15 results on '"Staubach C"'
Search Results
2. Impact of human interventions on the spread of bluetongue virus serotype 8 during the 2006 epidemic in north-western Europe
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Mintiens, K., Méroc, E., Faes, C., Abrahantes, J. Cortiñas, Hendrickx, G., Staubach, C., Gerbier, G., Elbers, A.R.W., Aerts, M., and De Clercq, K.
- Published
- 2008
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3. Modelling local dispersal of bluetongue virus serotype 8 using random walk
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Gerbier, G., Baldet, T., A.Tran, Hendrickx, G., Guis, H., Mintiens, K., Elbers, A.R.W., and Staubach, C.
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- 2008
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4. Possible routes of introduction of bluetongue virus serotype 8 into the epicentre of the 2006 epidemic in north-western Europe
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Mintiens, K., Méroc, E., Mellor, P.S., Staubach, C., Gerbier, G., Elbers, A.R.W., Hendrickx, G., and De Clercq, K.
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- 2008
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5. A Bayesian model for spatial wildlife disease prevalence data
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Staubach, C, Schmid, V, Knorr-Held, L, and Ziller, M
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- 2002
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6. The spatio-temporal dynamics of a post-vaccination resurgence of rabies in foxes and emergency vaccination planning
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Thulke, H. H., Tischendorf, L., Staubach, C., Selhorst, T., Jeltsch, F., Muller, T., Schluter, H., and Wissel, C.
- Published
- 2000
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7. Hunters' view on the control of African swine fever in wild boar. A participatory study in Latvia.
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Urner N, Seržants M, Užule M, Sauter-Louis C, Staubach C, Lamberga K, Oļševskis E, Conraths FJ, and Schulz K
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- African Swine Fever prevention & control, Animals, Human Activities, Latvia, Sus scrofa, Swine, African Swine Fever psychology
- Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) has massively spread in recent years and threatens the global pig industry. ASF has been present in Latvia since 2014. Hunters play a major role in the implementation of measures to control ASF and in passive disease surveillance. The probability to detect an ASF-positive wild boar is much higher in animals found dead than in hunted animals. Thus, the willingness and the motivation of hunters to support passive surveillance is of utmost importance. Using participatory methods, this study aimed to assess the acceptability of control measures for ASF in wild boar among hunters. In addition, new approaches to increase hunters' motivation to report wild boar found dead were investigated. A total of ten focus group discussions with hunters from different regions in Latvia were conducted. To assess the quantity and quality of contacts between hunters and stakeholders involved in the control of ASF, relation diagrams were used. Using ranking tools, the trust of the participants in stakeholders to implement control measures successfully was evaluated. Defined control measures were presented to the hunters and their acceptability investigated. An impact diagram and a list of defined motivation options for passive surveillance were offered to identify new ways to increase the willingness of hunters to support passive surveillance actively. A satisfactory and regular relationship was identified between the hunters, the Food and Veterinary Service (FVS) and the State Forest Service (SFS). The hunters' trust in these authorities was high. Although there is no vaccine against ASF, hunters were convinced of the potential of vaccination in controlling ASF. However, building fences was considered as useless and ineffective. To increase the willingness of hunters to support passive surveillance, reducing the infection pressure in the forests was regarded as most motivating. Furthermore, hunters would appreciate a decrease in their costs and workload. The study provides new insight into the concerns and experiences of hunters. Including their views and expectations in the further design and implementation of control and surveillance activities may help to improve current efforts to control ASF in wild boar populations. Although representing the perceptions of Latvian hunters, the main conclusions may be adaptable to adjust ASF control and surveillance in other countries., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.) more...
- Published
- 2021
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8. Hunters' Acceptance of Measures against African Swine Fever in Wild Boar in Estonia.
