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Obesity and excess weight are a pandemic phenomenon in the modern world. Childhood and adolescent obesity often ends up in obesity in adults. The costs of obesity and its consequences are staggering for any society, crippling for countries in development. Childhood obesity is also widespread in Macedonia. Metabolic syndrome, dyslipidemia and carbohydrate intolerance are found in significant numbers. Parents and grandparents are often obese. Some of the children are either dysmorphic, or slightly retarded. We have already described patients with Prader-Willi syndrome, Bardet-Biedl syndrome or WAGR syndrome. A genetic screening for mutations in monogenic obesity in children with early, rapid-onset or severe obesity, severe hyperphagia, hypogonadism, intestinal dysfunction, hypopigmentation of hair and skin, postprandial hypoglycaemia, diabetes insipidus, abnormal leptin level and coexistence of lean and obese siblings in the family discovers many genetic forms of obesity. There are about 30 monogenic forms of obesity. In addition, obesity is different in ethnic groups, and the types of monogenic obesity differ. In brief, an increasing number of genes and genetic mechanisms in children continue to be discovered. This sheds new light on the molecular mechanisms of obesity and potentially gives a target for new forms of treatment.

Immunohistochemistry (IHC), as such, can be used in routine pathology in order to make correct diagnosis of lung carcinomas. Consequently, more detailed analyses are needed in this field in order to make a wide spectrum of unique combinations for such pulmonary neoplasms. Our aim was to apply an antibody panel, and examine and confirm its utility in the differential diagnosis of lung cancer. Twenty-one cases (both bioptic and surgical material) of diagnosed lung cancer were investigated. An immunohistochemical analysis--(RTU FLEX Immunoperoxidase system) was made using Dako monoclonal antibodies (Cytokeratin 7, CK7; Cytokeratin 20, CK20; Neuron specific enolase, NSE, Thyroid transcription factor-1, TTF1 and Leucocyte common antigen, LCA). LCA expression was not expressed in any of our cases. Most adenocarcinoma were CK7(+)--83.3% and TTF1(±)--50%. The CK20(+) expression showed a metastatic pulmonary deposit of adenocarcinoma in the lung. TTF1(+)--100%, NSE(+)--100% and CK7(-)--66.66% expression was found in most cases of SCLC. NSE(+)--100% had the highest expression in carcionoid tumour, while TTF1(+) expression was highest in SCLC. For squamous cell carcinoma (SqCC), immunostaining was negative for this antibody panel, except focal and weak expression of NSE--60%, so we did some extra IHC using CKHMW antibody, which showed the highest expression. The essential antibody panel that we have confirmed and suggest for routine basic differential diagnosis of pulmonary neoplasms is: TTF1, CK7, CK20 and NSE. Due to the high number of co-occurrunces IHC should not be performed alone, but integrated in conjunction with morphological diagnosis.