Search

In recent years, greater competition in banking industry has been driven by globalization. The growing diversity of customers’ demands and technology changes are expected to have a great impact on the management of the bank in order to retain and attract potential customer and investor into the banking industry. However, with the increase in income levels, status and number of bank branches, the bank management is driven to identify banking services to improve their bank performances. The purpose of this paper is to examine the influencing factors towards performance of the bank. Specifically, the paper aims to examine to which extent the bank performance is influenced by service quality, innovation, technology and employee commitment.

Global projects are remarkably emerging all around the world, whether at the mega level such as Oil & Gas projects or at the micro level such as in specific R&D projects. Global Projects can be very complex or can be quite simple, they might involve huge investments or rather be at low budget, they can have a diverse spectrum of stakeholders or a limited community of beneficiaries. Accordingly the definition of Global Projects is actually far from being obvious. It is suggested that several factors are favoring the emergence of Global projects, such as globalization of business environment, cost driven project execution strategies, national requirements for local presence, dispersion of expertise, joint venture projects and corporate mergers & acquisitions. However Global Projects are thought to be associated with some side effects, such as integration and/or coordination difficulties, statutory and regulatory issues, uncertainty in project controls, and the drawbacks of remoteness and potential cultural differences. Through this conceptual paper, the gap in knowledge about Global Projects is highlighted and areas for potential academic research are suggested. The paper also proposes a series of research questions that are formulated from the literature review conclusions. The outputs of this conceptual literature review & analysis suggest that there are insufficient research and academic publications written on the subject. The discussions presented in the literature about global projects are actually fragmented and segregated with a clear biased drift toward the focus on cross-cultural aspects, virtual teams and project organization. It is intended that this conceptual research paper help researchers and projects stakeholders in international business environment better understand the opportunities and threats in global project execution, such as on innovation, on inter-transfer of knowledge and organizational resources and their relation to value creation in multinational corporations.

Reforming in the 21 century education has increased: both in its organization and contents. The role of a teacher has shifted from an expert to a designer of reflective and collaborative projects as means of providing students with effective learning contexts. In cultural diversity and assimilation educators are universally concerned with implementation of pedagogy of tolerance principles to grow up a new generation, prepared to communicate successfully in the globalization world. The problem is how we can facilitate tolerant thinking among students. The authors of the present paper generalize their experience of providing cooperative learning environments to MA course students at Zabaikalsky State University, which is in Transbaikal Siberia (Russia). The region borders on Mongolia and China, offering a perfect experimental platform to implement pedagogy of tolerance strategies through creative educational programs. The programs are developed in accordance with the recently adopted international and federal laws and conceptions, to which the authors of the present paper refer. Professor Tatyana Voronchenko, designed multicultural programs for MA and PhD students in World Literature Studies. They are aimed to increase all possible contacts among culturally diverse students. Russian and Chinese, Buryat and Mongolian student groups, involved in project-based studies, are an example to illustrate an effective way of learning to live in globalization word. The authors analyze and describe the students’ experience during project-based studies. They conclude that the students who participated in such projects showed higher tolerance to their neighbors. Project-based learning helps to master professional communication culture, overcoming communication barriers and becoming specialists with higher tolerance, ready to live and work in multicultural society.

In the age of globalization, a university's brand has a crucial value in facing change, competition and challenges set forth by the sometimes confusing expectations of the society. The current paper discusses the importance of image audit and possibilities to work with the inner stake-holders’ perceptions in order to consolidate and promote the university brand. The authors have relied on sociological surveys and image of organizations as main instruments while carrying out the research in 2011-2012, on a sample of 1099 students and 532 professors from Politehnica University of Timisoara (UPT), determined by probabilistic methods, namely through stratified sampling in the first phase and the second phase sampling group, with a rate of responses of 71%. Among the items measured in the case of students were: reasons for choosing the specialization offered by UPT, students’ information sources when selecting a college, institutional attributes of the university's personality. Professors have been asked to evaluate, among other items: the communication channels and their efficiency in institutional communication, their evaluation of the position of Politehnica University as compared to other universities in Romania and abroad, institutional attributes of the university's personality. The results were then subjected to quantitative and qualitative analysis. Recommendations and conclusions point at the necessity of communication campaigns and strategic planning for consolidating the image anchors identified through the methods discussed in the paper.

This paper tries to show that globalization should be seen as a way of reception of a long-term approach to major contemporary issues, arising from the interaction of the many technical, political, economic, social, cultural phenomena and announcement of their settlement in a wide perspective of the international community. In the context of wealth of references to the role of intercultural education in fostering a democratic society based on the values of human rights and equal opportunities, it is obvious that the concern of European policy actors for the implementation of the principles of intercultural education must not remain a desideratum on paper.

There is a need to move from system flexibility to process flexibility with advancements of research in the niche field of flexible systems management. This paper analyses how much Indian organisational flexibility is aligned with employee expectations, greater workforce utilization and avoiding process failures amidst the process of globalization trends. The paper attempts to reduce risks and add up values in the business process flow. It maps key flexibility functions and expectations within the vast head of organisational flexibility. The paper works to find empirical links between employee reactions to Indian organisational flexibility and expanding business process optimization with globalization impacts and the responses towards organisational strategies. The paper also investigates on how exactly the dynamics of Indian organisational flexibility contributes to the economy and social stand points of a fast growing nation. Flexibility as a process is studied with challenges, positive trends, organizational abilities and reactions fitting well with global business environment.