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Urner N, Mõtus K, Nurmoja I, Schulz J, Sauter-Louis C, Staubach C, Conraths FJ, and Schulz K
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- Adult, African Swine Fever prevention & control, Animals, Estonia, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Population Surveillance, Swine, African Swine Fever psychology, Epidemiological Monitoring veterinary, Motivation
- Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) was first identified in Estonia in 2014, initially detected in wild boar and spreading to affect almost the whole country from late 2016 onwards. Passive surveillance and the control measures applied in Estonia are the main actions in the attempt to control the wild boar population and therefore limit the spread of ASF. Implementation and success of both activities depend mainly on the involvement and commitment of the executing force: the Estonian hunters. Thus, their acceptance of the measures is of utmost importance and with the help of participatory methods, their acceptability can be assessed. Participatory epidemiology allows the involvement of key stakeholders in planning control measures and surveillance strategies and gathering information otherwise inaccessible. By conducting focus group discussions and utilizing participatory tools, this study aimed to assess the acceptance of ASF control measures by hunters in Estonia. Furthermore, the study aimed to detect means to improve the motivation of hunters to support passive surveillance. Among hunters, the results ranked the trust in lower authorities (e.g. local official veterinarians) towards implementing control measures as high (in contrast to higher officials e.g. 'Ministry of Rural Affairs'), while perceiving themselves as the most trustworthy group among those implementing ASF control measures. Hunting and every measure supporting increased hunting, for example selective hunting, bait feeding and incentives for hunting wild boar, were deemed favourable for hunters. These measures also received the highest trust for controlling ASF. All measures hindering hunting and the movement of wildlife, for example fencing or involvement of the army in ASF control, were described as unpleasant or even unethical and trust in these measures to control the disease successfully was lacking. When assessing the perceived consequences for hunters of finding a dead wild boar, arising financial costs, additional workload and time consumption were highlighted. In line with these results, the two tools with the strongest motivational effect for taking part in passive surveillance were: (1) higher monetary incentives as compensation for the hunters' work, and (2) the reduction of the negative consequences by limiting the hunters' duties to solely reporting found dead wild boar. In conclusion, participatory methods can be used as a highly suitable tool for the evaluation of acceptance of measures and surveillance systems. Potentially, the results can help to improve control and passive surveillance in Estonia, as well as functioning as an example for other countries battling or awaiting ASF., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.) more...
- Published
- 2020
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9. Epidemiological performance and subsequent costs of different surveillance strategies to control bovine herpesvirus type 1 in dairy farms.
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Veldhuis A, Santman-Berends I, Schauer B, Mars J, Waldeck F, Staubach C, and van Schaik G
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- Animals, Cattle, Cattle Diseases blood, Cattle Diseases epidemiology, Communicable Disease Control economics, Communicable Disease Control methods, Costs and Cost Analysis, Dairying, European Union, Herpesviridae Infections economics, Herpesviridae Infections epidemiology, Herpesviridae Infections prevention & control, Herpesvirus 1, Bovine, Milk virology, Cattle Diseases economics, Cattle Diseases prevention & control, Herpesviridae Infections veterinary, Sentinel Surveillance veterinary
- Abstract
This study aimed at comparing the surveillance program of bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BHV1) as laid down by EU Decision 2004/558/EC and 2007/584/EC ('conventional design') with an alternative design. The alternative design was based on monthly bulk-milk testing, clinical surveillance and a risk-based component that involves testing of animals that are purchased from non-free cattle herds. Scenario-tree analyses were carried out to determine sensitivities of the surveillance system (and its components) and the monthly confidence of freedom on herd-level. Also, the expected costs per surveillance design and components thereof were calculated. Results showed that the conventional (EU) and alternative surveillance designs to obtain a BHV1-free status performed equally well in terms of sensitivity. However, total costs per cattle herd to obtain a free status were highest in the conventional design. In an endemic situation and with a within-herd design prevalence of 10%, the conventional design led to a varying probability of freedom ranging from 99.6% to 100% per month. With the alternative design, in this situation, a constant probability of freedom of >99.9% per month was found. In a disease-free situation, both designs performed equally well (probability of freedom >99.9% per month). The yearly costs per farm for monitoring the disease-free status decreased by approximately 25% in the alternative design. The alternative strategy based on monthly bulk-milk monitoring therefore was deemed most cost-effective. This study showed that the surveillance regime to attain and maintain a BHV1-free status as described by EU-legislation can be improved to reduce the monitoring costs without reduction of the system's sensitivity, given a within-herd design prevalence of 10%. The assessment of various surveillance designs could be highly useful to support decision-making towards a more risk-based approach of animal health surveillance., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.) more...
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- 2017
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10. Schmallenberg virus-two years of experiences.
