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Taking current situation of energy regarding winter heating and study on heating as an example, this paper is based on field measurement, investigation and study, discussing the current energy consumption and usage of winter heating of rural areas in Shandong Province, China. The paper reveals that the most regions in Shandong are utilizing furnaces to keep warming which is a relatively primitive method. Most of villagers are satisfied with the indoor environment although this is not the case, which is contributed by the farmers’ strong passive adaptability. With the constant improvement in living standard of Shandong rural people, simultaneously, energy quality and quantity are required higher and higher. Traditional biomass energy cannot meet their needs. Therefore, more effective and cleaner energy are necessary for them to advance daily living quality and level. The heating measure that will save more energy should be adopted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper made an actual investigation and survey surrounding the amount of hospital buildings in Shandong and energy consumption. At the same time, it gave a detailed analysis in terms of one certain hospital building in Jinan. In the aspect of amount of hospital buildings, the paper had a demonstration or analysis from these angles including the classification, rank, economic type, beds’ amount and floorage about hospital. And get a conclusion that now the main point to save energy in Shandong is general hospital and special hospital of pubic hospital where the tertiary hospital is the first and secondary hospital and the following is the second. In the aspect of the survey of energy consumption on hospital buildings, make a quota of hospital buildings’ energy consumption according to the investigated data, economy of every city and the feature to use energy of every city and so on. The paper carried out a field test of energy consumption, an evaluation of energy consumption and an analysis to energy conservation and made an estimation in allusion to the potential to save energy aiming at an actual hospital belonging to secondary hospital of general hospital in Jinan on the basis of obtained conclusions and quota. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As an important part of green eco-community planning, reasonable community energy planning requires accurate community load prediction. Hence, this paper focuses on the method of community load prediction. Given that community energy planning has great uncertainty and forward-looking requirements, this paper proposes an integrated method of buildings load prediction, which combines building simulation and scenario analysis. We apply scenario analysis to avoid simply adding up the loads which leads to overestimation. Establishment and calibration of the prototypical models are carried out. Using the proposed method, a case study is conducted to predict the cooling and heating load of a CBD in Shanghai. The results show that the energy system operates at relatively low efficiency and adjustment of area ratio of different building types is suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Within many industries there is a constant drive to reduce environmental impact and energy costs thereby ensuring maximum energy re-use. Within the iron and steel industry the ironmaking processes are acknowledged to be the focus area when the topic of energy saving arises. A lot of attention has been applied to the ironmaking processes with regards to environment and energy saving, with established technologies being in place to reach these goals such that the process per se, is now at or very close to theoretical limits. The following areas of the blast furnace process are currently the focus of Primetals activity with regards the target to further improve energy saving with incremental improvements: • Flue gas recycling within blast furnace stoves • MERIM dry gas cleaning process • Dry slag granulation including heat recovery This paper will present the concepts and latest status of the above technologies. The paper will review the progress to date of these development activities and thus present ideas on options for energy saving and re-use within the ironmaking system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents an overview of adaptable envelopes and shading systems applied in contemporary architecture; it offers a study of different design approaches and a brief analysis of exemplifying case studies. The aim of the research is the gathering of built examples relevant to outlining a state of the arts of adaptive façade systems and also understanding their environmental performances. Nowadays two different trends emerge in building development. On the one side the new challenge is given by the possibility to reconfigure the new spaces following environmental changes and users needs, while on the other the focus is on the increase of efficiency and the optimisation of materials for reducing energy consumptions in constructions. The building envelope is the primary subsystem through which external conditions and environmental changes can be regulated and therefore acquires great relevance in the development of new approaches to sustainable building solutions. In this review paper several examples are shown and compared, understanding the search for dynamics applied in architecture and the effectiveness from an environmental sustainability point of view. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A large number of ongoing research programs are looking into the implementation of Building Information Modelling (BIM) platforms to optimize design and construction processes. BIM based tools (e.g., Bentley AECOsim Building Designer, Tekla Structures, Autodesk Revit's Architecture, Structure, MEP, and Navisworks) can handle numerous types of data input (e.g., 3-D design, energy models, schedules, cost estimates) and offer rigorous simulation and visualization options in an integrated manner allowing engineers and contractors to track and control their projects effectively. A similar set of research projects are investigating the use of sustainability principles (e.g., waste reduction, energy savings, healthy indoor environment) to optimize the management of projects throughout design and construction. The link between BIM and sustainability has been flagged in the literature especially in energy-driven retrofits. Nonetheless, the application of BIM to retrofit existing buildings faces challenges which could be due to the multi-disciplinary nature of information exchange, the timeliness of the exchange, and the wide array of technological components that are needed to ensure an optimal exchange. This paper describes, through a critical review of the literature, the areas which are mostly covered under BIM and sustainability. The purpose of this paper is to examine the overlap between the two topics where BIM offers a platform for reducing energy consumption in existing buildings. Finally, a research agenda on enhancing the role of BIM in energy-driven renovations is proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tanks have always played a crucial role in urban water distribution systems. With well known advantages (as to guarantee reserves for emergencies) they are widely used. But they present, as well, inconveniences such as their contribution to a higher water age and are, as will be seen, energy-hungry. This paper introduces an indicator to assess energy savings of direct water supply (without head tanks) with regard to the traditional indirect one (throughout head tanks). Furthermore a case study is presented showing the reliability of this indicator. The paper concludes with an economic comparison of both strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thermal actions on structures is complex phenomenon that is dependent from numerous parameters and therefore in the codes for structural design thermal actions are defined by using simple method, temperature profile is dividing on uniform temperature component and temperature difference component. General principles and codes for design buildings on thermal actions according with Eurocode EN 1991-1-5 will be presented in this paper. Also, this paper represents a way of defining the thermal actions on buildings and nationally determined parameters which are adopted in the draft version of Montenegrin National Annex of EN 1991-1-5. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present world where there is an exponential increase in the energy crisis, it becomes an immediate necessity for the people to conserve energy. Manufacturing using foundries is a well established process in practice throughout the world. More than 50% of the energy consumed by the foundries is spent in melting the raw materials [18] and this energy goes waste when the molten metal solidifies in sand moulds. In this paper a novel idea is suggested where the heat released on the solidification of molten metal is used to preheat the raw materials. The experiment was done using aluminium and also with cast iron and the results were obtained. This heat recovering capacity was found to vary when the raw materials were insulated and also with the water moisture present in the casting sand. An exhaustive analysis on varying moisture contents was done and the temperature gaining time for the raw materials in each case of moisture levels was obtained. All these experiments clearly showed a considerable conservation of energy of about 10% - 20% of the required melting energy. This when practiced throughout the country it can conserve a large amount of energy which is mentioned in the paper in detail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the increase of mine depth, the ventilation is facing great challenges. This paper firstly elaborates the research and status quo of controlled circulating ventilation at home and aboard, and then analyzes its operational principles and introduces application development of the technology in Hongtoushan copper mine. The paper argues that this technology can effectively tackle the problem of ventilation in deep mining and improve the working condition of deep mining by saving energy and reducing consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the increase of mine depth, the ventilation is facing great challenges. This paper firstly elaborates the research and status quo of controlled circulating ventilation at home and aboard, and then analyzes its operational principles and introduces application development of the technology in Hongtoushan copper mine. The paper argues that this technology can effectively tackle the problem of ventilation in deep mining and improve the working condition of deep mining by saving energy and reducing consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non-quenched and tempered steel has excellent properties, and the production process of it is energy-saving, low-cost and eco-friendly. With these advantages, non-quenched and tempered steel attracts more attentions and has been widely used in recent years. Existing non-quenched and tempered micro alloyed steel is roughly divided into three categories: ferrite-pearl steel, bainite steel and martensitic steel. The strength and toughness of bainite steel is better than ferrite-pearlite steel, but less research of bainite steel has been done, especially its rolling process. In this paper, the effect of finish rolling temperature on the microstructure and properties of bainite non-quenched and tempered steel is studied. The results show that with different finish rolling temperature, the mechanical property of bainite steel has distinctions, along with the phase composition, the morphology and distribution of lath bainite, the amount of retained austenite, the difference between grain boundary orientations, recovery and recrystallization phenomena, and phase relation of lath bainite and parent phase. When finish rolling temperature is high (870°C), the ductility and toughness of bainite steel sample is better than others while the strength is lower. The amount of lath bainite is about 85%, which is the highest among the samples, and the width of lath bainite is small. With finish rolling temperature decreases, the strength of bainite steel sample increases at the cost of toughness. The diffusion of carbon atoms is slowed down due to the lower temperature, and as a result, the stability of austenite decreases, and martensite phase transformation occurs in the following cooling process. The portion of high-angle grain boundaries decreases as the finish rolling temperature decreases, while the phase relation of lath bainite and parent phase remains the same. