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The importance of innovation development is determined by the strategic role that true innovations play in the development of the state and the formation of a healthy, competitive economy. The organization of massive industrial production—which applies advanced technological achievements and science-intensive knowledge to form an infrastructure for innovation—should be a key component of the government's strategic policy to develop the national economy. In Russia, the infrastructure for innovation is less developed than other industrialized countries. This article considers the consequences of this underdevelopment, and proposes several ways of financing basic and applied research on the basis of foreign precedent and domestic practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Russia is currently implementing a policy of import substitution. Although some positive results have been achieved (e.g., in the agricultural industry and the pharmaceutical industry), there are still significant problems with the current approach. The present article considers the successes and challenges of Russia's current import substitution policy and offers several solutions that should facilitate significant economic growth. In particular, we argue that a systematic approach to import substitution should focus on stimulating the industrial base through government regulation and support, which is better than the present policy of maintaining a relatively unregulated domestic free market and relying on the import of foreign technology. This article reviews several arguments in favor and against this approach and concludes that under current economic conditions, the best way forward for the Russian economy involves the transition to a system-strategic approach to import substitution, which requires a reevaluation of macroeconomic policy and the rejection of certain liberal principles (e.g., rigid monetary policy, floating exchange rates, and abstaining from currency restrictions). In light of foreign experience, we argue that this model has been successfully implemented in countries that are currently technological leaders in global value chains and that this model can likewise help Russia develop its industrial base. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Russia's long-term lack of viability in the world economy could lead to it becoming a third-world country. When it comes to economic regulation, the only principle the Russian government has adopted from liberal economics is that of governmental noninterference. The "Growth Strategy" program developed by the Stolypin Club, based on real demands and constructive principles, outlines how the Russian economy can recover from the current crisis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agriculture was nearly the only sector of the Russian economy that was not negatively affected by the latest economic crisis and subsequent stagnation. The article analyzes the influence of agriculture on Russia's economic growth and considers the subsectors of agricultural production, the possibility of increasing agricultural efficiency in Russia, and the dynamics of exports and imports. Finally, measures for the accelerated development of the sector are suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Russia, regionality is a powerful factor in the functioning of the national economy, particularly in relation to the agricultural sector. When addressing the numerous problems of national food security, federal and regional governments must play a central role in the regulation of agriculture and the food market. To accomplish this, the government should adopt a new national agricultural policy and develop a territorial-sectoral division of labor to create large-scale specialized production zones for certain types of agricultural products. This will facilitate interregional trade, maximize the natural and economic potential of each region, and increase the efficiency and competitiveness of agriculture. This article considers the organizational challenges facing national food security (e.g., isolationism, socioeconomic regional disparity) and reviews several government programs (e.g., the Food Security Doctrine) designed to support and regulate the agricultural sector. Finally, several additional measures are proposed (e.g., improved threshold values, international cooperation) that will help Russia achieve food security and become a major global agricultural producer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article considers correlations between natural resources and the optimal distribution and development of agricultural production. It is shown that dividing the territory of the regions into natural agricultural zones and micro zones makes it possible to predict the distribution and yield of agricultural crops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The instability of the Russian economy (because of its dependence on the international hydrocarbons market and the extension of the 2014 sanctions) raises the need for a comprehensive concept of the Russian agro-food sector. This concept should include a set of long-term priorities and objectives for developing the agro-food sector. This article examines the macroeconomic problems facing the Russian agro-food sector and considers several long-term objectives for fostering economic growth, including the promotion of small and medium businesses and the integration into new international markets. The Eurasian Economic Union forms a transportation corridor, directly linking western Europe with China, India, and central and Southeast Asia. Particular attention is given to the development of export infrastructure (port facilities, trans-shipment bases, etc.), the creation of common standards in the transportation sector, and the convergence of transportation and transit tariffs. It is argued that small and medium businesses are highly adaptable, with the capacity to quickly adopt new technologies, to respond to new investment and changing consumer demand, and to integrate into value chains connected to new markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes the composition and structure of statistical information used to evaluate the financial condition of Russia's pension system today. It examines the problems of data and statistical resources support for assessing the economic and social consequences of pension reform measures, particularly a lack of statistical information for projecting the long-term stability of the pension system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyzes the risks and benefits of international outsourcing for the Russian oil and gas industry. It is shown that the dependence on non-Russia oil field servicers may lead to the technological obsolescence of the Russian oil and oil service industries and enable foreign operators to implicitly influence the efficiency of the Russian economy. It is shown that the dependence of Russian oil companies on foreign oil field service providers in 2014 affected not only individual companies, but the entire oil and gas industry. Given the importance of the oil and gas industry for Russia's economy, this poses a high risk to Russia's economy as a whole. Finally, the article offers several prescriptions concerning Russian oil field servicing as it operates under sectoral sanctions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For Russia, the oil sector plays a leading role in the formation of the government budget and the balance of trade. The article analyzes the main trends and developments of the Russian oil sector since 1990, including the production and processing of crude oil, oil exports, domestic oil consumption, the price of oil and oil products, and tax regulation. The author suggests measures for further development of the oil sector, including improvements in the tax system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyzes the effectiveness of government spending on the development of the Russian military-industrial complex and assesses the effect of reindustrialization policy on the competitiveness of the Russian economy. Methodologically, the research relies on a structural analysis of the Russian military-industrial complex based on statistics of federal budget expenditures on national defense and on expert assessment of government weapons programs. The article concludes that under current conditions, the policy of reindustrialization will hinder the economic development of the country and will continue the support of inefficient industries and sectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyzes borrowing by the nonfinancial sector of the Russian economy. The relevance of this topic is related to a decrease in credit availability, the high credit risk of a number of industries, and the importance of lending for a successful use of the present