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Los procesos formativos, complejos por su propia naturaleza social, parten de los contextos en que se desarrollan y de las características psicopedagógicas, sociológicas, culturales y fisiológicas de los que intervienen como componentes personales. El ámbito educativo ecuatoriano, consciente de lo anterior, evidenció en los últimos años el desarrollo de estrategias encaminadas a cumplir estándares básicos de inclusión, reconocidos por organismos internacionales y materializados en acciones pedagógicas y curriculares en todos los niveles formativos. La investigación propuesta estuvo dirigida a perfeccionar la escala evaluativa para la inclusión, en la asignatura Educación física, de los estudiantes con necesidades educativas especiales asociados a una discapacidad, en Ecuador. Se utilizaron los métodos de análisis-síntesis y modelación; además, el análisis documental y una encuesta a docentes del área para profundizar en las características fenomenológicas del objeto de investigación. La estadística descriptiva facilitó el procesamiento de la información y la determinación de regularidades, lo que sustentó la propuesta del sistema de acciones, para el perfeccionamiento de la escala evaluativa inclusiva para la Educación Física.

El estudio está dirigido a la comprensión para atender las necesidades de inclusión de estudiantes con discapacidad visual durante la práctica del futsal en las clases de Educación Física, poder disminuir su miedo hacia el deporte, mejorar su autoestima y sensibilizar a la familia y al personal docente en su radio de acción y que sean aceptados en cada uno de sus entrenamientos. El objetivo se centra en elaborar una metodología para la enseñanza-aprendizaje del futsal adaptado, para estudiantes con discapacidad visual que desde una educación inclusiva garantice una mejor calidad de vida; de esta forma se mejora su rendimiento y se promueve su bienestar físico y mental. Durante la investigación se utilizaron como métodos empíricos la revisión documental, la observación científica y la entrevista que permitieron conocer a profundidad los antecedentes, el estado actual y prospectivo del problema, así como diseñar la posible solución. Los resultados obtenidos están orientados hacia una transformación desde los ajustes curriculares de las necesidades psicológicas, sociales, comunicativas y físicas de los estudiantes; así, la metodología deja claro cómo trabajar desde los diferentes contextos, las recomendaciones metodológicas y los requisitos a tener en cuenta, a partir de la discapacidad visual presentada y la manera de evaluar. Tal empeño favorece la igualdad de oportunidades y cooperación como seres sociales en el contorno educacional donde se desenvuelven.

El crecimiento y desarrollo de las colectividades humanas, han dado lugar a la aparición de los llamados problemas ambientales que influyen sobre los recursos naturales y en la salud del hombre. En este artículo, se reflejó la realidad encontrada en el trabajo con la Tarea Vida desde el segundo ciclo de la escuela primaria "Rolando Morales Sanabria" del municipio Cifuentes, etapa vital en la formación de las nuevas generaciones para la conservación del entorno, el mantenimiento de los valores éticos y morales de un proyecto social con un fundamento humanista. Atendiendo a estas concepciones, se planteó como objetivo caracterizar el trabajo con la Tarea Vida desde el Deporte para Todos como parte de la Educación Física, en el contexto antes descrito. Este trabajo se realizó con la ayuda de métodos y técnicas como la revisión de documentos, la observación, la encuesta y la entrevista. Los resultados revelan insuficiencias en este trabajo, desde la falta de consulta a documentos oficiales, precisiones y normativas, transitando por la pobre intencionalidad, hasta llegar a la falta de interiorización y realización de actividades en este sentido. Se determinaron los fundamentos para el desarrollo del trabajo con la Tarea Vida en el contexto seleccionado, quedó caracterizado el estado actual, donde destacó la utilización casual e irracional de espacios deportivos, mal aprovechamiento de potencialidades del contexto, poco intencionado y limitado conocimiento de la Tarea Vida.

La atención a la habilidad auto ejercitación del ejercicio físico constituye punto de referencia para el cumplimiento de los objetivos estratégicos planteados por las universidades cubanas, particularmente en la disciplina Educación Física del Plan de estudios E, como un contenido del currículo que favorece el protagonismo del estudiante en su propio proceso de aprendizaje, constituye una necesidad antes los cambios que se operan en el sistema de Educación Superior Cubano, dado fundamentalmente por condiciones que surgieron de aislamiento físico provocado por la COVID-19, unido a la falta de habilidades para realizar actividad física y por garantizar una educación inclusiva, equitativa y de calidad. El objetivo de este trabajo consiste en elaborar una estrategia didáctica para la formación de la habilidad auto ejercitación del ejercicio físico; en la investigación se emplean métodos cualitativos y cuantitativos. Se inicia con el diagnóstico, utilizándose diferentes métodos y técnicas, como la encuesta, la entrevista. Además, se aplica los test para evaluar la condición física y de las insuficiencias que presenta los estudiantes de Educación Física de la carrera de Medicina Veterinaria de la Universidad Agraria de La Habana. La sistematización y los fundamentos teóricos y metodológicos analizados permitieron diseñar una estrategia didáctica, la cual cuenta de cuatro etapas, cada una de ellas con su objetivo y sistema de acciones, las cuales se ofrecen como resultado para la formación de la habilidad auto ejercitación del ejercicio físico en los estudiantes objetos de estudio.