Globalization enables the transfer of urban development policies across country and continents. This paper highlights the creative city notion in Bandung, Indonesia, that is adopted from the British Council (BC) attempts to mobilize policy through various programs and workshops. This paper aims to overview the role of BC in transferring and mobilizing policy on Cultural and Creative Industry. The paper argues that BC has played an important role in introducing and shaping the CCI policies in Bandung, even though certain adjustments to local socio-economic conditions have been made. The BC has significantly ascertained the establishment of Bandung Creative City Forum (BCCF) as a forum that hubs multi agent interest including BC, local government, artisans, and related stakeholders within the creative community.

The increasing interest for local development came amid global economical, social and political changes. The globalization and the international economic crisis, the increasing phenomenon of relocation of businesses, internal structures of large industrial groups, and institutionalizing local autonomy as a European principle made the discussions about local development to be the subject of interest to the academic world, but especially for policy makers. For Romanian public policy, the sustainable local development became a strategically tool to sustain the heritage sector (public and private) and constitutes the goals of national strategies on social and economical development. Our paper aim is to reveal the level of Romanian sustainable local development in the context of European principles applied and to analyze the impact at the local communities as an important means of valuing regional and local heritage. This vision of the community about its future development should be shared with all relevant actors at local and translated into a set of specific objectives and a clear action plan to provide good governance. The paper includes some explorative conceptual aspect focused on theoretical and practical analysis of sustainable local development, using the empirical data provided by the strategic documents and by Euro stat in order to respond to the following aspects: to highlight the scientific literature concerning the sustainable local development; to analyze the legal requirements (European and Romanian rules) of local development and heritage in Romania; to analyze from economical point of view the impact of local development and the implications on the local and regional heritage.

Technology and globalization have brought fundamental changes in the information media. Femina is the first women's magazine in Indonesia that launched the digital magazine. The objective of the paper is to describe some aspects that influence urban women in Jakarta to change the habit of reading from print to digital magazine. The paper will also discuss the impact of digital media to the women's lifestyle in Jakarta. The study is undertaken by analyzing data from the survey by Femina and interviewing readers of digital Femina. The digital magazine Femina has introduced modern lifestyle to the women and influenced the pattern of women's behavior in Jakarta, in particular, women working in modern offices.

This paper examines the extent to which the affirmation of local identity is achieved in the context of cultural projects deployed in rural tourism by guesthouse owners from Maramures, asking if their initiatives of collecting “heritage” and displaying it in private family museums and exhibit-rooms contribute to raising awareness about their sense of belonging. More precisely, this paper explores the role these private “cultural agents” assign to their local “heritage” in the encounter with tourists. The interrogations concerning their choice to display “peasant goods” in exhibit-rooms and private family museums allow us to assume that the guesthouse owners’ recourse to these practices entails a reflexive process on the transformations of their rural domestic universe. The progress and changes they are forced to admit under the incidence of globalization determine them to choose their own identity reference system. Assuming the changes deliberately implies the claim of their “peasant past” and its display in exhibit-rooms and private family museums. In addition, it reinforces the local action of “heritage-making” as a means of negotiating social and cultural values on a regional scale. Using a reflexive approach, this study proposes to investigate the backstage underlying local “heritage-making”, to explore “heritage knowledge” produced by non-specialized “cultural agents”, to examine various interfaces of local “heritage” interpretations by guesthouse owners, and to question the meaning tourists are compelled to search beyond the exhibits. In sum, the purpose of this study is to examine the biography of “heritagised goods” through the narratives they enclose, as a lens to reveal the cultural and social “work” that private “cultural agents” from Maramures carry out in their rural communities in addition to the aim of their economic regeneration.

Background: In the paper the formation of world-class research universities is analysed. The paper studies the history of the research university, prerequisites of its appearance, formation and its development toward modern research university. The modern research university is being cautiously viewed nowadays. The crisis of the university is its reality. The question of the corporate culture formation is now considered to be a topical matter in connection with globalization process, Methods: The authors implemented comparative analysis by comparing Humboldt's model of the research university and the modern one. Results: The comparison is made in regard to the idea of university, its criteria and mission. Special emphasis is laid on the analysis and comparison of corporate culture systems. Conclusions: Corporate culture is a novel criterion of the classical university that has recently arisen in the information society and now characterizes the university in a complementary way: on the one hand, as a competitive market entity, and on the other hand, as a guardian of its traditional, historically formed humanitarian criteria, ideas and mission. The following conclusion has been reached: the updated parameters have the identical form to those found by W. von Humboldt, only essence has changed.

During the last decade, major changes took place in understanding the role of the architect, especially in Egypt. A gap appeared creating a dilemma between conflicts facing the country and the built environment architects produce. The paper adopts a qualitative methodology which addresses two main axes. First is the literature review of proactive visions adopted by a selection of international architects. Following that the paper will present an analysis for the contemporary work of Egyptian architects in order to analyze their reactions to different dynamics. Finally, the paper presents a framework for rethinking the role of the architect in Egypt, whether on the institutional, educational or professional levels.