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metal forming often draws upon cutting or machining operations to produce the final part geometry. Both in sheet and in bulk metal forming, a large amount of scrap is produced by the limited capability of metal forming processes for net-shape production. Additive manufacturing, in contrast, enables the production of complex components with only little requirements for finishing operations. Its drawbacks, however, are the low productivity, the limited part size and the high energy consumption for powder production and melting during manufacturing. This paper explores the potential of combining metal forming and additive manufacturing to new process chains from the viewpoint of energy consumption. The production of load-adapted, locally reinforced sheet metal parts of Aluminium alloys is considered. The energy requirements for metal forming, additive manufacturing and the combination of both processes are compared. Powder production from primary and secondary Aluminium is regarded. 54 powder-producing companies were identified, 11 of which offer Aluminium powder material. So far, only a single company produces Aluminium powder from secondary Aluminium. It is shown that the process combination of metal forming and additive manufacturing may enable substantial energy savings for powder produced from secondary Aluminium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is devoted to the topical issue of the effiicient use of thermal energy when heating buildings. It is known that fuel and heat economy in the process of building heating is possible under energy efficient control of thermal condition of buildings. Energy efficient regulation of heating system, in particular heating, is possible only based on a mathematical model that describes thermal condition of a building with a high degree of reliability. In this paper, a mathematical model of thermal condition of a building is constructed, and the results of its parametric identification are given. The resulting model adequately describes the thermal condition of a building, and it is well “tunable” over the regulation object, allowing for future maintaining of energy-saving and comfortable control of indoor climate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The moisture buffer effect of building materials may have great influence on indoor hygrothermal environment. In order to characterize the moisture buffering ability of materials, the basic concept of moisture buffer value (MBV) is adopted. Firstly, a theoretical correction factor is introduced in this paper. The moisture uptake/release by hygroscopic materials can be calculated with the factor and the basic MBV. Furthermore, the validation of the correction factor is carried out. The impact of moisture buffering on indoor environment is assessed by using numerical simulations. The results show that the application of hygroscopic materials with large MBV values could reduce the fluctuation of indoor relative humidity, thus decreasing the energy demand for dehumification. The potential energy saving rate of the test building in temperate climates and semi-arid climates could be up to 25-30%. Finally, the relationship between MBV and potential energy saving rate is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, mathematical models of heat exchanger and valve are established according to energy conservation equation and mass conservation equation. MATLAB/Simulink is used as a platform based on the mathematical models to establish simulation model of surface air cooler with bypass valve system including heat exchanger, nonlinear air and water valve. The performance simulation of surface air cooler is hereby carried out under the conditions of variable status of air and water flow rate on the basis of unstable state. As is shown in results while the water flow rate doubles, the outlet temperature of water declined by 25%, and air by less than 50%. Meanwhile with air flow rate less than its half capacity, the outlet temperature of air would raise by 20%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the rapid development of Internet communication business, the issues related to the space, efficiency and energy consumption of data center are increasingly attracting more attentions. Because the modular air conditioning system has the advantages of quick construction, easy replication, rapid deployment, flexible scalability, high cooling efficiently, it has become a way to solve the bottleneck problem of traditional data center. In this paper, a data center being equipped with modular air conditioning system in Tianjin is taken as an example to analyze the energy and electricity saving and the characteristics of deployment by steps. The practice of this example shows the feasibility and prospects of applying modular air conditioning system in data center. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are many factors affecting the performance of counter flow cooling towers, the air water ratio λ has a great influence on thermodynamic calculation and the performance of cooling tower in operation. At the standard operating conditions, λ=0.76 can meet the requirements of a counter flow cooling tower which the cooling water flow rate at 100T/h. With λ increases gradually, the outlet temperature of the cooling tower gradually declines in a slower and slower way. With the wet bulb temperature increases, the outlet temperature of cooling water increases gradually while the cooling efficiency is rising. This paper illustrates the value of λ varies with meteorological parameters of Jinan in July 2016 which meet the requirement of outlet water temperature at the same range of temperature. In the case of different meteorological parameters, the variations of λ are rather large. In operation, adopting the converter fan to change the air flow rate, we can realize energy conservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chinese solar greenhouse (CSG) is an energy saving production building that used to grow vegetables in winter. The north wall of CSG plays an important role concerning the vegetable production without additional heating during the winter months. This paper studies a north wall of a CSG which is built with three layers, the phase-change material wallboard/the block brick /the insulation board. To determine the optimum thickness of the three-layer wall for passive solar heating, a solar greenhouse model is constructed by Energy Plus v8.6 to study the dynamic heat storage/release characteristics of the wall