Es bien sabido que la forma más común de reducir los efectos del trastorno por déficit de atención con hiperactividad ha sido históricamente a través de productos farmacológicos. Sin embargo, es irrefutable que la influencia del ejercicio físico ha evitado indeseables efectos secundarios y ha logrado cambios favorables significativos en los pacientes. Esta actividad física fue implementada básicamente de forma preventiva, principalmente bajo condiciones médicas, crónicas y discapacidades, también para contribuir a la esfera cognitiva y comportamental. El objetivo de este trabajo consistió en proponer un grupo de recomendaciones metodológicas en la clase de Educación Física para mejorar las condiciones de vida de niños con trastorno por déficit de atención con hiperactividad en la Unidad Educativa Fiscomisional Sagrado Corazón de Esmeraldas, Ecuador. Los métodos empíricos que se utilizaron fueron la observación científica, la encuesta aplicada a estudiantes y la entrevista dirigida a profesores; también se emplea, una vez implementadas estas recomendaciones, una encuesta a ambos componentes del proceso para obtener una valoración preliminar sobre el efecto de esta propuesta, debido a que resultó ser una ayuda metodológica de alto valor para preparar los profesores y estudiantes en sus influencias como orientador en el caso del profesor y como colectivo social académico en el caso del grupo de estudiantes.

La superación continua de los profesores de Educación Física constituye una necesidad que ha transcendido diferentes generaciones de docentes, determinada por el desarrollo creciente de la ciencia y la técnica, las exigencias del tercer perfeccionamiento educacional cubano, las demandas en la preparación y capacitación del profesorado y la necesidad de su incidencia en la formación de un egresado apto y capaz de desarrollar no solo habilidades y capacidades físicas, sino también para la vida, que les permitan actuar en el medio social, familiar y laboral. El objetivo de esta investigación consistió en diseñar una estrategia pedagógica de superación para transformar los modos de actuación de los profesores de Educación Física, en la dirección del proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje, en función del desarrollo de habilidades de autodeterminación en los educandos en situación de discapacidad intelectual. Los métodos investigativos utilizados en el orden teórico y empírico fueron el análisis y síntesis, el histórico-lógico, el inductivo-deductivo, la modelación y el sistémico-estructural-funcional; además de la entrevista, la observación, la encuesta, el análisis de documentos, el criterio de expertos y la triangulación múltiple, los que permitieron revelar las causales que inciden en el normal desarrollo de las habilidades de autodeterminación, así como elaborar la estrategia. Con su implementación se perfeccionó el desempeño profesional y personal de los profesores y los educandos, quienes egresaron con el empoderamiento de habilidades para la toma de decisiones, la realización de elecciones, la resolución de problemas y el establecimiento de metas y objetivos.

Los juegos recreativos fomentan el desarrollo psicosocial, motor y cognitivo y promueven la igualdad de oportunidades y la participación activa de los estudiantes. Al ser utilizados en la Educación Física, intervienen en la educación y formación integral, pues facilitan en los estudiantes el desarrollo de destrezas y capacidades, promueven la inclusión, responden a la diversidad y las necesidades e incrementan la participación en este contexto. El estudio que se presenta tuvo como objetivo desarrollar un sistema de juegos recreativos para la inclusión de los estudiantes con discapacidad física, en las clases de Educación Física del sexto año de básica, de la Unidad Educativa Físico-misional "Mercedes de Jesús Molina". La investigación tuvo un enfoque mixto y se utilizó una muestra de 19 estudiantes del sexto año. Se emplearon métodos como el histórico-lógico, analítico-sintético, inductivo-deductivo y el sistémico para analizar y comprender los hechos y establecer relaciones lógicas; se emplearon métodos empíricos, como la observación, la encuesta, el método de criterio de especialistas, para comprobar la validez y fiabilidad de la propuesta. Para el procesamiento e interpretación de los datos, representados en tablas y figuras, se utilizó la estadística descriptiva, con el cálculo porcentual. La propuesta de juegos recreativos resultó ser una herramienta fundamental, al fomentar la inclusión, la integración y la convivencia, sin importar la discapacidad, ello beneficia el presente y futuro de los estudiantes en la sociedad y realza el alcance de la propuesta.