The main problem discussed in the paper is the new challenges for public administration of vocational education and training (VET) due to innovations and globalization. Most of the attention in the paper is paid to the readiness of entrepreneurs jointly with municipalities to participate in the preparation of future qualified specialists. Co-operation among various educational establishments, the local government and the employers is crucial. A much neglected aspect still is the co-operation between VET and higher education (HE) institutions – which the authors see as a real driving force for the success of local partnerships to promote regional economic development with respective training of modern labour force at all levels. For the empirical research focus group discussions with public administration representatives, educators and entrepreneurs, as well as survey of entrepreneurs was used. The aim of the empirical study was to investigate the employers’ opinions and readiness at regional level to support the learners – the future labour force. The discussion on ‘common language’ was initiated at the focus group discussion. This requires further investigation for application at regional level with the involvement of all the relevant stakeholders.

The notions of globalization and knowledge economy are concomitant. Higher education and work-preparedness competencies are the chief levers that impel economies to scale the value chain by optimizing the capacity building potential of their workforce. This assumes an even greater significance in developing countries because the vast majority of them are beset with higher education systems are in gross disrepair, and the governments are ill-equipped to take the situation in hand. It is in this thematic backdrop that the paper studies India's contribution to regional capacity building through internationalization of higher education. The Indian higher education system has a long-standing tradition of drawing students from other developing countries in Asia and Africa; and, in this, India offers the “source countries” an avenue to enhance their human capital base. The paper studies the research concern through descriptive and critical synthesis of published literature.

This paper presents an attempt to analyze minority or regional languages in European countries and the Tatar language as one of the regional languages in the Russian Federation. The author considers minority languages as the object for further development and preservation under the pressure of total globalization. The aim of this paper is to determine the range and relevance of the application of regional languages in economic sphere and to identify development prospects. Generalizing the experience of some European countries, the author presents the Model of development of Tatar language in economic sphere as part of the Program of revitalization of regional language.

The purpose of this paper is to describe the process of the formation of socio-cultural competence in foreign language teaching, and the possibility of using the discipline “Foreign Language” in achieving this goal. The importance of students’ socio-cultural competence formation is caused by modern Russian society inconsistencies: on the one hand globalisation processes are going on, and on the other inter-ethnic relations are getting worse, and conflicts are getting more violent. The characteristics of the components of socio-cultural competence are outlined in the paper and the stages of this competence formation (motivational, informative, activity) in teaching a foreign language in high school with the use of effective methods and technologies are described.

This paper examines the role and the position of the English Literature component in the current Malaysian English curriculum. A brief historical overview of the role and the position of English literature in the Malaysian curriculum will be provided. English literature has been through volatile changes throughout the years and is often seen to play a secondary role to help increase English proficiency of students. In the preliminary National Education Blueprint (2013 – 2025), once again English literature is juxtaposed as a tool to help increase English proficiency. Given the many revamps the curriculum in Malaysia has undergone, this paper argues that there is a general state of ambivalence towards the role and position of English Literature in the curriculum. This paper proposes that English Literature as a subject should be reconceptualised given its potential to help educate and prepare young Malaysians for the impact of globalization and the vibrant changes and challenges in the Malaysian political and social context. Literature should no longer be considered merely as a tool to increase English proficiency; it should serve as a bridge to educate young Malaysians about their rich literary traditions, heritage and culture.

This research paper explores the operational issues of international retail franchising that need to be implemented by franchisor/franchisee in their joint efforts of globalization. The paper discusses the emphasis given to the power and control mechanisms available to the franchisor to control and co-ordinate with the international franchisee. The paper takes a theoretical approach to the relationship building process in international retail franchising, and it addresses the importance of retail franchising in the Middle East, with special emphasis on the United Arab Emirates.

In India, the process of globalisation has experienced many phases of ups and downs i.e. from the initial period of exceptionally high to disappointingly declining GDP after 2007-08 global financial crisis. The Government of India has opened up many sectors and areas to Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in a gradual manner. However, agriculture sector has been exposed to Multi-national Companies (MNCs) in a restricted manner considering the threat of land grabbing as well as other technical, social and economic issues.In this paper an attempt has been made to evaluate the performance of agriculture in the pre and post globalisation period as well the impact of restrictive FDI policies on the overall growth of the agriculture sector. Anin-depth analysis has been done of the expected threats, weaknesses as well as the opportunities which can be nourished in the era of globalisation.A comparative analysis has been done of FDI policies and its impact on agriculture in other countries viz. USA, China and African countries. For empirical analysis, comparative ratio analysis and granger causality test between GDP, GCFR and FDI has been done during the period1990-2010.The paper concludes with discussion on various aspects and possible outcome of the impact of FDI and the countervailing policy of Government of India with respect to agriculture sector.