and develop methods to estimate its thickness. The results show that the optimum thicknesses of the phase-change material wallboard, the block brick and the insulation board of the expanded polystyrene in Beijing are about 50 mm, 620 mm and 60 mm, respectively. The results can provide reference for the optimization design and thermal performance analysis of solar greenhouse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the characteristics of heat production and quantity of heat production of personnel flow in the train station of Shenyang city. It overviews the energy-saving method for waste heat recovery from the exhaust vent. In this article, the advantages and disadvantages of various heat recovery devices are listed. Comparing the applicability and efficiency of these heat recovery devices by the numerical calculation method, the way of recovering exhaust heat by heat pipe and heat pump combined heat recovery unit is more efficient and energy-saving. Heat pipe exchanger has high heat efficiency and can avoid cross contamination effectively. The combination of the heat pipe exchanger and the heat pump ensure the efficiency of heat transfer while improving operational reliability. This provides theoretical and experimental basis for the future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In summer, a large amount of heat is transfer from outdoor circumstance into indoor space through building external wall in tropical and subtropical zones and much energy was consumed to remove the surplus heat to maintain a comfortable indoor environment. In order to save energy, a concept of evaporative wall was presented in this paper. The structure and principle of evaporative wall was described. To investigate the energy saving potential of evaporative wall, a mathematical model was developed. With the climatic design information of Guangzhou, the cooling load temperature (CLT) and cooling load per unit wall area of evaporative wall were computed by using the model developed. It was found that the CLT of evaporative wall is 5~7℃ lower than that of dry wall. A cooling load reduction of 83%~93% can be achieved by evaporative wall compared with dry wall. In addition, evaporative wall has the ability to reduce the hourly swing of CLT and cooling load. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Window-wall ratio (WWR) is one of the key energy-saving design parameters affecting the energy consumption of nearly zero energy building (NZEB) in severe cold regions. The analysis and optimization of WWR is an important way to achieve nearly zero energy consumption. This paper takes one typical NZEB in severe cold area of Shenyang city as model. The influence of different orientations’ WWR on energy consumption of NZEB was studied finally through the simulation method of dual energy consumption influence factors with a single variable, and the simulation software of EnergyPlus. The results showed that: the greater impact of different orientations’ WWR on energy consumption order is east (west) > south > north; the most energy-efficient east (west) WWR for NZEB in severe cold area is between 10%-15%, south WWR is between 10%-22.5%, north WWR should be appropriately reduced when the lighting and ventilation conditions allowed it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the concept of energy conservation are popular, that develop building wall is the current construction industry trends. The establishing of wall material evaluation system is important to save the energy consumption of building. The paper review the research status and existing problems of wall material evaluation system, and forecast development direction of wall material evaluation system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the more and more extensive application of jet pump in heating system, the research of jet pump is becoming more and more important. This paper studies the occasions of jet pump in the heating system and takes a heating pipe network of Ji’nan city as an example to analyze the energy saving effect of jet pump, the jet pump has obtained good economic benefit and energy saving application in heating system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hybrid Ground Source Heat Pump (HGSHP) system has been widely used for mitigating the heat accumulation problem of conventional GSHP systems. This paper proposes a wet-bulb temperature-based control method for a HGSHP system which comprises a GSHP and a conventional water-cooled chiller (WCC) by using a cooling tower. With this method, the operation priority between the GSHP and the water-cooled chiller is determined according to the outdoor web-bulb temperature. A TRNSYS platform of the system is developed and simulations are carried out to investigate the system performance under the proposed control method. Meanwhile, simulations with two other control methods (reference methods), i.e., the GSHP-prioritized method and WCC-prioritized method, are also conducted. The study results show that the proposed control method has obvious advantage in controlling the heat balance of the ground source heat exchangers, and at the meantime no more energy is consumed when compared with the two reference control methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photovoltaic shading systems which can act as power generators and external shading devices in buildings have been widely used in recent years. In order to obtain the optimum tilt angles of photovoltaic shading systems in China, this paper develops a simulation model for PV shading systems based on EnergyPlus. Five cities, viz. Harbin, Beijing, Changsha, Kunming, and Guangzhou, are selected as representative cities for different climatic regions in this study. The annual and monthly optimum tilt angles of PV shading systems are investigated and analyzed for maximizing electricity generation and minimizing net energy consumption. The results show that PV shading panels installed with monthly optimum tilt angles are superior to those installed with annual optimum tilt angles. Moreover, PV panels mounted in the south orientation have larger energy-saving potential than those mounted in the east and west for all climatic regions. The conclusions of this study provide a theoretical basis for PV shading systems’ design and installation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are a large quantity of low grade waste heat which is generally less than 90℃ in some industrial plants. How to efficiently utilize this part of heat during the nonheating season has become an interesting and significant research topic during the last decade. In this study, a simulation model of an organic rankine cycle (ORC) power generation system is developed. Using the waste water of a steel mill as the heat source of the ORC system, the most efficient available working medium named R245fa is found under the designed working condition. The influence of the temperature variation of the heat source on the performance of the entire system is also investigated in this paper. The result shows that the electric power output and the system thermal efficiency can be increased with the increase of the heat source temperature. According to the analysis of this investigation, when the heating temperature increases from 70 ℃ to 90 ℃, the electric power increases from 212KW to 805KW and the thermal efficiency increases from 2.14% to 7.76%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduces three methods of energy saving in the application of the full fresh air dehumidifier. Condensing heat recovery, cold recovery of condensed water, fresh air heat and cold recovery. Condensation heat recovery technology is relatively mature, and its development trend is combined with other energy-saving methods. It is feasible to use condensation water recycling to save energy, and in the eastern and southern parts of the energy saving effect is better. Adopting the plate heat exchanger or heat pipe heat exchanger to carry out the fresh air hot and cold recovery can reduce the cooling load 20%~30% of the refrigeration system and improve the dehumidifying capacity unit energy consumption of the full fresh air dehumidifier 15% or more. This kind of recycling has great energy saving potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is a fact nowadays that urban air pollution in many locations has reached and maintains unacceptable levels. Because of this the use of enhanced air filtration in HVAC design specifications is no longer a luxury but a necessity. The time when code minimum filtration could be used is quickly disappearing and multistage air filtration systems are now required to protect the health, well-being, and productivity of the building occupants. Transforming investments in enhanced air filtration into capital equipment and ongoing energy savings can be realized when using the IAQ Procedure (IAQP) of ASHRAE Standard 62.1. With notable trends toward high-rise commercial and residential buildings, employing the IAQP as a design basic for HVAC systems can easily achieve the dual benefits of achieving energy savings by reducing the amount of outdoor ventilation air and achieving significantly improved indoor air quality by direct control of pollutants. The use of the IAQP can also be used in buildings seeking LEED or similar certifications by qualifying for credits under IAQ, energy conservation, design innovation, and other categories. This paper will discuss the IAQP and provide examples of the application of enhanced filtration as a replacement for ventilation air in locations with significant ambient air pollution and the resulting energy savings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the development of living standards and energy conservation awareness, people pay more and more attention to the building energy saving and evaluation of building thermal performance. This paper deals with the effect of the thickness of wall on natural convection heat transfer with thermal radiation in a building room with porous medium envelope. The governing equations for the momentum and heat transfer in both free fluid and porous medium were solved by the finite element method. Comparisons with experimental and numerical results in the literature have been carried out. Effects of the thickness of wall on natural convection and heat transfer in both free fluid and porous medium were analyzed. It was found that The Nu c at the interface decrease with increase of thickness of porous media until d ≤0.25, and there is no change in Nu c as d is further increased. When d reaches a certain value, the flow field and the temperature field won’t change as d increases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy planning is important for development areas in need of new energy distribution systems. However, the current energy planning still lacks effective data support and necessary assessment, and the energy load is usually overestimated by using the static load index meth-od or dynamic building energy load simulation, which leads to big equipment capacity at the design stage and high energy consumption during the operation stage. There is an urgent need to use real data to support the energy load estimation for energy planning. In this paper, a new model is described that produces heating and cooling load profiles for building categories based on monitoring data. The method is based on simultaneous metered delivered energy on hourly basis as well as background information of the metered buildings. The five-parameter model considering the relationships between energy and mean outside temperature were developed. The electricity consumption data routinely collected from over fifty campus buildings was selected for case study. The proposed model is used to estimate the energy loads for the selected campus region for case study, which are proven accurate with the difference of less than 5% of the monitoring result. This study provides a new procedure to estimate heating and cooling load for energy planning for community energy planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the development of population expansion, education sector is growing drastically. These schools have more and more students and teachers; they will consume tremendous quantities of energy units. It so much energy been consumed that more waste been emitted can cause environmental pollution; this paper discuss how energy be saved through the use of The Smart Power-saving Monitor-controller system. In this system one method of dynamic and stationary human detection have been invented by us, the method can accurately detect dynamic and stationary human in room, in this way low-cost saving-energy controller can be made. The Smart Power-saving Monitor-controller system can real-time monitoring the consumption of the electrical energy and manage energy in schools. For example, when people are in the indoor, air conditioners operating mode, but when no one is in the room, the equipment is shut down automatically; The purpose of the system is mostly to facilitate the saving of the energy by taking energy efficiency measures like appropriate timing of the appliance usage. This system has highest saving effects of 30% in Shandong Jianzhu University. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In some areas in our country, the thermal efficiencies of small units of co-generation of heat and power are low, and the effects of saving energy are not satisfying．The paper takes a heat-supplying plant（12MW）as an example to analyze and calculate small units of co-generation of heat and power in winner and summer, and gets the thermal efficiencies and capability parameters of each part of the system.. Through the comparison of the calculation results of each month condition of whole year, the article presents the relation between the efficiency of CHP unit and the variation of thermal load, it also advances measures to improve the thermal efficiency and the styles of concentrative heating of small co-generation unit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the urgent demand of China’s emission reduction and air haze control, this study aims to relieve the conventional energy consumption and environmental air pollution problems generated during heating period in China. Combined with the low power supply efficiency and big contradiction between power supply as well as demand status of power supply system, the present paper innovatively combined the renewable shallow geothermal energy with the energy-saving demand side power management concept, and proposed a hybrid source heating mode with the ground coupled heat pump as the main heat source, the valley electricity as the supplemental heat source, and the floor radiation pipes as the terminal form. The life cycle cost of proposed hybrid source heating mode is simulated and compared with traditional heating modes. Results indicate the hybrid source heating mode can make positive contribution to the sustainable development and urbanization construction of north China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Applying cascade air source heat pumps (CASHPs) in colder areas is a promising option to encourage a wider application of air source heat pumps (ASHPs) due to their advantage of a higher energy efficiency. When CASHPs are operated in heating mode, frosting/defrosting has been problematic. This paper proposed a novel thermal energy storage (TES) based reverse cycle defrosting method for CASHPs which can provide heat to defrosting and continuously supply heat to the indoor space. The comparative experiments on its operating performances was carried out by comparing standard hot gas by-pass defrosting method. The test results suggested that when using the TES based reverse cycle defrosting method, defrosting duration was shortened by ~64.3%, and defrosting energy consumption reduced by ~30.3%, as compared to those when using the standard hot gas by-pass defrosting method, and ~60% of the normal heating capacity can be provided to the indoor space during defrosting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Engineering blasting is considered the most economical means of rock fragmentation. The explosive energy utilization is limited to 7% to 22% for fracturing and fragmentation though. The rest of energy components manifests itself into deleterious effects of engineering blasting, namely – noise, air overpressure, ground vibrations, etc. It has been established that proper application of air-decking and stemming plugs may enhance explosive energy utilization to a good extent. This paper substantiates this fact wherein distinct explosive energy utilization enhancement has been achieved with the combination of air-decking and stemming plug. The stemming plug used has acronym as, SPARSH (Stemming Plug Augmenting Resistance to Stemming in Holes) and it is perhaps the only available device which can effectively be used with air-decking. Further, SPARSH doesn’t restrict the type of stemming material and stemming length. This is a significant advancement in the engineering blasting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Producing materials causes about 25% of all anthropogenic CO 2 emissions. Reshaping could be one of the most efficient strategy to foster material reuse and lower the environmental impact due to material production. Sheet metal forming processes can be applied to reshape sheet metal based component. This research field is still almost unexplored and the actual environmental impact saving potential has not been quantified. The present paper aims at starting to cover this research gap, a modeling effort to quantify the environmental impact saving of reshaping is proposed. Primary energy demand for conventional recycling and reshaping are quantified and compared. Primary energy savings obtainable for an aluminum hood reshaping for different production scenarios are quantified. Results reveals that reshaping could lead to significant energy saving with respect to conventional recycling route based on remelting. The present research is a first step to explore advantages and disadvantages of reshaping processes and to understand actual applicability of such a material reuse approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Straw is an agricultural byproduct of the harvest of crop plants and one of the most significant biomass resources. It is considered a non-hazardous material, environmentally harmless and not dangerous for human health. In spite of this, straw still represents a big problem because requires disposal solutions. Nowadays, traditional field burning is no longer accepted, so other solutions must be found. The most attractive is the recovery of the straw energetic potential. In this view, an interesting solution consisting in a straw fueled power system with hot air turbine and based on a semi-closed cycle is presented in the paper. The study is focused on parametric optimization of the system in order to get maximum performance, which is described by output power, thermal efficiency, fuel consumption and specific fuel consumption. Influence of the compression ratio and air mass flow distribution over the performance of the power system is analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ultra-efficient motor is a national energy-saving