El profesional de cultura física contribuye, con aportes importantes, al perfeccionamiento de los programas; aplica a la educación el ejercicio físico desde las primeras edades y favorece la formación integral. El objetivo de este trabajo consistió en diseñar una metodología para el desarrollo de las cualidades coordinativas básicas en la Educación Física del nivel inicial 2. Para ello, se realizó un estudio de diseño preexperimental de control mínimo, con dos años de duración (2020-2021). La muestra seleccionada respondió a un muestreo intencional estratificado, no probabilístico. Se emplearon métodos de los niveles teórico y empírico, tales como: análisis y síntesis, inductivo-deductivo, sistémico-estructural funcional, medición, experimento, criterio de expertos y estadística descriptiva, así como técnicas de investigación entre los que destacan, análisis documental, observación estructurada, entrevista y encuesta. La metodología se realizó mediante la implementación de ejercicios físicos. Participaron 229 niños del nivel inicial 2; a partir del diagnóstico realizado se determinó que el equilibrio dinámico (46,3 %) y la coordinación dinámica general (43,7%) fueron evaluados de regular, además de dificultades en todos los patrones de movimiento, la motricidad gruesa, la fina, los reflejos, las reacciones y patrones posturales. El estudio mostró que se puede mejorar el desarrollo de las cualidades coordinativas básicas en la Educación Física del nivel inicial 2.

El logro de una educación accesible y de calidad para todos los ciudadanos es, en la actualidad, una de las prioridades para la formación de profesionales, puesto que estos contribuyen al desarrollo de un sistema de educación reconocido, tanto a nivel nacional como internacional. De esta manera, el estudio realizado se propuso como objetico diseñar una estrategia pedagógica para la preparación al profesor como mediador de conflictos en la clase de Educación Física, de las escuelas secundarias básicas del municipio La Habana del Este. Para ello, se utilizó un enfoque mixto, con el fin de agrupar los análisis de documentos y las descripciones cualitativas junto a tablas y figuras para complementar y enriquecer el estudio cualitativa y cuantitativamente. Como principal resultado, se evidenciaron los principios, premisas y el procedimiento metodológico para la integración de influencias educativas. En sentido general, la preparación del profesor como mediador de conflictos da respuesta a los programas priorizados del Ministerio de Educación en su agenda de perfeccionamiento hacia el 2030 y del Instituto Nacional de Deporte, Educación Física y Recreación.

Introduction: The game in boys and girls occurs in a natural way because it is used as a means of preparation for life and as a means of education. That is why many authors state categorically that "the child learns by playing and by playing he becomes fit for life". Objective: This research has as objective to elaborate a set of adapted games to favor the work with spatial orientation in boys and girls from the " Antonio Briones Montoto" primary school in the Bayamo municipality, from which a sample of 24 first grade students enrolled in the primary school who have problems in spatial orientation was taken as an object of study. Materials and method: In order to fulfill the objective, theoretical methods ( analytical-synthetic, hypothetical-deductive and documentary review) , empirical ( observation, survey, experiment and test to evaluate spatial orientation) and statistical mathematical methods were used. . Results: As a result, six adapted games are offered in correspondence with the particularities of the studied population, which will allow the work with the spatial orientation of the mentioned population. Conclusion: The analyzed theoretical and methodological foundations allowed determine and adapt the games to favor the development of the spatial orientation in the Physical education class.

Introduction: José Martí, Cuba's national hero, has bequeathed various progressive perspectives over time, including in sports, a lesser-known facet of his prolific journalistic and literary work. It is known that he practiced a single specialty: chess; but in his chronicles he demonstrated knowledge of long-distance running, American football, billiards, boxing, horse riding, fencing, hunting, bullfighting and skating, among others. Objective: To deepen the moral conceptions of the National Hero of Cuba about sports and Physical Education. Material and method: to carry out this study, a bibliographic review of the complete works of José Martí was developed, referring to the North American scenes where Martí's chronicles about sports and Physical Education are collected to a greater extent. Results: The topic that is addressed by his interest transcends the borders of his time and is inserted in the project of the ideas that sustain the Cuban revolution, that sport is a right of the people; This article is dedicated to this, to highlight the opinions expressed by José Martí on sports, Physical Education and Recreation, being a critic of these from the moral point of view. Conclusions: José Martí developed an arsenal of ideas that constitute a high contribution to the development of sport and Physical Education. In journalism, the teacher had one of the most accurate views on the practice of sport.

Gamification is a learning technique that transfers the full potential of games to the educational field to improve the results of students in class, it consists of transferring the mechanics of games to other daily practices, which allows turning routine activities into a playful learning process and promotes the natural way of learning. The research that is presented tried to show an experience of gamification as a didactic resource in Physical Education classes, in the students of the University of Guayaquil. The documentary review, observation and survey were used as scientific methods, which facilitated knowing the behavioral, cognitive and motivational behavior of the university students studied, as well as drawing recurrent methodological guidelines from gamification, which caused significant changes in the educational context from Physical Education, both personalized and group.