How do we prepare students for the 21st century, for “jobs and technologies” which, according to Crutcher, “don”t yet exist…in order to solve problems that we don”t even know are problems yet”? In light of this growing concern and urgency to equip our students with 21st century skills, where does the subject Literature, or that matter, the Humanities, fit in? Recent research on Literature education in Singapore has served to highlight the state of ambivalence of the Literature curriculum; suggest possibilities for its reconceptualisation, taking into consideration the contemporary Singaporean environment and the impact of globalisation; and consider the offering of alternative curricula. A 2007 research study conducted in Singapore secondary schools on the state of Literature as a subject highlighted, among other things, its low status and lack of desirability. This study serves as a basis for this paper, which explores the possible links between 21st century skills and the subject Literature. It questions how 21st century skills can be integrated into the teaching and learning of Literature in schools, and looks at the potential of the subject as a viable course of study. This paper focuses on current issues and dialogues relating to the subject Literature in Singapore where there are now only around 3000 students are studying the subject as compared to 16,970 in 1992 as reported in The Straits Times (2013). Making the study of Literature relevant and appealing to students may prevent it from dying a slow death.

This paper will focus on Lifelong learning from a historical perspective, within the frame of the European history of education. The aim is to study the evolution and implementation of the concept of Lifelong learning from the 1970s until today. As main argument the paper will show how the concept has gained impetus and weight, especially since the Lisbon Treaty and the launching of the Europe of knowledge. The sources of evidence will be historical reviews written by Luce Pepin and the pioneers of the Commission, by Anne Corbett who specializes in the field. Having presented a Phd on the subject (which has become a book entitled L’Europe des universitaires ) the author will also refer to Lifelong learning highlighted by the experience of Grenoble university. As a conclusion, it will be referred to “Erasmus for all”, a wide range program to be implemented in 2013 which relies on Lifelong learning. It can be seen as a climax in the history of education and training. Erasmus for all will be a huge challenge for a European Union in crisis which sees it as the answer to globalization and its competitive world.

Health is a crucial dimension of human capital that can increase workers’ productivity in terms of their physical and mental capacities. Longevity positively influences economic growth but a longer life expectancy, when combined with lower fertility and adult mortality rates, means that the proportion of the elderly population increases with a consequent negative impact on economic growth. The aim of this paper is to analyse the demographics of ageing in the European Union which provides a convenient sample in the globalisation era. This paper shows how economic output is related to “creativity by age”, which is an original definition of human capital.

The paper focuses on basic characteristics of multiculturalism and various means of solving multicultural problems in the global world of the 21 century. Multicultural society can be described by shared space and culture in particular places. It can create various benefits, but on the other hand, also problems and threats. The phenomenon of the multicultural society is inevitably cultural diversity. The paper brings the research which compares cultural variety in Germany and the Czech Republic and tries to find possible solutions the problems which can arise in any multicultural society and thus can bring new solutions to current problems.

Education have not been protected efficiently from being affected by globalization. Therefore Higher Education Institutions around the world were looking towards accreditations as key factors to improve and maintain higher education quality to empower themselves to be more competitive worldwide. This paper purposes to find out the global factors are preventing Malaysian universities from targeting global accreditation, such as: AACSB, and ABET. Thus, this paper hypothesizes three global factors influencing Malaysian private universities in their applying for global accreditations; Global Accreditation Bodies’ Regulations, Global Competition and Students’ Mobility. unit analysis was choosen among three private universities, namely; UNITEN, MMU and UTP. The sample was collected according to the non-probability sample method. In conclusion, GABR, GC and SM have significant effects on universities’ awarenes towards application for globalized accreditation.

The current trend of states in transition, the global economic crisis, the tendency towards European integration and world globalisation are factors that significantly influence reforms of many public and private sectors. In this context the process of education and the function of public administration in general, treated in the framework of this paper is consistently included in the trend of time changes and reforms. It is worth mentioning that the intention to join the European Union is directly associated with the reforms for transparent and democratic function of public administration. Freedom of information, public opinion and public relations represent the main feature of public institutions. Therefore, there are also special sections that deal with organising various educational and social activities. Seminars, debates, workshops, different training and other additional events are often organised in the context of transparency and promotion of democratic values. Thus, all programs that directly or indirectly intend to improve the quality of life in the community are positively supported. Based on the undisputed fact that education in general is a dominant factor in the development of human society and in the determination of its development direction, the impact of education on the transparent and democratic function of public administration is treated in this paper. Through a case study, the answer to the importance of education for the current trend of reforms in public administration is sought.

In presented paper the impact of globalization on “brain drain” in developing countries is considerate. Globalization is primarily manifested in the possibility of educational mobility. The growth of international mobility of scientific personnel is an integral feature of the globalization of science, and in this context, the problem of “brain drain” in developing countries is particularly worrying. Authors offer the reasons of “brain drain” from countries with a low standard of living and propose the Kazakhstani way of overcoming the stated problem, which combined the experience of a number of countries and today at Kazakhstan has elaborated its policy of training and maintaining the personnel. Some aspects of the given policy in present paper were represented.

Identity involves the individual's image of self and its translation into action (Sachs, 2001). Developing a professional identity is problematic when it involves a paradigm struggle, since the actions that the professional needs to take become unclear. This paper describes how English teachers in Saudi Arabia experience a complex conflict between Western and Eastern identities. They are required as English teachers to project a positive view of English, which is regarded by many in the region as a vessel for Western or foreign ideologies (Reddy, 1979). They have been educated in a conservative moral tradition based on a clearly-defined role as Islamic educators and purveyors of Saudi nationalism. Yet as English teachers educated at Western universities, they have been exposed to a variety of western ideologies. This paper explores their relationship to institution, traditional identity and their classroom choices, providing suggestions on how to reconcile ‘globalised’ and Islamic moral identities.