projects to promote the new products, in accordance with the traditional design ideas, we must increase the consumption of effective materials in exchange for the improvement of motor efficiency. In this paper, starting from the analysis of motor loss, to explore the design and production of ultra-efficient motor method. Based on the idea of reducing the rotor resistance to improve the motor efficiency and improve the motor load performance, a new method of reducing the resistivity of cast aluminum by boron-aluminum alloy is proposed,The test data of ordinary cast aluminum and boron aluminum alloy spline resistance are given,and the comparison of the main technical parameters and the load efficiency curves of the super-efficient motors produced by different rotor casting processes. The results show that the ultra efficient motors by boron-aluminum alloy rotor production, the main technical performance is far better than the common cast aluminum rotor ultra-efficient motors, some better than the cast copper rotor motor. It is an ultra- efficient motor production process with high performance price ratio. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The inadequate coverage of energy needs in the residential sector, known as energy poverty, is a primary socio-economic problem, worldwide. Especially in Greece, under the pressure of the recent economic crisis, households face serious difficulties in meeting sufficiently their energy needs. We will show that one long-term way to minimize energy consumption, and therefore, tackle energy poverty, is the turn to underground constructions. Although underground built space can offer important benefits in terms of energy demand and consumption, underground residences have been largely regarded as unusual, far from the common residence type. However, in Greece and especially in Greek islands, underground residences have been often used in order to deal with extreme heat, during summer. Moreover, since 2012, underground constructions have been introduced as a special residence type by the Greek building regulation, thus facilitating the expansion of such practice. In this paper, the benefits of an underground residence in terms of energy poverty are being examined. More specifically, energy consumption required to achieve desired energy standards is calculated both for an earth-sheltered and an aboveground residence of similar characteristics in Greece. In this way, an indicative energy poverty ratio is calculated for the two residence types. The different climatic conditions throughout the country have been taken into consideration, by examining different Climatic zones. The findings show lower energy poverty ratios in the case of the underground residence at all climatic zones. In other words, a household living in an underground dwelling can more easily meet its energy needs compared to another one living in an aboveground dwelling. Hence, the analysis shows that modern architecture design should more systematically turn to underground constructions, incorporating the advantages of bioclimatic performance and energy savings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to develop a numerical model of transient pipeline operations. The finite volume method (FVM) will be used to solved the energy conservation equations for the pipeline wall and steam. The steam temperature, the temperature of the pipeline wall and thermal stresses can be calculated using the numerical model developed in the paper. This model will be used to simulate the operation of the pipeline during start-up, load changes or shut-down of the boiler. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper deals with issues on the improvement of the refrigeration supply system of a petrochemical enterprise in Western Siberia. Using a low-temperature potential of the environment allows for saving on some productions up to 50% of energy resources. It also describes variants of refrigeration supply schemes using new energy-efficient technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ever increasing global energy demand necessitates the need to enhance energy generation and efficient utilization. As energy prices continue to rise, energy conservation is the prime concern for every industry. Distillation is probably the most studied unit operation in terms of optimization and control. Since distillation columns are major energy-intensive units in chemical plants and given the recent increase in fuel cost, the plant engineers are obliged to find better operating strategies and control systems. One of the significant sections that can be worked upon is finding the optimum feed tray locations of distillation columns. The energy consumptions during distillation can have a strong impact on overall profitability. Hence, the optimization of a column is aimed towards greater production and an increase in quality. Since a column is multivariable system, disturbance in any parameter can affect the overall performance as well as production loss. This paper shows how an acetone manufacturing process can be conveniently simulated first to get temperature, pressure and composition profile followed by application of optimization techniques to enhance performance. It was performed by the means of using a simulator Aspen Plus®. Rebolier heat duty (MW) and minimum reflux ratio were successfully optimized by manipulating feed stage location and number of stages respectively. It was observed that minimum reboiler duty is 40.8 MW when feed is at stage 10 resulting in 98% acetone as distillate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Building envelope thermal conduction is dominant in the cold regions, the thermal performance of the building envelope plays a very important role in reducing building energy consumption. In cold areas, the annual air conditioning heating energy consumption of public buildings, there are about 50% consumed by the heat transfer of building envelope. Therefore, the study on energy saving building envelope is very important. This paper start from the building shape coefficient and the heat transfer coefficient of the building envelope, using DEST energy simulation software to analyze the office building energy consumption. Choosing the typical cold B region Shenyang, establishing the Office model, analysis the influence of office building envelope heat transfer coefficient to indoor equipment energy consumption. Pointing out that