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Taking current situation of energy regarding winter heating and study on heating as an example, this paper is based on field measurement, investigation and study, discussing the current energy consumption and usage of winter heating of rural areas in Shandong Province, China. The paper reveals that the most regions in Shandong are utilizing furnaces to keep warming which is a relatively primitive method. Most of villagers are satisfied with the indoor environment although this is not the case, which is contributed by the farmers’ strong passive adaptability. With the constant improvement in living standard of Shandong rural people, simultaneously, energy quality and quantity are required higher and higher. Traditional biomass energy cannot meet their needs. Therefore, more effective and cleaner energy are necessary for them to advance daily living quality and level. The heating measure that will save more energy should be adopted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper made an actual investigation and survey surrounding the amount of hospital buildings in Shandong and energy consumption. At the same time, it gave a detailed analysis in terms of one certain hospital building in Jinan. In the aspect of amount of hospital buildings, the paper had a demonstration or analysis from these angles including the classification, rank, economic type, beds’ amount and floorage about hospital. And get a conclusion that now the main point to save energy in Shandong is general hospital and special hospital of pubic hospital where the tertiary hospital is the first and secondary hospital and the following is the second. In the aspect of the survey of energy consumption on hospital buildings, make a quota of hospital buildings’ energy consumption according to the investigated data, economy of every city and the feature to use energy of every city and so on. The paper carried out a field test of energy consumption, an evaluation of energy consumption and an analysis to energy conservation and made an estimation in allusion to the potential to save energy aiming at an actual hospital belonging to secondary hospital of general hospital in Jinan on the basis of obtained conclusions and quota. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As an important part of green eco-community planning, reasonable community energy planning requires accurate community load prediction. Hence, this paper focuses on the method of community load prediction. Given that community energy planning has great uncertainty and forward-looking requirements, this paper proposes an integrated method of buildings load prediction, which combines building simulation and scenario analysis. We apply scenario analysis to avoid simply adding up the loads which leads to overestimation. Establishment and calibration of the prototypical models are carried out. Using the proposed method, a case study is conducted to predict the cooling and heating load of a CBD in Shanghai. The results show that the energy system operates at relatively low efficiency and adjustment of area ratio of different building types is suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thermal actions on structures is complex phenomenon that is dependent from numerous parameters and therefore in the codes for structural design thermal actions are defined by using simple method, temperature profile is dividing on uniform temperature component and temperature difference component. General principles and codes for design buildings on thermal actions according with Eurocode EN 1991-1-5 will be presented in this paper. Also, this paper represents a way of defining the thermal actions on buildings and nationally determined parameters which are adopted in the draft version of Montenegrin National Annex of EN 1991-1-5. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present world where there is an exponential increase in the energy crisis, it becomes an immediate necessity for the people to conserve energy. Manufacturing using foundries is a well established process in practice throughout the world. More than 50% of the energy consumed by the foundries is spent in melting the raw materials [18] and this energy goes waste when the molten metal solidifies in sand moulds. In this paper a novel idea is suggested where the heat released on the solidification of molten metal is used to preheat the raw materials. The experiment was done using aluminium and also with cast iron and the results were obtained. This heat recovering capacity was found to vary when the raw materials were insulated and also with the water moisture present in the casting sand. An exhaustive analysis on varying moisture contents was done and the temperature gaining time for the raw materials in each case of moisture levels was obtained. All these experiments clearly showed a considerable conservation of energy of about 10% - 20% of the required melting energy. This when practiced throughout the country it can conserve a large amount of energy which is mentioned in the paper in detail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the increase of mine depth, the ventilation is facing great challenges. This paper firstly elaborates the research and status quo of controlled circulating ventilation at home and aboard, and then analyzes its operational principles and introduces application development of the technology in Hongtoushan copper mine. The paper argues that this technology can effectively tackle the problem of ventilation in deep mining and improve the working condition of deep mining by saving energy and reducing consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metal forming often draws upon cutting or machining operations to produce the final part geometry. Both in sheet and in bulk metal forming, a large amount of scrap is produced by the limited capability of metal forming processes for net-shape production. Additive manufacturing, in contrast, enables the production of complex components with only little requirements for finishing operations. Its drawbacks, however, are the low productivity, the limited part size and the high energy consumption for powder production and melting during manufacturing. This paper explores the potential of combining metal forming and additive manufacturing to new process chains from the viewpoint of energy consumption. The production of load-adapted, locally reinforced sheet metal parts of Aluminium alloys is considered. The energy requirements for metal forming, additive manufacturing and the combination of both processes are compared. Powder production from primary and secondary Aluminium is regarded. 