Guarding children from the too much influence of foreign culture, especially the influence of Western world, Chinese government has been encouraging the production of domestic animation. In China, after 2000, it was decided that more than 60 percent of animations broadcasted on TV must be products of China. Although foreign animation is obliged to be under 40 percent, most of the TV stations except CCTV would not keep the rule. This is the reason why the government decided to take this measure. There is a fact in the background that Disney animations from US and Japan animations are quite popular among Chinese children. Especially, most of the elementary school pupils in the urban area seem to watch such Japan animations as “Detective Konan”, “Ultraman”, “Chibimarukochan”, “Captain Tsubasa” and so on. In China, Japanese animation and Manga are estimated very high. “Doraemon” used to be selected as the “most humorous reading piece” in the research executed by China Social Science Institute. In Japan, the number of the animation pieces broadcasted on TV is about 2500. Including the sales of character goods, the gross sales are more than 1 trillion yens. It will be large enough to be called a “gigantic industry”. Export sales are 100 billion yens a year(half equal to the sales grade of all US movies a year, four times equal to the Japanese export steel sales to US). the share of Japanese animation in the world market is more than 60 percents, 80 percents of animation piece broadcasted on TV in Europe are Japanese product. Not only TV animation but also comics are popular. One can easily find bookshelves filled with “manga” in the bookstores in Asian or European countries. Japanese animation is highlighted as the world wide gigantic industry. Not only from the cultural point of view but also from economical phase connected with the movement of vast amount of money, the problems of globalization, regionalization and localization of animation are going to be focused on. These kinds of animations in Japan, which compose the main stream of commercial animation, produce the particular sub-cultural field that is called “Otaku” culture. Akihabara, where a lot of foreign sightseers went to buy electrical appliance made in Japan, has recently been getting to be the center of “Otaku” culture. With animations, this “Otaku” culture also has spilled on the world. In Europe, as same as Japan, animation events (and even “costume play show” also) are held in various cities. Young people gathering there are called “Otaku” with the respect to the persons who are well up in the sub-culture. In this paper, the presenter will not treat the actual conditions of Japanese animation as the gigantic industry with the worldwide market and vast investment, which even arouse the interference of politics in the various countries and areas. Relatively independent of the main stream commercial animation, there are some artistic and creative animations which have gradually been popular to the audiences. Their method and potentiality will be mainly introduced in the paper. In this boundary also we can find the conflict between the restriction of nationalism and the possibility of globalization, that never means “Amaricanization”. The main objects of this examination are the animation pieces based on the works of MIYAZAWA Kenji, a famous Japanese poet and children story writer of the former 20th century. In these years, he has been regarded as one of the national writer of Japan, and also he has been getting gradually well-known in world wide scale. This paper will show how different are the concepts and methods of these pieces of “animazation” of literature, from the ones of commercial animations, and also will show the endeavor of animators to lessen the restriction of nationalism, localism and so on.

Summary In many nations government policy and scholarly work have identified the growing role of higher education and research in the world-wide knowledge economy. The role of higher education is not limited to fostering the economic development of nations and providing opportunities for individuals, it extends also to promotion of cultural diversity, political democracy and trade. Emphasis is rightly placed on how higher education can better serve society and promote international cooperation. However, as yet little attention has been given to how higher education and research are active in the processes of globalization, and are themselves being reshaped by globalization with significant ‘feed-back’ effects into nations. Higher education and knowledge are simultaneously global, national and local (Marginson and Rhoades, 2002). Higher education is nested in national government everywhere, and shaped by patterns of social investment. At the same time the cross-border or global dimension of activity is growing, especially in relation to knowledge. By studying the changing global landscape of higher education, we can draw out the implications for the policies of governments and national identity, for the developmental strategies of universities, and for international agencies. The paper maps, summarizes and synthesizes this changing global landscape. It focuses on trends and patterns in the cross-border mobility of students and staff, the growth of educational trade, research publication and research concentrations by nation, ICT-connectivity, language of use, and cross-border policy flows. Most of the interaction between nations in higher education takes the form not of trade but of free exchange and cooperation, i.e. the production of global public goods. The paper draws on (1) recent research for policy papers prepared for the OECD on globalization and higher education, and the internationalization of higher education in the Asia-Pacific region, (2) case studies of leading research universities in eight Asia-Pacific nations, and (3) comparative data from the OECD, UNESCO and the World Bank. While there is a general trend to increased international engagement of higher education, the actual level of engagement, and knowledge economy capacity, vary markedly between nations and regions. One feature of the global knowledge system is the position of the United States, with 54 of the top 100 research universities in the 2007 Shanghai Jiao Tong listing, and almost one third of the world's scientific papers. The USA is a magnet for world-wide talent, enrolling 100,000 foreign doctoral students each year. But a new wave of Asian science powers is emerging in China (including Hong Kong and Taiwan), Singapore and Korea. In China, between 1995 and 2005 the number of scientific papers produced each year multiplied by 4.6 times. In South Korea the ratio was 3.6 times, in Singapore 3.2. From 2003 to 2007 the number of universities from China in the Jiao Tong top 500 rose from 18 to 25, with the mainland universities rising from 8 to 14. Shifts of this magnitude suggest that in world higher education and research a more pluralistic scientific and cultural environment is developing, with some potential also to foster a more pluralistic linguistic exchange. If so, this enhanced diversity would constitute a global public good, providing a greater range of potential solutions to the many problems attending human and environmental conditions.