The third improvement of Higher Education in Cuba, started in the academic year 2016-2017, brought about deep transformations, characterized by uncertainty and the dynamics of change and such situation demands to propitiate a general knowledge of the educational processes and actions. This work aimed to know the opinions of Physical Education teachers of the University "Hermanos Saíz Montes de Oca" of Pinar del Rio (UPR in Spanish) about the purpose of this discipline and the knowledge they have about its different models. From a qualitative approach, the knowledge of 18 teachers was explored, based on the dialectical-materialistic method. The interview was used as an instrument to collect information. The results allowed to know those variables that determine the purpose of Physical Education, from the model assumed, as well as to glimpse some of the limitations that hinder the integral education of the graduate. It is concluded with some proposals to advance towards a Physical Education that integrates the different models and trends and with future lines of research on the subject.

The objective of this research is to know how the application of multiple intelligences, as a teaching strategy, affects the development of cognitive-motor skills and socio-affective attitudes in the subject of Physical Education during the pandemic. The approach of this study was quantitative-qualitative, with an experimental design. For this, a training workshop on multiple intelligences was proposed and applied, as a learning strategy, to a seventh grade Physical Education teacher in a private institution in the city of Quito, implementing this knowledge in parallel A classes as an experimental group. In the evaluation, it was observed that there is a better level of learning in this experimental group, compared to the control group. As a conclusion, it should be noted that Physical Education teachers should include multiple intelligences as a learning strategy in planning and evaluations due to the improvement in educational processes. This proposal allows cooperative work, integration and inclusion, in addition, it favors the rhythm and way of learning of students through the execution of cognitive, social, affective and motor activities. These intelligences improve learning and generate in students the autonomy of physical activity for life, in practice.

El juego es una forma natural de aprender, ya que incluye elementos de aprendizaje en interacción con lo lúdico. Específicamente el juego de ajedrez, se aplica en el sistema educativo de algunos países como un instrumento multidisciplinario, pues ayuda en el desarrollo del pensamiento cognitivo, la planificación, la imaginación, la anticipación, el autocontrol, la toma de decisiones, la creatividad y la inteligencia. En ese sentido, los profesores de Educación Física del 2do grado de la Escuela Primaria 1728, en el barrio Tchioco, en Lubango presentaron dificultades en la aplicación de métodos que permitan el desarrollo de las habilidades motrices básicas de manera atractiva a sus alumnos. De ahí que el objetivo de esta investigación consistió en proponer juegos pequeños con nociones de ajedrez para el mejoramiento de las habilidades motrices básicas, en los alumnos antes mencionados. Para ello, se efectuó un estudio descriptivo, no experimental, de corte transversal y se emplearon métodos científicos del nivel teórico como el analítico-sintético, inducción-deducción, histórico-lógico y funcional-sistémico-estructural y del nivel empírico como la revisión de documentos, la observación y la entrevista; así como el cálculo porcentual para el análisis de los datos arrojados. Los resultados obtenidos permitieron caracterizar el estado de desarrollo del objetivo propuesto y adecuar la propuesta de juegos elaborada.

Se considera una necesidad, la de promover una nueva imagen de la Educación Física escolar desde el acompañamiento de las tecnologías de la información y el conocimiento, al considerar su esencia informativa, interactiva, comunicativa y su carácter polémico y activo-renovador que proveen a las actividades físico-deportivas de una gran vitalidad en el contexto del aprendizaje del ejercicio físico. Por lo que se propone como objetivo elaborar una estructura metodológica, desde la relación tecnológica-cognitiva-motora, en función de la dinámica de la interacción del escolar con el conocimiento teórico de la Educación Física mediado por el uso de las tecnologías de la información y el conocimiento, en el segundo ciclo de la Educación Primaria. Como resultado, se generó una herramienta didáctica para estimular el conocimiento teórico en la Educación Física, así como el diseño de espacios para su uso como modelo de aprendizaje, encaminado a lograr un equilibrio entre lo tecnológico, lo cognitivo y lo motor en el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje. Se emplearon como métodos teóricos el análisis-síntesis y la inducción-deducción, empíricos la observación, la encuesta y la entrevistas y el método matemático-estadístico-descriptivo. Se concluye que la apropiación del conocimiento teórico en un espacio interactivo mediado por herramientas informáticas tuvo un efecto positivo en el aprendizaje del ejercicio físico en los escolares, pues fortaleció el aprendizaje desarrollador e integrador durante el proceso.