54 powder-producing companies were identified, 11 of which offer Aluminium powder material. So far, only a single company produces Aluminium powder from secondary Aluminium. It is shown that the process combination of metal forming and additive manufacturing may enable substantial energy savings for powder produced from secondary Aluminium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the rapid development of Internet communication business, the issues related to the space, efficiency and energy consumption of data center are increasingly attracting more attentions. Because the modular air conditioning system has the advantages of quick construction, easy replication, rapid deployment, flexible scalability, high cooling efficiently, it has become a way to solve the bottleneck problem of traditional data center. In this paper, a data center being equipped with modular air conditioning system in Tianjin is taken as an example to analyze the energy and electricity saving and the characteristics of deployment by steps. The practice of this example shows the feasibility and prospects of applying modular air conditioning system in data center. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the concept of energy conservation are popular, that develop building wall is the current construction industry trends. The establishing of wall material evaluation system is important to save the energy consumption of building. The paper review the research status and existing problems of wall material evaluation system, and forecast development direction of wall material evaluation system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hybrid Ground Source Heat Pump (HGSHP) system has been widely used for mitigating the heat accumulation problem of conventional GSHP systems. This paper proposes a wet-bulb temperature-based control method for a HGSHP system which comprises a GSHP and a conventional water-cooled chiller (WCC) by using a cooling tower. With this method, the operation priority between the GSHP and the water-cooled chiller is determined according to the outdoor web-bulb temperature. A TRNSYS platform of the system is developed and simulations are carried out to investigate the system performance under the proposed control method. Meanwhile, simulations with two other control methods (reference methods), i.e., the GSHP-prioritized method and WCC-prioritized method, are also conducted. The study results show that the proposed control method has obvious advantage in controlling the heat balance of the ground source heat exchangers, and at the meantime no more energy is consumed when compared with the two reference control methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Applying cascade air source heat pumps (CASHPs) in colder areas is a promising option to encourage a wider application of air source heat pumps (ASHPs) due to their advantage of a higher energy efficiency. When CASHPs are operated in heating mode, frosting/defrosting has been problematic. This paper proposed a novel thermal energy storage (TES) based reverse cycle defrosting method for CASHPs which can provide heat to defrosting and continuously supply heat to the indoor space. The comparative experiments on its operating performances was carried out by comparing standard hot gas by-pass defrosting method. The test results suggested that when using the TES based reverse cycle defrosting method, defrosting duration was shortened by ~64.3%, and defrosting energy consumption reduced by ~30.3%, as compared to those when using the standard hot gas by-pass defrosting method, and ~60% of the normal heating capacity can be provided to the indoor space during defrosting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduces three methods of energy saving in the application of the full fresh air dehumidifier. Condensing heat recovery, cold recovery of condensed water, fresh air heat and cold recovery. Condensation heat recovery technology is relatively mature, and its development trend is combined with other energy-saving methods. It is feasible to use condensation water recycling to save energy, and in the eastern and southern parts of the energy saving effect is better. Adopting the plate heat exchanger or heat pipe heat exchanger to carry out the fresh air hot and cold recovery can reduce the cooling load 20%~30% of the refrigeration system and improve the dehumidifying capacity unit energy consumption of the full fresh air dehumidifier 15% or more. This kind of recycling has great energy saving potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is a fact nowadays that urban air pollution in many locations has reached and maintains unacceptable levels. Because of this the use of enhanced air filtration in HVAC design specifications is no longer a luxury but a necessity. The time when code minimum filtration could be used is quickly disappearing and multistage air filtration systems are now required to protect the health, well-being, and productivity of the building occupants. Transforming investments in enhanced air filtration into capital equipment and ongoing energy savings can be realized when using the IAQ Procedure (IAQP) of ASHRAE Standard 62.1. With notable trends toward high-rise commercial and residential buildings, employing the IAQP as a design basic for HVAC systems can easily achieve the dual benefits of achieving energy savings by reducing the amount of outdoor ventilation air and achieving significantly improved indoor air quality by direct control of pollutants. The use of the IAQP can also be used in buildings seeking LEED or similar certifications by qualifying for credits under IAQ, energy conservation, design innovation, and other categories. This paper will discuss the IAQP and provide examples of the application of enhanced filtration as a replacement for ventilation air in locations with significant ambient air pollution and the resulting energy savings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Window-wall ratio (WWR) is one of the key energy-saving design parameters affecting the energy consumption of nearly zero energy building (NZEB) in severe cold regions. The analysis and optimization of WWR is an important way to achieve nearly zero energy consumption. This paper takes one typical NZEB in severe cold area of Shenyang city as model. The influence of different orientations’ WWR on energy consumption of NZEB was studied finally through the simulation method of dual energy consumption influence factors with a single variable, and the simulation software of EnergyPlus. The results showed that: the greater impact of different orientations’ WWR on energy consumption order is east (west) > south > north; the most energy-efficient east (west) WWR for NZEB in severe cold area is between 10%-15%, south WWR is between 10%-22.5%, north WWR should be appropriately reduced when the lighting and ventilation conditions allowed