The World Declaration on Higher Education in the Twenty-First Century drawn up at the World Conference of Higher Education organized by UNESCO in Paris in 1998, the Communication of the 2009 UNESCO World Conference on Higher Education, Paris, 2009 held in compliance with the guidelines of the 1998 Declaration and the list of objectives of the Bologna Process highlight that social responsibility is increasingly considered an intrinsic aspect of the higher education system, particularly of the universities. This paper aims to explain the shifting from Corporate Social University to University Social Responsibility, by presenting the conceptual framework of Social Responsibility and the university as a special type of organization which needs to adopt a social responsibility strategy just like the other organizations, in order to meet the expectations of the stakeholders (present students, future students, supporters etc). The paper presents, on the other hand, a general University Social Responsibility model in the context of globalization and develops a University Social Responsibility model considering the realities and challenges of the Romanian higher education system.

Reforming education has been a major challenge for the politicians, academicians and business world in many countries as well as many national and international organizations especially in the last two decades of the 20th century. The trends in education have changed since 1980s with globalization, neo-conservative political views, education as a source for human capital for market economy development especially in the developed western countries whereas the former socialist countries started experiencing a chaotic situation followed by systematic changes to adapt themselves to the global trends and to find a seat in the future of newly shaping world. Countries like China and Russian Federation, which are estimated to be the important counterparts of the USA and EU in the future polarized world, have been experiencing radical socio-economic reform processes to secure their seats in the new world order. The reforms in the field of education have been among the hottest issues with regard to the economic burdens of reforms and the change of the national, traditional values during the change processes. This paper aimed at analyzing the major issues on the agenda of the educational reform in China and Russian federation in the last decades with special focus on administration and finance of education systems, by reviewing major articles, journals, policy documents and reports published by the scholars, governmental, nongovernmental, national and international organizations. The findings of the paper pointed out that the political and economic backgrounds of these countries were similar but the ways they followed for reforming education were quite different because political and economic situations affecting education systems.

The whole world is experiencing the process of globalization which major tendency is intercultural mixing and student exchange. A great number of students from Central Asia come to attend Russian universities. They subsequently face the problem of cultural shock in their new environments. The current study presents a research on acculturation experiences of foreign students in Elabuga Institute of Kazan Federal University. The study aims at defining the environmental stressors in their first year of study and elaboration of effective techniques of managing acculturative stress. The results of the paper show that the majority of students have to cope with cultural shock to this or that extent during their first year of study. It is concluded that University on the whole and teachers in particular come first among the factors soothing acculturative stress in foreign students, by providing constant significant support and guidance over their culturally different students. Properly organized learning and teaching and as well inclusion of foreign students into social activities of the Institute enhance their psychological adjustment. The research contributes to theoretical understanding of acculturative stress and practical implications for teachers who work with foreign students.

The paper examines how English is used by Russian speakers to convey various meanings and how these meanings are linked to language ideologies circulating in contemporary Russia. Discourse analysis and ethnographic methods (interviews and surveys) are used to conduct several case studies, each focused on a certain communicative niche affected by globalization.

This paper highlights the increasing role of code-switching to English in the context of global transformations and focuses on its symbolic usage in German advertising discourse. A survey conducted among the German-speaking community was aimed at finding out what socio-cultural values English conveys and how native speakers perceive the presence of English-inserted elements in an advertisement. The findings show that code-switching to English is considered a complex phenomenon that has both positive and negative aspects, which testifies to its ambiguous axiological status.

0000-0003-4538-4944 0000-0001-7368-1757 WOS:000385793000009 Globalization and liberalization of the economies in worldwide raise the importance of transportation strategies to make difference in competitive environment. The rise of Asian economies attracted the attention of other countries. As a result of, the center of gravity of the World trade has shifted towards the east, Eurasian countries has appeared as ensuring sustainable economic growth by developing the trade relations among Eurasian countries as well as with other countries, and also European countries decided to expand the transport networks which facilitate trade relations. In line with these strategies, Asia-Europe transport corridor projects have been created. Some of these projects are; the Trans-European Transport Networks (TEN-T), Pan-European Corridors (PEC), Modern Silk Road and Europe-Caucasia-Asia Transport Corridor (TRACECA). But, there are deficiencies (like infrastructure, legislation) existing when these projects put into practice, and also, Caspian Sea (as an important land defect) necessitates intermodal transportation. In this paper, it has been aimed to examine alternative transportation lines in the region, reveal the current problems, and propose solutions within the context of infrastructure or transport policies. In scope of the study, qualitative research technique used, several visits were made to stakeholder countries to obtain data from field studies, and workshops were held as closed sessions. (C) 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Yildiz Tech Univ, Gebze Tech Univ, Istanbul Tech Univ

Globalization, increasing competition, changes in demographic structure of population, and development of information and communication technologies (ICT) are the factors that have posed new challenges for organizations in recent years. The newly fledged conditions have vital impact on production methods and procedures as well as work arrangements in organizations. Currently, organizations cope with various times in which work is executed as well as various places where it is executed. Thanks to ICT an employee can work at the client's place, at home, in a means of transport or in a cafe. All these situations constitute the work arrangement in which the worker is considered to work ‘from distance’, i.e. as a teleworker. The presented approach refers to the flexible work arrangement where an organization's priority lies with its endeavour to become and stay flexible in terms of time and place of performance. Under these conditions the implementation of new ways of work arrangements presents new challenges for leadership. To accomplish this basic function of management when employees are not present at workplace or even are not available during working hours and face-to-face communication is impossible poses many difficulties. The paper focuses on comparison and identification of the differences between traditional work arrangements and telework, highlights weak points in leadership of teleworkers, and proposes a leadership model for teleworkers’ induction.