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Wernike K, Conraths F, Zanella G, Granzow H, Gache K, Schirrmeier H, Valas S, Staubach C, Marianneau P, Kraatz F, Höreth-Böntgen D, Reimann I, Zientara S, and Beer M
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- Animal Diseases diagnosis, Animal Diseases prevention & control, Animal Diseases transmission, Animals, Bunyaviridae Infections diagnosis, Bunyaviridae Infections epidemiology, Bunyaviridae Infections prevention & control, Bunyaviridae Infections transmission, Ceratopogonidae virology, Congenital Abnormalities veterinary, Congenital Abnormalities virology, Europe epidemiology, Insect Vectors virology, Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction, Ruminants virology, Seroepidemiologic Studies, Animal Diseases epidemiology, Animal Diseases virology, Bunyaviridae Infections veterinary, Orthobunyavirus genetics, Orthobunyavirus pathogenicity
- Abstract
In autumn 2011, a novel species of the genus Orthobunyavirus of the Simbu serogroup was discovered close to the German/Dutch border and named Schmallenberg virus (SBV). Since then, SBV has caused a large epidemic in European livestock. Like other viruses of the Simbu serogroup, SBV is transmitted by insect vectors. Adult ruminants may show a mild transient disease, while an infection during a critical period of pregnancy can lead to severe congenital malformation, premature birth or stillbirth. The current knowledge about the virus, its diagnosis, the spread of the epidemic, the impact and the possibilities for preventing infections with SBV is described and discussed., (Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.) more...
- Published
- 2014
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11. Factors affecting Bluetongue serotype 8 spread in Northern Europe in 2006: the geographical epidemiology.
- Author
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Faes C, van der Stede Y, Guis H, Staubach C, Ducheyne E, Hendrickx G, and Mintiens K
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- Animals, Bluetongue virology, Bluetongue virus classification, Cattle, Cattle Diseases virology, Climate, Environment, Europe epidemiology, Models, Biological, Multivariate Analysis, Population Density, Risk Factors, Serotyping, Sheep, Transportation, Bluetongue epidemiology, Bluetongue virus physiology, Cattle Diseases epidemiology, Disease Outbreaks veterinary
- Abstract
In 2006, Bluetongue serotype 8 was notified for the first time in north-western Europe, more specifically in Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxemburg, Germany and France. The disease spread very rapidly, affecting mainly cattle and sheep farms. In this paper, we examined risk factors affecting the spatial incidence of reported Bluetongue events during the first outbreak in 2006. Previous studies suggested that the Bluetongue incidence was enhanced by environmental factors, such as temperature and wind speed and direction, as well as by human interventions, such as the transport of animals. In contrast to the previous studies, which were based on univariable analyses, a multivariable epidemiological analysis describing the spatial relationship between Bluetongue incidence and possible risk factors is proposed in this paper. This disentangles the complex interplay between different risk factors. Our model shows that wind is the most important factor affecting the incidence of the disease. In addition, areas with high precipitation are slightly more sensitive to the spread of the infection via the wind. Another important risk factor is the land cover; high-risk areas for infection being characterized by a fragmentation of the land cover, especially the combination of forests and urban areas. Precipitation and temperature are also significant risk factors. High precipitation in areas with a large coverage of forests and/or pasture increases the risk whereas high temperature increases the risk considerably in municipalities covered mainly with pasture. Local spread via the vector is strongest in areas with a large coverage of forests and smallest in highly urbanized areas. Finally, the transport of animals from infected areas is a risk factor., (Copyright © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.) more...
- Published
- 2013
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12. A wind density model to quantify the airborne spread of Culicoides species during north-western Europe bluetongue epidemic, 2006.
