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Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a gastrointestinal motility disorder that results from the reflux of stomach contents into the esophagus or oral cavity resulting in symptoms or complications. The typical symptoms of GERD are heartburn and regurgitation of gastric contents into the oropharynx. GERD affects quality of life and may cause erosive esophagitis, esophageal strictures, and Barrett esophagus, a precursor to esophageal adenocarcinoma. GERD is a clinical diagnosis and is most effectively treated with proton-pump inhibitors (PPIs). Long-term use of PPIs is associated with bone fractures, chronic renal disease, acute renal disease, community-acquired pneumonia, and Clostridium difficile intestinal infection., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

The bacteria and fungi in the human gut make up a community of microorganisms that lives in symbiosis with humans, engaging in numerous diverse interactions that influence health. This article outlines the current knowledge on emerging topics in gastroenterology, including microbiome and probiotics, fecal microbiota transplantation, cyclic vomiting syndrome, eosinophilic esophagitis, and microscopic colitis., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Epistaxis, or nosebleed, is a common disorder that many patients will experience. Most patients go to the emergency room when they have an uncontrolled nosebleed, or they may present to an outpatient office. Most nosebleeds are not life-threatening and can be managed conservatively. Occasionally, hospital admission, referral to an otolaryngologist physician, and/or blood transfusion may be necessary. This article is an update on the latest information related to the prevention, causes, and treatment of epistaxis., (Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)