People worldwide are increasingly faced with a force that drives international communication and globalization. Whether they are directed impacted or more subtly affected they can weigh how the pervasive force of the English language is touching upon essential parts of their own languages and cultures. If you listen to the radio or watch TV in the Czech Republic, you can catch previously unheard words and phrases seeping in, such as “updatovat” or “door-to-door”. This paper looks at ways the Czech Republic has reacted to the encroaching effects of English. It compares both languages and it also more specifically looks at some examples of English words and phrases that have become loanwords in Czech, and at issues of cultural relativity. It uses a series of questionnaires spaced over time to gauge how students at a technical university consider English in comparison to their own language. As a guiding point it looks at some of the findings of renowned sociologists such as Bourdieu, Hofstede, Trompeenaars and E. Hall to use as reference points to generally examine how some cultural factors can influence the approach to learning a foreign language.

One of the main consequences of the globalization process of education is the mobility of students between different countries. It is vital for the success of mobility programs that the work done by a student could be easily accredited in other countries. Calculation of equivalences is also crucial in any competitive process in which one has to compare average scores across all candidates. This paper presents a general method to translate scores based on the percentile distribution of grades achieved by students in the different countries. The objective is to provide a tool to assess a student's academic record regardless of the evaluation system, avoiding imbalances in student scores from different countries. The method is illustrated with an application, where equivalences are obtained between two different grade systems. The question of whether areas of knowledge should be considered is also addressed. This method could be easily extended to any country where information about distribution of grades is available.

Due to globalization, Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) are increasingly taking into consideration the international market as SMEs have a strong role in enhancing the countries’ employment and socio economic development. Most studies focused on factors stimulating current exporters’ initiation, development or sustainment of exports, largely neglecting the effect of stimulating factors on non-exporters behaviour that do not export at all and remain inactive. Empirical results indicate that the influential factors to determine the intention of non-exporting SMEs to export are the firms’ specific intangible resources. The paper analyzes four factors that play role on export intention of non-exporting SMEs in developing countries namely human capital, organizational capital, technological capital, and social capital. By adopting the RBV framework, it extends the current export marketing literature and simultaneously it also offers useful guidelines to encourage the non-exporters especially among the small and medium firms to internationalize.

The globalization and the development of the economy as a process enable the creation of a single market and in this process logistics is an important tool. A market with well-organized logistics and supply chain management facilities has a qualified advantage over other economies, whereas improving logistics infrastructure may serve as a competitive tool and is also effective in rising market share. More than a few studies show that the small and medium sized enterprises (SME) are working on these improvements. Moreover, we believe that trade logistics and supply chain management are needed by emerging countries in order to improve their competitiveness as by obtaining the advantages of globalization they will be able to address shortage issues more efficiently in the entire world. The success in combining international supply chains starts with the capability of companies to move goods across borders faster, in a more consistent manner and cheaper. The Romanian economy aims to join worldwide trends and development, rather than successively joining the Romanian market to the European one and then towards the world market. This paper aims to investigate how logistics can be considered as a tool for developing the activity of small and medium sized Romanian enterprises that in turn will enhance the good organization of the business and create an additional business chance.

The increased competition between territories following the globalization of the market economy of the last three decades is accompanied by a change in policy for the development of peripheral and marginal areas, where local specificities become potential resources for the local development of virtuous, integrated and sustainable paths. Particularly influential in this change is the paradigm of local development. Local contexts produce tangible and intangible assets which, if properly exploited, can generate external economies which would be of useful action for firms in the territory. The paper focuses on regional marketing and regional tourism and offer management of community type activities (in negotiated or participated government models) illustrating a governance model through the interpretation of requirements and expectations of all local tourist destination stakeholders. It knows how to implement a policy of sharing decisions with all the actors of the network, which is essential for the planning and the promoting of an integrated tourist offer.

There is an urgent call for higher education institutions to be well equipped with an well-defined and implanted globalisation strategy to tap and provide useful and simple planning tools to utilise global resources effectively. This paper seeks to investigate the problem of how and why Cape Peninsula University of Technology (CPUT) from South Africa has responded to globalisation within the context of its strategic planning and its local, regional, national and global roles and responsibilities.

The authors of the paper describe the features of foreign direct investment (FDI) as one of the driving forces of globalization, and its most prominent manifestation. Discussion on the causal and consequential interrelations of globalization factors leads to the clear distinction of an assessment of globalization level and evaluation of the impact of globalization on economic development. Proposed selected indicators enable to carry out a complex assessment of the level of economic globalization considering FDI factor. An analysis of selected FDI indicators for assessment of the level of globalization of a small open country is carried out in a case of Lithuanian economy. The results of the study indicate the high level of globalization and dependence of Lithuanian economy on foreign capital. The level of globalization of a small open country is more affected on inward FDI in comparison with outward investment.

