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42 patients between 21 and 63 years of age with chronic renal failure (CRF) treated with haemodialysis and 16 healthy subjects between 19 and 72 years of age were observed. All patients were divided in two groups: 15 patients treated with haemodialysis with cuprophan dialyser used first time and 27 patients treated with haemodialysis with cuprophan dialyser used more than three times. The blood samples in haemodialyzed patients were withdrawn four times: just before dialysis, during haemodialysis (after one hour of dialysis at both ends of the dialyzer) and after haemodialysis. Chromium and cadmium concentration in all examined groups, in dialysis fluid and in demineralized water were measured by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry. During haemodialysis a decrease of serum chromium concentration and an increase of serum cadmium concentration in two groups of haemodialyzed patients were observed. No significant differences in serum chromium and cadmium concentration before dialysis, during dialysis and after dialysis were observed between two groups of haemodialyzed patients.The multiple use of cuprophan dialser did not influence significantly serum chromium and cadmium concentration in haemodialyzed patients.

In uraemic patients disturbances in carnitine metabolism are observed. Aim of the study was to assess total carnitine level in haemodialyzed patients and influence of dialyzer type on this level before, during and after haemodialysis (HD). We examined 46 patients divided into 3 groups: I--16 non-diabetic uraemic patients haemodialyzed using polysulfone dialyzer; II--10 diabetic patients haemodialyzed using polysulfone dialyzer, III--20 non-diabetic uraemic patients haemodialyzed with cuprophane dialyzer. Total plasma carnitine level was estimated using colorimetric method according to Wieland et al. Total carnitine level in diabetic haemodialyzed patients was significantly lower comparing to non-diabetic ones but in both groups a significant decrease during HD was present. Dialyzer type had no influence on carnitine elimination.

The purpose of the present work was to assess the relationship of leukocyte and erythrocyte superoxide dismutase activity to its cofactors concentrations i.e. zinc and copper in plasma and erythrocyte in diabetic patients and treatment variability. 104 patients were included in the study. 23 persons were in the control group. All patients were divided into 2 groups (NIDDM and IDDM). Patients with NIDDM were divided into 3 subgroups depending on treatment (insulin, gliclazide, dietary treated). In all groups, there were assessed following parameters: the leucocyte and erythrocyte SOD activity according to the method of Misra and Fridovich, and zinc and copper concentrations in plasma and erythrocyte, which were measured by flame absorption spectrophotometry. Statistical analysis was performed using the CRISP program.1. The leukocyte and erythrocyte superoxide dismutase activity is significantly lowered in diabetes mellitus. 2. In diabetic patients both in type I and type II as in the healthy people, there is a close correlation between SOD activity and its cofactors i.e. zinc and copper erythrocyte concentrations. 3. Insulin and gliclazide treatment increases SOD activity and delays late diabetic complications.

A group of 66 patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) was studied. 42 of them (21 to 63 years old) were treated with haemodialysis and 24 of them (20 to 63 years old) were treated without dialysis. A group of 16 healthy subjects, 19 to 73 years old, were also studied. The blood samples in non-hemodialyzed patients and healthy subjects were taken only once after cannula had been inserted into the antebrachial vein. The blood samples in hemodialyzed patients were withdrawn four times: just before dialysis, during haemodialysis after the first hour of dialysis (from the arterial and from venous line of the dialyser) and after haemodialysis. Chromium concentrations in serum in all examined groups and chromium concentrations in the dialysis fluid as well as in the demineralized water used for dialysis were measured by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry. In all patients with CRF serum chromium concentration was significantly higher than in the controls. During haemodialysis a decrease of serum chromium concentration was observed. Significant correlations between chromium concentration and creatinine concentration, haemoglobin concentration, haematocrit value, erythrocytes were observed.1. Serum chromium concentration in patients with CRF was significantly higher than in normals. 2. No significant differences were found in serum chromium concentration between subgroups of patients with chronic renal failure. 3. Haemodialysis decreases significantly serum chromium concentration.

Superoxide anion (O2-.) production by neutrophils and monocytes was measured in the peripheral blood of 23 patients hemodialyzed for 14 years. The O2-. production by these cells decreased as the time of hemodialysis advanced. The correlation between O2-. production and peripheral blood smears was also evaluated. Patients with higher neutrophils percentages had lower O2-. production by neutrophils and monocytes. These results indicate that an abnormally increased counts of neutrophils and monocytes in peripheral blood of hemodialyzed patients may depress immunoregulatory function. In addition, decreased O2-. production by these cells should be considered when assessing the defence mechanism and susceptibility to infection of these patients.