La educación ambiental es un proceso educativo continuo que persigue formar y modificar actitudes de forma objetiva sobre la realidad global del medio, tanto natural como social. Por ello, este artículo se centra en la asignatura Educación Física, la cual consideran los autores, que constituye un bloque de contenidos ideal, para poder abordar el desarrollo de la educación ambiental en estudiantes universitarios. Durante el proceso investigativo se utilizaron los métodos: histórico-lógico, analítico-sintético, inductivo-deductivo, la observación, revisión documental, la encuesta y la estadística descriptiva. El procesamiento de la información obtenida permitió corroborar la existencia real del problema, y luego realizar un diagnóstico de las dificultades y las potencialidades presentes en el desarrollo de la educación ambiental en el Licenciado en Educación. Economía, para su posterior tratamiento. Por tanto, el objetivo de la presente investigación consiste en: elaborar un conjunto de actividades que desde las potencialidades de la Educación Física permitan contribuir al desarrollo de la educación ambiental en los estudiantes de primer y segundo año de la carrera Licenciatura en Educación. Economía en la Universidad de Pinar del Río "Hermanos Saíz Montes de Oca".

La formación permanente de los egresados de la Licenciatura en Cultura Física y el Deporte en todo el país constituye una necesidad determinada por el desarrollo de la ciencia y la técnica, los cambios que se operan en el sistema educativo cubano, como expresión de la Tercera Revolución Educacional, y las propias necesidades de los egresados en aras de lograr su crecimiento en lo profesional y lo humano. En la investigación, se parte de diagnosticar las insuficiencias que presenta la formación continua de los profesores de Educación Física de la Educación Superior (EFS) egresados de la Facultad de Cultura Física de la Isla de la Juventud durante la etapa del adiestramiento laboral, factor que repercute en su desempeño laboral. La presente investigación tiene como objetivo diseñar acciones para la formación continua por competencias profesionales en los profesores de Educación Física de la Educación Superior. En aras de dar cumplimiento al objetivo, se emplearon métodos del nivel teórico, empírico y estadístico-matemático. Los fundamentos teóricos y metodológicos analizados permitieron determinar y adaptar las acciones para favorecer el desarrollo de competencias profesionales; estas acciones, se ofrecen como resultado para la formación por competencias profesionales de los profesores de Educación Física de la Educación Superior, en la Isla de la Juventud.

The Physical Education classes developed in this pandemic have generated that teachers look for new teaching alternatives that can be contextualized with virtual resources. The objective of this research is to apply the Active Microcurricular Learning Model of Physical Education in children from 5 to 6 years old, belonging to the first year of General Basic Preparatory Education of a private school in the city of Quito. This proposal was designed to check if it significantly influences the development of gross motor skills. A quasi-experimental design study was carried out with pre and post-test measures without control group, cross-sectional, descriptive, analytical and comparative, in a population formed by 22 children as experimental group, distributed in 11 boys and 11 girls. It was applied in the first half of the 2020-2021 school year, through virtual classes by Zoom; the pretest was carried out in the first week of September and the posttest in the third week of January, with the Mc. Clenaghan and Gallahue battery and the Ozerestky battery of infantile motor skills. It was concluded that there are significant variations in the elements of gross motor skills, such as: running, climbing, crawling and jumping. Statistically, it was demonstrated that the application of this model is effective according to the results obtained and that it is of great importance to develop gross motor skills; in addition, virtual resources can be used in Physical Education classes, empowering them for life in each of their daily activities.

The evaluation as a component of the teaching-learning process has the purpose of verifying the degree of fulfillment of the objectives formulated in the plans and study programs of Higher Education; this in turn constitutes a way for feedback and regulation of said process. From this perspective, the learning evaluation process is analyzed from its formative function, as it is one of the most relevant activities in university educational contexts, through which it is possible to determine the learning achieved by the student and improve the teaching process. In the Cuban university context, new transformations are required in the evaluation of learning in its formative nature; therefore, the diagnosis of potentialities and needs is pertinent. The present article had the purpose of analyzing the results of the formative evaluation in the Physical Culture and Sport degree, specifically in the discipline Theory and Practice of Physical Education with the application of theoretical and empirical methods such as: analytical-synthetic, observation, surveys, document analysis and methodological triangulation, for which a sample of 27 professors was used, 133 students of the 2nd year of the career. As results of the study, inconsistencies and needs were detected in the evaluation system to transform the modes of action of the teacher and the student, due to the scarce planning, organization, regulation and control for self-evaluation and co-evaluation as ways to enhance formative evaluation.

Physical Education is one of the disciplines of the curriculum that generates more confusion in students of the Preschool Education career of the University of Pinar del Río, because this career has as its objective the integral educational attention to early childhood, so they teach all the areas of the curriculum in children's institutions, such is the case of Physical Education. This discipline belongs to the general formation cycle, it is located in the first and second year of the career and later in the third and fourth year within the particular didactics, they receive the Physical Education and its didactics, those responsible for its direction, given the existing imprecision at present, which contributes to its inadequate conception in the pedagogic practice needs to achieve a new culture of learning of the Physical Education with the purpose of offering to the future educator a panoramic vision of his own task in his work performance, so that it satisfies the social demands. The situation previously exposed reveals the need to develop the present work that has as objective to propose conditioners for the Physical Education in the Preschool Education career. Based on the dialectical materialist method, theoretical methods are used: the historical-logical, the modeling, the systemic-structural-functional; as well as the empirical methods, the survey, the interview and the observation to classes. As a result, it is possible to incorporate a group of conditioning factors to improve Physical Education.