window of opportunity. Our comprehensive analysis of lending to the nonfinancial sector is based on the statistical reports of enterprises and credit institutions, and on the evaluations of the Bank of Russia. The article highlights the performance dynamics of enterprises in the nonfinancial sector and their current reliance on the Russian banking system, identifies the dynamics and actual debt ratios of the nonfinancial sector and the role of domestic banks in their borrowing, and discusses the imbalances and risks associated with increased lending by Russian banks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article develops a two-step methodology for the analysis of foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows into the real sector of the Russian economy, based on the Heckman selection model. The methodology is distinguished by two characterstics: (1) it allows for a multitiered factoring of FDI inflows (macro and micro); and (2) it can be used to forecast FDI inflows of a particular sector. According to the model, FDI will drop significantly in the real sector, which will significantly shift the FDI structure toward raw materials and the commodities market. However, it is forecast that in 2017 FDI will return to previous levels and shift back to its previous sectoral FDI structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the effect of environmental impact assessments (EIAs) in shaping economic space. We study the requirement of international financial institutions to manage environmental and social risks, analyze Russian practices in adopted EIAs when making decisions about implementing economic projects, and show the decreased role of EIAs in environmental regulation in Russia, which preordains a high level of negative environmental externalities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article argues that the primary condition for the solution of the environmental problems lies in Russia's socioeconomic progress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the impact of climate features of Russia and other northern hemisphere countries on their gross domestic product (GDP). We study the relationship between average annual temperature in these countries’ capitals and seasonal temperature fluctuations, duration of calculated heating seasons, population density, and size of GDP per capita. We discuss the need for developing a different approach to organizing the operation and development of the Russian economy due to the country’s harsh climate conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article offers a review of the development of global and Russian unconventional energy over the past few years. We show that Russia lags significantly behind in use of renewable sources of energy, including in large-scale hydroelectric power. The reasons involve both providing the country with reserves of conventional fuel types and inadequate institutional and infrastructural support. An analysis of forecasts for the development of renewable sources shows that, despite possible and significant progress, the value of unconventional energy in Russia will not reach the levels that exist in other countries. The author's own calculations confirm that programs for developing renewable sources of energy require substantial government support. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, we analyze the factors and circumstances behind the slowdown of Russia's economic growth. The recovery phase that followed the 2008-9 crisis has ended. The raw materials export model of production has reached its limit for rapid growth. The reduced flow of monetary and financial resources from abroad has affected the national economy at the macro level. The completion of a number of infrastructure investment projects and the reduction of government capital investments have slowed the growth of domestic demand. In the national economy the contours for the multiplication and long-term trajectory of Russian economic growth are beginning to appear, and they differ from the characteristics of the "bountiful" 2000s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author analyzes the features of the 2008-11 global economic crisis in Russia, with attention to its economic environment, long-term socioeconomic consequences, and the efficiency of enacted crisis management programs. Conclusions are presented about the transitional nature of the contemporary economic era and the inevitability of change in development models, both globally and recently formed in Russia. Solutions are given for increasing labor productivity by transitioning to new economic growth models not based on raw materials. Basic principles are offered for a new national economic policy that would meet the needs for modernization and innovative development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article gives quantitative assessments of the macroeconomic consequences when commodities export prices deviate from the level expected by the Ministry of Economic Development of Russia. A dynamic optimization model is given for analyzing the effect of export prices on Russian economic development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author argues that during Russia's new industrialization, it would be a mistake to relay on foreign investments. Instead, the domestic accumulation fund must be increased as much as possible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the interview, Michael Alexeev compares the economics of transition to market-type systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article sets forth the main positions of a report that we prepared on a strategy for economic development, and it presents a systemic approach for analysis of the current state of the Russian economy and its prospects for development amid global instability. We examine proposals for the implementation of a state policy consisting of a cohesive system of measures for economic development and modernization based on a structurally and technologically advanced foundation. The realization of this policy would accelerate economic growth and make it possible to move to an innovative path of development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author argues that state ownership, support, and regulation are essential to modernization of the Russian economy based on innovation and advanced technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Russian government has prepared a package of measures intended to maintain stability of the country's financial system. This article discusses the state measures and formulates the propositions of Russian Union of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs. The most important ones include coordination of regulators, unsecured refinancing and refinancing of external debts, guarantees of interbank loans, and budget deposits in banks. The author analyzes subordinated loans for Russian banks from the state budget, the nationalization of several banks, and future government intervention in the stock market. Special attention is devoted to deposit insurance, the development of a national credit rating system, and official information policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The emerging financial crisis demonstrates the real level of financial globalization. It would be unusual if the Russian economy remained a "safe haven" in the present environment. But is the United States or Russia to blame for the Russian crisis? It seems that the U.S. crisis has merely been the trigger but the Russian economy has its own internal problems. Any attempts to maintain the existing model of economic growth will further exacerbate the situation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article addresses monetary policy issues that must be resolved for the Russian economy's transition to innovation-based development. All monetary policy objectives must be achieved, not just reduced to inflation targeting. A systemic, structural approach to monetary policy is suggested. The elaborated package of monetary policy tools would ensure greater efficiency of innovation-based economic development. Reasons are given for the lowered Central Bank of Russia's discount rate. Some general conclusions are drawn concerning the new experience of government regulation under the conditions of the world financial crisis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the significance of budget as an important tool for the improvement of bureaucracy in Russia. It is stated that the important consequence of bureaucracy is to strengthen the centralization of administration. The author stressed that the material basis of the bureaucracy's existence and the preservation of its ruling position in society is the redistribution of the national income in its favor by concentrating the population's resources in the form of corporate and individual tax payments to the budget.