- Author
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Hendrickx G, Gilbert M, Staubach C, Elbers A, Mintiens K, Gerbier G, and Ducheyne E
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- Animals, Bluetongue transmission, Bluetongue virology, Ceratopogonidae virology, Europe epidemiology, Insect Vectors virology, Seasons, Sheep, Bluetongue epidemiology, Bluetongue virus growth & development, Ceratopogonidae growth & development, Disease Outbreaks veterinary, Insect Vectors growth & development, Models, Theoretical, Wind
- Abstract
Increased transport and trade as well as climate shifts play an important role in the introduction, establishment and spread of new pathogens. Arguably, the introduction of bluetongue virus (BTV) serotype 8 in Benelux, Germany and France in 2006 is such an example. After its establishment in receptive local vector and host populations the continued spread of such a disease in a suitable environment will mainly depend on movement of infected vectors and animals. In this paper we explore how wind models can contribute to explain the spread of BTV in a temperate eco-climatic setting. Based on previous work in Greece and Bulgaria filtered wind density maps were computed using data from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). Six hourly forward wind trajectories were computed at pressure levels of 850 hPa for each infected farm as from the recorded onset of symptoms. The trajectories were filtered to remove wind events that do not contribute to possible spread of the vector. The suitable wind events were rastered and aggregated on a weekly basis to obtain weekly wind density maps. Next to this, cumulated wind density maps were also calculated to assess the overall impact of wind dispersal of vectors. A strong positive correlation was established between wind density data and the horizontal asymmetrical spread pattern of the 2006 BTV8 epidemic. It was shown that short (<5 km), medium (5-31 km) and long (>31 km) distance spread had a different impact on disease spread. Computed wind densities were linked to the medium/long-distance spread whilst short range spread was mainly driven by active Culicoides flight. Whilst previous work in the Mediterranean basin showed that wind driven spread of Culicoides over sea occurred over distances of up to 700 km, this phenomenon was not observed over land. Long-distance spread over land followed a hopping pattern, i.e. with intermediary stops and establishment of local virus circulation clusters at distances of 35-85 km. Despite suitable wind densities, no long range spread was recorded over distances of 300-400 km. Factors preventing spread Eastwards to the UK and Northwards to Denmark during the 2006 epidemic are discussed. Towards the east both elevation and terrain roughness, causing air turbulences and drop down of Culicoides, were major factors restricting spread. It is concluded that the proposed approach opens new avenues for understanding the spread of vector-borne viruses in Europe. Future developments should take into consideration both physical and biological factors affecting spread. more...
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- 2008
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13. Field observations during the Bluetongue serotype 8 epidemic in 2006. II. Morbidity and mortality rate, case fatality and clinical recovery in sheep and cattle in the Netherlands.
- Author
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Elbers AR, Backx A, Mintiens K, Gerbier G, Staubach C, Hendrickx G, and van der Spek A
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- Animals, Bluetongue epidemiology, Cattle, Cattle Diseases epidemiology, Female, Logistic Models, Male, Morbidity, Netherlands epidemiology, Sheep, Surveys and Questionnaires, Bluetongue mortality, Bluetongue virology, Bluetongue virus isolation & purification, Cattle Diseases mortality, Cattle Diseases virology, Disease Outbreaks veterinary
- Abstract
Data collected in the Netherlands during the Bluetongue serotype 8 (BTV-8) epidemic indicated that in outbreak cattle herds, predominantly dairy and nursing cows were clinically affected and not young stock, beef cattle, beef calves, or breeding animals. In outbreak sheep flocks, mainly ewes and--if present--rams, were clinically affected and not the lambs. Median morbidity rate in outbreak herds was 1.85 per 100 sheep-month at risk and 0.32 per 100 cattle-month at risk for sheep and cattle, respectively. The mean proportion of BT-affected animals in outbreak herds that recovered from clinical disease was approximately eight times higher for cattle compared to sheep in the Netherlands. Median mortality rate in outbreak herds was 0.5 per 100 sheep-month at risk of dying and 0 per 100 cattle-month at risk of dying for sheep and cattle, respectively. Median recovery time of both sheep and cattle that recovered from clinical disease in outbreak herds was 14 days. Median case fatality was 50% in sheep outbreak flocks and 0% in outbreak cattle herds. It is concluded that morbidity and mortality in outbreak cattle herds was very limited during the BTV-8 epidemic in the Netherlands in 2006. In outbreak sheep flocks, morbidity was limited, with exceptions for a few flocks. However, almost 50% of the clinically sick sheep died in outbreak sheep herds. more...
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- 2008
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14. Field observations during the bluetongue serotype 8 epidemic in 2006. I. Detection of first outbreaks and clinical signs in sheep and cattle in Belgium, France and the Netherlands.