The Sars-Cov-2 virus has inevitably caused the Covid-19 disease. It has been one of the worst news that has happened to humanity at the beginning of the 21st century. The material damage and loss of human life has been significant, as well as the collateral effects from the social and psychological point of view. In response to contain or counteract these high affectations, various areas of knowledge and human activity are activated, multiplying and creating new mitigation strategies. One of the areas that has contributed the most during the quarantine periods and after it, is the area of Physical Culture, sports and specifically the didactics of Physical Education. The aim of this work is to systematize a group of scientific publications referred to physical activity, sport and Physical Education in times of COVID, focused on the virtual environment and the use of ICTs. With this study, it is intended to carry out an analysis of the main positions of the authors in order to obtain a criterion about the potentialities of virtual Physical Education to face the COVID-19 attacks. Together with this periodization, a group of methodological recommendations will be added, aimed at perfecting the work of Physical Education teachers with the use of ICTs in these exceptional moments that humanity is going through.

The objective of this article is to analyze the citizenship competences in university students from the Uniminuto Main Campus, Physical Education, Recreation and Sports Degree, in the city of Bogotá, Colombia. For this, the survey pedagogical practices for the development of citizenship competences was applied. It consisted of 29 items that include the integrative skills (three items actions), communicative (nine items democratic environments), emotional (seven items emotions and empathy) and cognitive (three items critical thinking), with a Cronbach's alpha of 0.73 for the total scale. The incidental sample consisted of 264 students in the last semester. The methodology is quantitative in nature and descriptive in scope. SPSS software was used for the study. The statistical analysis was carried out using descriptive statistical techniques. The main findings reflect that the critical thinking variables in the three items show low scores with respect to the arithmetic mean, while the variables of actions, emotions, empathy and environment show acceptable scores. It is concluded that the citizenship competences go beyond a simple citizen understanding and that they are part of an ethical, moral, professional and special character purpose that includes diverse views and ways of acting in this case in relation to the academic formation of the physical educator; this allows to form citizens with principles, values and sense of institutional belonging.

The adjustment of Ecuador's national Physical Education 2016 curriculum requires teachers to have a new professional profile in line with the new approaches and curricular content. The objective of this research was to present a proposal for contextualization in order to foster meaningful learning among students; it was based on the evaluation of teachers' assessments of the contents and the adaptation of active methodologies. The research was developed under the qualitative descriptive model. The population was 22 physical education teachers from seven private schools in Quito. The interview technique was applied with an instrument validated by the judgment of seven experts in a single circulation. The items of the questionnaire referred to the need to contextualize curricular content, the adaptation of active methodological strategies, and teacher alignment to curricular adjustment in order for learning to be meaningful. This work contributed with a curricular proposal developed with the intention of contextualizing and interpreting the elements of the skills with performance criteria of the Physical Education curriculum, which will facilitate the application of active methodologies that guarantee that learning is meaningful and that the exit profile of the Ecuadorian high school graduate is reached, generating in the student a high degree of autonomy, which allows him/her to replicate the practice of physical activity at any time in his/her life.

Physical Education is an area with potentialities through which the child expresses the level of motor, cognitive, affective, emotional and creative development achieved and plays an important role in the learning of motor actions or behaviors. The study takes into account the identification of needs in the educational process of Physical Education to encourage children in preschool childhood sports initiation with a playful approach, for this purpose, a didactic strategy is designed that contains educational, extracurricular activities and establishes interdisciplinary links among the different areas of the curriculum. The research process is carried out on a dialectical-materialist basis and methods of the theoretical, empirical and statistical-mathematical levels are used, such as: the documentary analysis, the interview, among others. The study involved 40 children from the fourth, fifth and sixth year of life and 10 educators working in preschool childhood in the municipality of Pinar del Río. The inquiries make possible to determine the regularities that distinguish the educational process of Physical Education in preschool childhood, as well as the needs of the educator to encourage sports initiation in said process. The didactic strategy allows the educator, from the educational process of Physical Education, to encourage sports initiation from the ludic and the development of motor and sports skills, from the projection of actions that contribute to the diagnosis and treatment of this process in order to achieve the maximum possible integrated development and preparation for adult life.

Raising the quality of the teaching-learning process is one of the greatest efforts of a teacher. To this end, all the efforts made must be based on the scientific-methodological updating of the contents taught. The students of the 1st year of the Physical Culture career of the Faculty "Nancy Uranga Romagoza" do not have enough and updated bibliography for the subject Basic Gymnastics and specifically on warming up. This is one of the topics that are taught and is considered among the most important for its functions within a class of any of the manifestations of Physical Culture. Given this expressed situation, it was proposed as an objective in this study, to elaborate a reference material that facilitates the theoretical-methodological knowledge on the warming-up, in which the aspects that are more difficult in their understanding are reflected. Theoretical and empirical methods were used to facilitate the research process. This study was carried out with the four teachers of the specialty of Basic Gymnastics and the 33 students of the Regular Day Course. The material provided facilitates the acquisition of knowledge about warm-up by providing the student with fundamental aspects to take into account for teaching in Physical Education classes.