The process of globalization of the economy that has been made in recent years, requires a new perspective on the development of enterprises and a more professional management of these entities. Therefore, the concept of competitiveness has become particularly important for companies and at the same time also quite popular among entrepreneurs, managers and business organizations. The paper presents a variety of approaches to the competitiveness of enterprises in the current state of art, an integrated model of competitiveness of the company, verification the relationships between the elements of an integrated model of competitiveness of the company using a sample of 992 enterprise from Poland, Czech Republic and Slovakia.

The paper examines the linguistic cultural landscape of three European cities: Paris (France), Berlin (Germany) and Kazan (the Republic of Tatarstan, Russian Federation). The subject of the analysis is the impact of the English language as an international communication agent on the development of the linguistic landscape in these cities. Each of these capital cities has its own language policy that aims at preserving their unique national heritage: language and culture. The Republic of Tatarstan is twice-challenged as there are two official languages in the region – Russian and Tatar, both carefully preserved. However, the process of globalization affects the development of each European country; and the role of English in the linguistic landscape development is becoming increasingly important. This is reflected in the names of companies, shops, cafes and other ergonyms. Here linguists meet the challenge of the correct translation of the borrowed lexical units. The research seeks to facilitate and improve the translation accuracy of ergonyms by adapting the experience of other cities. The findings of the authors contributed not only to the extension of the corpus of ergonyms, particularly those originating from the English language but first and foremost to the promotion of the positive international image the city of Kazan. This predominately comparative study made it possible to collect and critically analyze best practices of preservation and promotion the native language and culture in France, Germany and Russia to adopt them in Kazan, which aims to become an integral part of Europe.

The paper addresses the problem of reexamining the identification of the contemporary Russian university in connection with its new corporate tendencies. We propose to see in corporatism and corporate culture of the university its value-oriented, spiritually-moral meaning that ensures ethical norms of human behavior in the network society. Seen from this perspective, corporate culture does not contradict the professional university culture, and appears to be necessary for training graduates and professionals who are capable of answering the challenges of the contemporary professional world.

Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) are powerhouse of growth, jobs and backbone to the nursery of entrepreneurship globally. These are universally acknowledged as major contributors to GDP and even larger contributors to exports and employment and play a crucial role in the Socio-economic profile of nations. In developing countries, more than 90 per cent of all firms outside the agricultural sector are SME's and micro enterprises, generating a significant portion of GDP. This paper would dwell upon the opportunities and challenges for SME's internationalization, their Policy framework, Finance and Market access along with Socio-Cultural Norms with special perspective to Agrobased and Biotech led SME's. Among major problem identified are absence of adequate and timely banking finance, limited capital, access to international market and knowledge management. SME's play a critical role in the economic and social development of emerging markets and their role needs to be strengthened further in view of their contribution towards fostering equitable growth and employment generation. It is imperative to enhance SME's competitiveness, which requires the creation of enabling legal, regulatory and administrative environment, access to finance and capable institutional structures and most importantly, human capital. In order to transform SME's as an agent of reverse Globalisation, Innovation in processes and Policy is imperative. SME's must embrace global changes in cultural norms so that they can survive and find a place for themselves in the global competitive environment. The most important change needed is in the attitude of the stake holders and the mindset of the institutions which are engaged in the task of small enterprise development. Efforts should be made to take full advantage of opportunities made available by globalization. This is possible only through enhancing efficiency and taking financial literacy on mission model

Cultural heritage, as an evolving pattern of human interaction, vitalizes members of society. And in our present day world where globalization plays a major role, cultural studies, rather than adherence to literary studies, have gained significance. Thus there has been a trend to shift from traditional literary studies to cultural studies, which takes us to the concept around which this paper is formed. The novel Tales from the Expat Harem: Foreign Women in Modern Turkey by Anastasia Ashman and Jennifer Eaton Gokmen was used and students were asked to write briefly what they learned about the Turkish culture, and their overall views on the book. Interestingly enough, almost all of them believed the book exposed them to a culture they had no prior knowledge about, and a good number of them thought they should follow the footsteps of the expats and immerse themselves in new cultures.

The paper offers reexamination of educational methodology, policy and practice under the influence of globalization. Undertaken content-analysis research of Compare journal articles (2003-2014) is focused on the investigation of emergence of the latest thematic fields and conceptualizations, principles, methods and research models. The study results are visualized in the form of bar charts and graphs that clearly illustrate the formation of new methodologically significant tendencies appearing in pedagogy/education in the era of globalization.

According to general acceptation, territorial pact is a contract between a different country's level of government (local, regional, national), a formalized local partnership on different market. This contract represents the relationship between governance and widespread participation of different social group, for different objectives (economic, social, and cultural). In the context of an enlarged European Union and Strategy 2020, cultural/natural heritage plays an important and clear role in at least four initiatives: innovation union, the digital agenda, and an industrial policy for the globalisation era and an agenda for new skills and jobs. The one important instrument for sustain these initiatives is territorial pact, also, a new mode of governance in European Union.This paper presents the general specification concerning to relation between heritage and territorial pacts in context of Europe 2020.