To investigate a possible oxidative modifications of plasma lipoproteins in chronic hemodialyzed patients, lipid peroxide concentrations in plasma and in VLDL, LDL and HDL were investigated in 40 patients receiving regular dialysis treatment (RDT). Additionally, vitamin E in this patients was also determined. The serum and lipoprotein lipid peroxides concentrations were significantly increased in RDT in comparison with 36 healthy subjects. The concentrations of the main lipoprotein antioxidant--vitamin E were significantly lower in RDT patients. There was an inverse correlation (r = -0,767; p0.02) between vitamin E and peroxides concentration in LDL. Furthermore, a significant increase of lipid peroxides in LDL were observed after hemodialysis. The results indicates vitamin E deficits in patients undergoing chronic hemodialysis.

The aim of the present study was to find the answer was sought to following question: 1. is the superoxide anions release by lymphocytes after zymosan or phorbol myristate acetate stimulation elevated in patients with chronic renal failure?; 2. are there differences in superoxide anions release between groups of patients with chronic renal failure treated conventionally and those treated by haemodialysis? and 3. does dialysis with cuprophan membrane influence superoxide anions release in patients with chronic renal failure? 36 patients with chronic renal failure and 23 healthy subjects (control) were observed. All patients were divided in 2 groups: 1.12 patients conventionally treated (group 1) and 2.24 patients treated by haemodialysis (group 2). The subjects were studied in the early morning, after eight hour rest and in supine position. In patients of the group 2 blood samples were drawn immediately before and after haemodialysis. In all patients of the group 2 non-reutilized cuprophan dialysers and acetate buffer were used. In patients of the group 1 and in the controls blood samples were withdrawn only once. From the blood samples lymphocytes were isolated and stimulated by zymosan or phorbol myristate acetate. Superoxide anions release was measured using Babior method. Statistical analysis was performed using ANOVA test. A 95% confidence limit (p0.05) was used. O2.- release by lymphocytes in patients with chronic renal failure after zymosan (29,.1 +/- 1.0 nmol/min/10(7) lymphocytes) as well as phorbol myristate acetate (29.9 +/- 0.9 nmol/min/10(7) lymphocytes) was significantly higher than in healthy subjects (19.8 +/- 0.4 nmol/min/10(7) lymphocytes and 20.0 +/- 0.4 nmol/min/10(7) lymphocytes respectively).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Several groups have reported increased blood lead (Pb) concentrations in patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) and haemodialysed but normal concentrations were observed by the others. The present study aimed to assess: 1. Pb concentrations in patients with CRF and influence of the haemodialysis on these concentrations. 2. The influence of the erythropoietin (EPO) therapy on the Pb concentrations. 3. The influence of long-term haemodialysis therapy on the Pb concentrations. 101 patients with CRF and 23 healthy subjects were examined. Patients with CRF were divided into two groups: nonhaemodialysed (group I) and haemodialysed (group II). Group two consisted of some subgroups: treated with EPO;--without EPO therapy;--haemodialysed 1-50 months;--51-100 months and100 months. Creatinine, Pb, haemoglobin and haematocrit concentrations were measured in all examined patients. Significantly higher Pb concentrations in CRF patients comparing to healthy subjects were found. Among CRF patients significantly lower Pb concentrations were observed in group I and did not differ from those in the control group. After haemodialysis Pb blood concentrations significantly decreased in all examined subgroups. In EPO subgroup in comparison with CRF patients without EPO therapy lower but not significantly Pb concentrations were observed. No significant changes between short and long-term haemodialysed patients were found.1. Blood lead concentrations are significantly higher in CRF patients in comparison with healthy subjects. 2. In CRF patients a slight Pb concentration decrease after haemodialysis is observed. 3. EPO treatment has no influence on Pb blood concentrations in examined patients. 4. Long-term haemodialysis treatment has only a slight influence on Pb concentrations in CRF patients.

The questions to be answered were: 1) what was the enzymatic activity of free radicals removal in patients with chronic renal failure treated with haemodialysis (CRF) and 2) what was the long-term effect of haemodialysis therapy activity of those enzymes. 51 patients with chronic renal failure treated with hemodialysis (CRF) and healthy subjects (control) were observed: in 29 patients treated with haemodialysis (HD) less than 4 years (group A); 11 patients treated with HD 4-8 years (group B); 11 patients treated with HD over 8 years (group C). Immediately before and after HD (cuprophan dialyser) blood samples were drawn and activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) in erythrocytes and leukocytes was measured. In healthy subjects only one estimation was made. SOD activity was measured with the Misra-Fridovich method and GPX activity in erythrocytes and leukocytes was significantly lower in uremic subjects. A significant increase of SOD activity in erythrocytes was seen in long-term HD patients. A significant positive correlation between erythrocytes SOD activity and time of HD therapy was present. During HD with cuprophan dialyser a significant decrease activity above mentioned hormones was observed. In uremic subjects treated with HD enzymatic activity of autooxidans was significantly lower than in normals. Long-term HD therapy did not influence the activity of those enzymes. Only erythrocyte SOD activity significantly rose in long-term HD patients. After haemodialysis with cuprophan dialyser a significant decrease SOD and GPX activity was observed.