Physical Education in preschool childhood is an area with potential to achieve the integrality of the educational process from the cognitive, affective and motor areas; the information gathered and the empirical evidence attest to the transformations that must be made in the work of the educators to adapt to this reality and be able to assume a new position around the Physical Education area, in addition, to focus, therefore, on the motor and affective development at the same level as the intellectual, using the expressive and creative possibilities and the experience of the body as a whole for the full formation of the child. Therefore, in order to respond to this problem, the present work is developed, for which a training strategy for educators is being designed to improve the direction of the Physical Education area. The research process is carried out on a dialectical-materialist basis and methods of the theoretical, empirical and statistical-mathematical levels are used, such as: the documentary analysis and the survey, among others. The study involved 35 educators and 10 managers working in preschool childhood in the municipality of Pinar del Río. The research allows to determine the regularities that distinguish the educational process of Physical Education, as well as the needs of educators to promote this process. The training strategy establishes the interdisciplinary nexuses to achieve the integral approach of the direction of the developing educational process of the educators and the training actions dialectically interrelated, on the base of the directed self-improvement.

This article presents the results of research aimed at the application of evaluation in Physical Education, in schoolchildren with intellectual disabilities, noting the poor correspondence between the objectives of the program being taught and the objectives proposed in the current evaluation model, through Ministerial Resolution 238/2014. The objective is to propose a formative evaluation methodology in Physical Education, for school children with intellectual disabilities, in the municipality of Pinar del Río. For this purpose, different research methods were applied, such as the observation of Physical Education classes at different times during the evaluation, and the survey of teachers of the subject who teach classes to schoolchildren. As a result, a methodology is presented which integrates the evaluation of motor skills and physical abilities and promotes recreational activities in which practical and social learning are stimulated, influencing the improvement of their health and preparation for an adult and independent life of schoolchildren.

The work that is presented gives an answer to the problem related with the development of the physical capacities, in particular, endurance, in the 8th grade Physical Education subject, for students girls. The objective is to design an activities system for the development of physical capacity of endurance during Physical Education lessons for the 8th grade girls of “Capitana Catalina Valdés” high school of Consolation del Sur municipality. There were used methods of the theoretical, empiric and statistical levels. The contribution to the theory is summed up in the systematizing of the theoretical foundations related with the formation and development of the physical capacities, with emphasis in endurance. Its practical significance resides in the implementation of the activities system that is proposed. The validation of it is carried out through the long duration run of 11 minutes, objective of the program that is applied as pedagogic tests before and after the implementation of the activities system, measuring the behavior of each one of the dimensions and more affected indicators, what demonstrates the effectiveness of it. The general theory of the system was approached, based on the components and didactic laws, principles where the developer teaching learning process is supported, which leads to the integral formation of the students girls and to the quality life improvement.

Physical Education in higher education provides tools and contributes to the quality of the teaching-learning process for the graduate, in this sense, the contents of the analytical syllabus of university degree courses demands from some adjustment according to the labor field´s needs in order to train competent professionals. The aim of this article is to carry out a critical analysis on the existing proposals about the Physical Education syllabus that are taught in engineering degree courses in the higher education context. Among the main methods used were; bibliographic review, analysis of the documents, inclusion and exclusion criteria and evaluation of the quality of the selected articles. In first instance, Physical Education syllabi for university degree courses have as objective to prepare the future professional through the development of physical condition (strength, speed, endurance and flexibility) through different sports such as soccer, athletics, basketball and others, promoting the physical culture, creating habits towards the practice of the physical-sport activity to keep and improve health. In second instance, the syllabus of Physical Education subject for the students of the university degree courses are directed to develop the general physical preparation, the specific professional skills according to the professional profile or the necessity of the labor field; and bilaterally keep and develop the physical capacities, both conditional and coordinative (strength, speed, endurance and flexibility).

Introduction: integral educative attention by itinerant way for motor handicapped students includes aspects from physical rehabilitation which complement all treatments they receive at medical centers. Objective: to characterize the acting motor and some of their implications in the school and social acting after having implemented a rehabilitation strategy from the Physical Education by itinerant way. Method and material: a descriptive study was made about main problems in motor performance of motor handicapped students who live in Pinar del Rio, Consolación del Sur and Los Palacios municipalities and receive educative attention by itinerant way. The study was made among September, 2015 – July, 2016 and on it were included 16 students with moderate and severe handicap. Psychomotor content, posture, presence of deformity and contractures, substitution skills and the use of supports were explored. An observation was also made while doing the modified motor function scale, Ozeretsky motoric test and qualitative analysis test. Results: under the initial view of the students involved, we established that 15 of them showed a low level in psychomotor contents, 9 of them had posture problems, 6 showed deformity and contractures and 8 had problems to walk. In the final evaluation the 100 % showed positive changes in all indicators. Conclusions: running with the strategy brought significant changes about the motor development in students, contributing to improve their quality of life.

