Sushil Kumar, additional, Bhatnagar, Shinjini, additional, and Strand, Tor A, additional

Published
2015
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12. Vitamin B12 and Folic Acid Improve Gross Motor and Problem-Solving Skills in Young North Indian Children: A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial.

Author

Kvestad, Ingrid, Taneja, Sunita, Kumar, Tivendra, Hysing, Mari, Refsum, Helga, Yajnik, Chittaranjan S., Bhandari, Nita, Strand, Tor A., and null, null

Subjects
VITAMIN B12 deficiency, FOLIC acid deficiency, GROSS motor ability, PROBLEM solving in children, RANDOMIZED controlled trials, CHILD development, DIAGNOSIS
Abstract

Objectives: Deficiencies of vitamin B12 and folate are associated with delayed development and neurological manifestations. The objective of this study was to measure the effect of daily supplementation of vitamin B12 and/or folic acid on development in young North Indian children. Methods: In a randomized, double blind trial, children aged six to 30 months, received supplement with placebo or vitamin B12 and/or folic acid for six months. Children were allocated in a 1:1:1:1 ratio in a factorial design and in blocks of 16. We measured development in 422 children by the Ages and Stages Questionnaire 3rd ed. at the end of the intervention. Results: Compared to placebo, children who received both vitamin B12 and folic acid had 0.45 (95% CI 0.19, 0.73) and 0.28 (95% CI 0.02, 0.54) higher SD-units in the domains of gross motor and problem solving functioning, respectively. The effect was highest in susceptible subgroups consisting of stunted children, those with high plasma homocysteine (> 10 μmol/L) or in those who were younger than 24 at end study. With the exception of a significant improvement on gross motor scores by vitamin B12 alone, supplementation of either vitamin alone had no effect on any of the outcomes. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that supplementation of vitamin B12 and folic acid benefit development in North Indian Children. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2015
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