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Vitamin B1 (VB1) is a commonly used additive in the food and pharmaceutical industries. However, VB1 is typically in a powdered form during its production and processing. Experiments were conducted to determine the explosion characteristics of VB1 dust. The results showed that the minimum ignition energy (MIE) was 200 mJ and the minimum ignition temperature (MIT) was 410°C. Meanwhile, P max and K st were 5.7 bar and 143 bar m/s, respectively. To mitigate the explosion hazards of VB1 dust, powdered melamine polyphosphate (MPP) was chosen as an inhibitor. When the addition of MPP reaches 30 wt%, no VB1 dust explosion occurs. The inhibitory performance and mechanism of MPP on VB1 dust explosion were systematically investigated by combining the thermal characteristic curves of MPP and VB1 dust. The polyphosphate produced by the decomposition of MPP reacted chemically with VB1 dust, which indicated the formation of a compact carbon layer. [Display omitted] • This study reveals the explosion risk of VB1 dust. • Melamine polyphosphate (MPP) can effectively suppress VB1 dust explosion. • The inhibition performance and mechanism of MPP on VB1 dust were revealed by TG-DSC and TG-FTIR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]