In this article we show the different interdisciplinariety relations of Physical education with biological bases of Medicine, in the career of Medicine, where first of all we identify the interdisciplinariety nodes that are related with the ostiomuscular system with the physical activity. This interdisciplinary profile in the formation of students of that career, deserve a place of an important interchange to design the strategies that guaranteeing the integration of knowledge related with the Physical education sciences and Medical sciences.

Carrying out an analysis by the program of Physical Education and the interdisciplinary strategy of natural and traditional medicine (ECMNT), from the University of Medical Sciences of Habana, was appreciated that Physical Education has more potentials than the simple connection of natural and traditional medicine (MNT), that's why its development has been limited. Also it was confirmed in others subjects like Morpho-physiology that they have a leading role in the process and involve contents linked to Physical Education, which can contribute to rise the scientific level of this discipline and have more impact in students majoring Medicine degree as well. To meet this goal, it has been put into practice a strategy which permits to link basic elements between MNT and Physical Education.

This work came about because of the necessity to introduce the contents relating to Inclusive Physical Education in the subject Adaptive Physical Activity, in form coherently and comprehensive for the students, for there future endeavour of a professional in Physical Culture and Sports; giving them the possibility to know what to do in each moment that the practice physical activities directed to children with Special Educative Needs. This work is structured fundamentally from the usage of activity games in the Introduction, assimilation y evaluation of what is imparted; that permits the indication of forms y didactic strategies that gives them answers to concrete situations in which they have to pay direct attention to the diversity, fostering therefore the respect for the differences in others.

All regularity is a constant that it repeats in the time, being reiterated evidently, the institutionalization of the Physical Education and the Sport and its incidence in the man's performance. For this reason the institutionalization of the Physical Education and the Sport and its incidence in the man's performance is an investigation work that supposes to present which has been the development of the Physical Education and the sciences conceptions that try to delimit the field of scientific knowledge of this sport branch in these moments. The history of this case constitutes the central nucleus of this work. This work makes a description where are presented main aspects in the development of the Physical Education and the Sports. The work deeps in items related to the conditions of the society, in which the Physical Education appearance had its development before and after 1959. These items don’t appear treated until today in the invariants of the knowledge in the Theory and Methodology of the Physical Education subject and for their importance it’s necessary to take into consideration. Besides, this is another way of fulfilling with the curricular strategy of history from the own content system of the subject. The necessity to approach the evolution and development of the Physical Education before and after 1959, as a decisive factor in the evolution and development of the sport in Cuba was the main reason to do this material, with an holistic character, and also, it contributes to the students understanding of these items as main factors in the evolution and development of our today sport in Cuba.

The research favors the relationship between two subjects complementing the existent handbook with an oriented guide with matches Physics and Physical Educations disciplines from the Physics lesson, with another one that improves it allowing that relationship from the Physical Education lesson. The analysis of the moments in which the Physics and Physical Education new contents are introduced permitted to elaborate a teaching aid, which complements the existed one to be used by both disciplines´ teachers during the lessons and when the students do the homework, as well as, an oriented guide for the teacher, which helps him/her to understand and use concepts, principles and laws that students receive in Physics lessons beneficiating theoretical knowledge transmission in the Physical Education lesson.

Flexibility or limberness refers to the absolute or precise range of motion in a joint or series of joints. This physical capacity is not determined by energy factors such as conditional capacities or coordinative capacities, that is to say flexibility is not a result of the gain or transmission of energy nor a result of the regulation process and the direction of movement but it depends on the morphological and structural factors of joints, and the elasticity of muscles, articular cartilage and tendons. Nowadays most sports institutions and organizations are aware that the practice of any physical activity make human being, improve the physical performances. In Physical Education, professionals work on flexibility in all stages of Education. Nevertheless we do not deepen in the methods, exercises and procedures that can be used in the curriculum and the methodological orientations to improve such a skill. That is the why that through this investigation, we want to fulfill the following aim: to elaborate a bibliography guide to provide the professors the methods, exercises and procedures to work on flexibility. After applying a diagnostic where we had a wide bibliographic overhaul with an analysis of different criteria about the improvement of flexibility in Physical Education, we elaborated the bibliography guide which it is presented in our research below. This research serves as a reference and guide for the enhancement of flexibility. In the investigation, the readers can find a detailed explanation of the basic aspects about flexibility: classification, techniques, methods, factors, procedures, means and exercises for the improvement of this skill.