the architectural design and planning should try to select the building bottom shape close to a circle or a square, and try to select middle-high-rise buildings to reduce building shape coefficient. Generally, in cold B region the heat transfer coefficient K≤0.5W/m 2 • K, the windows and roofs try to select low heat transfer coefficient material, by reducing the heat transfer coefficient to achieve an insulating effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Combined cooling, heating, and power (CCHP) system is an effective solution to implement energy-step-utilization, and achieve energy conservation and emissions reduction. In this paper, the energy requirements are obtained by energy consumption simulation on a building and are classified to several subcategories by energy grade of exergy. The CCHP systems include natural gas internal combustion engine, heat recovery system, gas boiler, absorption chiller, and heat exchangers. The economic efficiency, energy efficiency, and environmental benefits are taken in account to establish a multi-objective evaluation methodology. According the energy balance principle, an integrated optimization model of CCHP system is established by the means of non-liner programming (NLP). The optimization model will automatic match the energy demands’ grade and the result will show the capacity of all the equipment and the operation strategy in the whole year. The computational results also prove the integrated optimization method is valid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Taking a dormitory building in Beijing as an example, this paper presents researches about impacts of radiator selection on indoor thermal environment and energy consumption for space heating by using DeST-h software. Simulation results quantitatively indicate the variation of heating effect with radiator type (cast-iron radiator, steel radiator and copper-aluminium radiator), radiator size and water flow rate. Moreover, the negative impact of water flow rate under design value on indoor thermal environment has been highlighted, by which the suggestion to have better understanding about the hydraulic misadjustment degree of heat pipeline has been given. Additionally, cast-iron radiator has been demonstrated to be better than the new type of copper-aluminium radiator in terms of room air temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geothermal systems are becoming increasingly popular during the surge of green building. However, their popularity is limited by a lack of knowledge and perceived risk associated with a new system. These systems do not pollute the environment because they operate from earth's natural energy and do not alter chemical compounds. Geothermal systems are cheaper in the long run because only equipment that uses combustion requires expensive fuel to operate. These savings counteract the higher price of the equipment installation. Energy conservation also benefits society because there is less damage to the environment. Buildings that are sustainable can be recognized with LEED certification but properties that violate environmental standards can be penalized. Geothermal systems are a good option to improve sustainability because it can improve the quality of the work environment and profitability of business. Moderately sized retail building projects that use them are at an advantage compared to those that do not. This paper provides an in depth study of geothermal system for retails stores in Northeastern United States. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geothermal systems are becoming increasingly popular during the surge of green building. However, their popularity is limited by a lack of knowledge and perceived risk associated with a new system. These systems do not pollute the environment because they operate from earth's natural energy and do not alter chemical compounds. Geothermal systems are cheaper in the long run because only equipment that uses combustion requires expensive fuel to operate. These savings counteract the higher price of the equipment installation. Energy conservation also benefits society because there is less damage to the environment. Buildings that are sustainable can be recognized with LEED certification but properties that violate environmental standards can be penalized. Geothermal systems are a good option to improve sustainability because it can improve the quality of the work environment and profitability of business. Moderately sized retail building projects that use them are at an advantage compared to those that do not. This paper provides an in depth study of geothermal system for retails stores in Northeastern United States. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Major sulfuric acid plant producers worldwide have installed MECS® Catalyst since the 1920s. Over the past 90 years, the dedicated Research and Development team at MECS, Inc. (MECS) has evolved catalyst from pellets to energy-saving rings to low-emission cesium-promoted catalyst. As energy savings and environmental concerns create new operational and design challenges for sulfuric acid plants, innovations in catalyst technology provide the solution. This paper will detail the MECS® Catalyst portfolio of vanadium-based and cesium-promoted catalysts for sulfuric acid, including the latest innovations, GEAR® catalyst and improved formulation cesium catalyst. The benefits of lower SO 2 emissions, increased acid production, energy savings, and longer production cycles through utilization of these contemporary catalyst products will be explored. The effective performance of MECS® Catalysts will be highlighted through several case studies that demonstrate low SO 2 emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper considers application of the Conservation Power Plant concept to integrated resource planning and control in metallurgical works. A structure of local energy saving measures is proposed. The researchers have reviewed optimization issues of combined heat and power plants where secondary power resources of metal manufacturing are recovered to upgrade fuel usage efficiency. It serves as the terminal point where the effect of energy saving is realized in decreasing the total consumption of the natural gas as the primary resource. Similar approach can be used for energy saving organization in large-scale industrial complexes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]