- Author
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Elbers AR, Backx A, Meroc E, Gerbier G, Staubach C, Hendrickx G, van der Spek A, and Mintiens K
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- Animals, Antibodies, Viral blood, Bluetongue pathology, Bluetongue virus genetics, Cattle, Cattle Diseases pathology, Disease Outbreaks veterinary, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay veterinary, Europe epidemiology, RNA, Viral chemistry, RNA, Viral genetics, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction veterinary, Sheep, Bluetongue epidemiology, Bluetongue virology, Bluetongue virus isolation & purification, Cattle Diseases epidemiology, Cattle Diseases virology
- Abstract
Starting August 2006, a major epidemic of bluetongue (BT) was identified in North-West Europe, affecting The Netherlands, Belgium, Germany, Luxembourg and the North of France. It was caused by BT virus serotype 8 (BTV-8), a serotype previously unknown to the European Union (EU). In this outbreak, the virus caused clinical disease in a few individual animals within cattle herds, whereas overt clinical disease was usually restricted to sheep. Investigations in Belgium suggested that the first clinical signs of BTV-8 appeared mid July 2006 in a cattle herd, while the first suspicion of a BT-outbreak in Belgium was reported on 17 August 2006. In the first 10 BTV-8 outbreaks in the Netherlands, the owners indicated that the first clinical signs started approximately 12-17 days before a suspicion was reported to the veterinary authorities via a veterinary practitioner. In BTV-8 affected sheep flocks, erosions of the oral mucosa, fever, salivation, facial and mandibular oedema, apathy and tiredness, mortality, oedema of the lips, lameness, and dysphagia were among the most frequent clinical signs recorded. The most prominent clinical signs in BTV-8 affected cattle herds were: crusts/lesions of the nasal mucosa, erosions of lips/crusts in or around the nostrils, erosions of the oral mucosa, salivation, fever, conjunctivitis, coronitis, muscle necrosis, and stiffness of the limbs. Crusts/lesions of nasal mucosa, conjunctivitis, hyperaemic/purple coloration and lesions of the teats, and redness/hypersensitivity of the skin were relatively more seen on outbreak farms with cattle compared to sheep. Mortality, oedema of the head and ears, coronitis, redness of the oral mucosa, erosions/ulceration of tongue mucosa, purple coloration of the tongue and tongue protrusion and dyspneu were relatively more seen on outbreak farms with sheep compared to cattle. more...
- Published
- 2008
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15. The spatio-temporal dynamics of a post-vaccination resurgence of rabies in foxes and emergency vaccination planning.
- Author
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Thulke HH, Tischendorf L, Staubach C, Selhorst T, Jeltsch F, Müller T, Schlüter H, and Wissel C
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- Animals, Computer Simulation, Disease Outbreaks prevention & control, Europe epidemiology, Humans, Rabies epidemiology, Rabies prevention & control, Space-Time Clustering, Zoonoses, Disease Outbreaks veterinary, Emergencies veterinary, Foxes, Rabies veterinary, Rabies Vaccines, Vaccination veterinary
- Abstract
We used a simulation model to study the spatio-temporal dynamics of a potential rabies outbreak in an immunized fox population after the termination of a long-term, large-scale vaccination program with two campaigns per year one in spring and one in autumn. The 'worst-case' scenario of rabies resurgence occurs if rabies has persisted at a low prevalence despite control and has remained undetected by a customary surveillance program or if infected individuals invade to the control area. Even if the termination of a vaccination program entails such a risk of a subsequent new outbreak, prolonged vaccination of a wild host population is expensive and the declining cost-benefit ratio over time eventually makes it uneconomic. Based on the knowledge of the spatio-temporal dynamics of a potential new outbreak gained from our modelling study, we suggest "terminating but observing" to be an appropriate strategy. Simulating the decline of population immunity without revaccination, we found that a new outbreak of rabies should be detected by customary surveillance programs within two years after the termination of the control. The time until detection does not depend on whether vaccination was terminated within the fourth, fifth or sixth years of repeated biannual campaigns. But it is faster if the program was completed with an autumn campaign (because next-year dispersal then occurs after a noticeable decrease in population immunity). Finally, if a rabid fox is detected after terminating vaccination, we determine a rule for defining a circular hazard area based on the simulated spatial spread of rabies. The radius of this area should be increased with the time since the last vaccination campaign. The trade-off between the number of foxes potentially missed by the emergency treatment and the cost for the emergency measures in an enlarged hazard area was found. more...
- Published
- 1999
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