The article presents a detailed econometric analysis of the import substitution in Russia after the crisis of 1998. The event is examined both at the level of the entire economy and its differential impact on various industrial sectors and on the market for a particular commodity group. The author suggests possible reasons for the variations discovered between sectors and commodities. First section presents a survey of theoretical approaches to the analysis of foreign trade.

This article studies the joint effects of the 2004 European Union (EU) Enlargement and Russia's entry into the World Trade Organization (WTO), and the effects of an eventual Russia-enlarged EU free trade agreement (FTA). The model is described, the effects of the 2004 EU enlargement are estimated, the effects of Russia's WTO accession and of various Russia-EU FTAs are simulated based on the benchmark of an enlarged EU, and conclusions are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the various aspects of the proposition presented in the book "Siberian Curse: How Communist Planners Left Russia Out in the Cold," by Fiona Hill and Clifford G. Gaddy, about Siberia's declining economy. The author refutes the one single factor cited in the book as the cause of such trend which is geographic location. It then compares the economic development between Great Britain and India in relation to their climate, natural resources, land area and population.

The article discusses the economic development of Siberia. Economists viewed the process as a difficult one although they were confident on the idea which for them required an extensive processing. Among the recommendations given by economists was the idea of territorial-production complexes, an approach developed by M. K. Bandman, doctor of economic sciences, which covers the development of both the material sector and the processing and services branches in the country.

Presents an editorial on disparities between the Russian economy's current output profile and its potential profile in terms of high-tech, knowledge-based economic activities. Inheritance of one of the world's best endowments of technological expertise and human capital from the Soviet Union; Cause of collapse of Russia's high-tech sector; Role of oil, gas, metals, and minerals in Russia's economy today; Importance of the functioning of market mechanisms; Prospects as a knowledge-based economy.

Assesses the socioeconomic condition of the depressed regions of the Ural regions in Russia. Economic indicators in the Ural regions; Basis of published works devoted to the assessment of regional socioeconomic status.

Suggests a technique for developing economic policy at the regional level based on contemporary foreign and domestic experience of Russia. Economic condition of the Pskov Oblast region in Russia; Analysis of the investment potential and risk of Pskov Oblast; Quantitative analysis of structural changes in the regional economy.

Features Sverdlovsk Oblast, one of Russia's leading industrial regions. Development of ore and raw material base of the Sverdlovsk as among federal and oblast programs; Restoration of trade and economic links between Sverdlovsk oblast enterprises and enterprises in the Confederation of Independent States (CIS); Program to stabilize the economy and finances of Sverdlovsk Oblast.

Compares and contrast socio-economic development and conditions between Novgorod and Pskov Oblasts regions in Russia. Pskov Oblast's conservatism in lieu of entrepreneurship; Attraction of foreign and domestic investments as economic policy of Novgorod Oblast; Establishment of wholly state-owned enterprise in Pskov Oblast.

Presents information on a study which focused on state finances deterrent to the financial crisis in Russia. Details on servicing and refinancing debt; Issues on balance of payments indicators; Chronology of the financial crisis in Russia from 1997 to 1998; Forecast on Russia's macroeconomics.

Deals with the economic status of Siberia in the 1990. How the region's economic policy is being formulated; Economic problems of the region; Basic instrument of state regulation.

Focuses on the restructuring of industries in Perm, Russia. Basic directions of conversion of chemical complex; Budget funds for maintaining mobilization capacities in necessary technical condition.