it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the development of population expansion, education sector is growing drastically. These schools have more and more students and teachers; they will consume tremendous quantities of energy units. It so much energy been consumed that more waste been emitted can cause environmental pollution; this paper discuss how energy be saved through the use of The Smart Power-saving Monitor-controller system. In this system one method of dynamic and stationary human detection have been invented by us, the method can accurately detect dynamic and stationary human in room, in this way low-cost saving-energy controller can be made. The Smart Power-saving Monitor-controller system can real-time monitoring the consumption of the electrical energy and manage energy in schools. For example, when people are in the indoor, air conditioners operating mode, but when no one is in the room, the equipment is shut down automatically; The purpose of the system is mostly to facilitate the saving of the energy by taking energy efficiency measures like appropriate timing of the appliance usage. This system has highest saving effects of 30% in Shandong Jianzhu University. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In some areas in our country, the thermal efficiencies of small units of co-generation of heat and power are low, and the effects of saving energy are not satisfying．The paper takes a heat-supplying plant（12MW）as an example to analyze and calculate small units of co-generation of heat and power in winner and summer, and gets the thermal efficiencies and capability parameters of each part of the system.. Through the comparison of the calculation results of each month condition of whole year, the article presents the relation between the efficiency of CHP unit and the variation of thermal load, it also advances measures to improve the thermal efficiency and the styles of concentrative heating of small co-generation unit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the urgent demand of China’s emission reduction and air haze control, this study aims to relieve the conventional energy consumption and environmental air pollution problems generated during heating period in China. Combined with the low power supply efficiency and big contradiction between power supply as well as demand status of power supply system, the present paper innovatively combined the renewable shallow geothermal energy with the energy-saving demand side power management concept, and proposed a hybrid source heating mode with the ground coupled heat pump as the main heat source, the valley electricity as the supplemental heat source, and the floor radiation pipes as the terminal form. The life cycle cost of proposed hybrid source heating mode is simulated and compared with traditional heating modes. Results indicate the hybrid source heating mode can make positive contribution to the sustainable development and urbanization construction of north China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The inadequate coverage of energy needs in the residential sector, known as energy poverty, is a primary socio-economic problem, worldwide. Especially in Greece, under the pressure of the recent economic crisis, households face serious difficulties in meeting sufficiently their energy needs. We will show that one long-term way to minimize energy consumption, and therefore, tackle energy poverty, is the turn to underground constructions. Although underground built space can offer important benefits in terms of energy demand and consumption, underground residences have been largely regarded as unusual, far from the common residence type. However, in Greece and especially in Greek islands, underground residences have been often used in order to deal with extreme heat, during summer. Moreover, since 2012, underground constructions have been introduced as a special residence type by the Greek building regulation, thus facilitating the expansion of such practice. In this paper, the benefits of an underground residence in terms of energy poverty are being examined. More specifically, energy consumption required to achieve desired energy standards is calculated both for an earth-sheltered and an aboveground residence of similar characteristics in Greece. In this way, an indicative energy poverty ratio is calculated for the two residence types. The different climatic conditions throughout the country have been taken into consideration, by examining different Climatic zones. The findings show lower energy poverty ratios in the case of the underground residence at all climatic zones. In other words, a household living in an underground dwelling can more easily meet its energy needs compared to another one living in an aboveground dwelling. Hence, the analysis shows that modern architecture design should more systematically turn to underground constructions, incorporating the advantages of bioclimatic performance and energy savings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper deals with issues on the improvement of the refrigeration supply system of a petrochemical enterprise in Western Siberia. Using a low-temperature potential of the environment allows for saving on some productions up to 50% of energy resources. It also describes variants of refrigeration supply schemes using new energy-efficient technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Building envelope thermal conduction is dominant in the cold regions, the thermal performance of the building envelope plays a very important role in reducing building energy consumption. In cold areas, the annual air conditioning heating energy consumption of public buildings, there are about 50% consumed by the heat transfer of building envelope. Therefore, the study on energy saving building envelope is very important. This paper start from the building shape coefficient and the heat transfer coefficient of the building envelope, using DEST energy simulation software to analyze the office building energy consumption. Choosing the typical cold B region Shenyang, establishing the Office model, analysis the influence of office building envelope heat transfer coefficient to indoor equipment energy consumption. Pointing out that the architectural design and planning should try to select the building bottom shape close to a circle or a square, and try to select middle-high-rise buildings to reduce building shape coefficient. Generally, in cold B region the heat transfer coefficient K≤0.5W/m 2 • K, the windows and roofs try to select low heat transfer coefficient material, by reducing the heat transfer coefficient to achieve an insulating effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Taking a dormitory building in Beijing as an example, this paper presents researches about impacts of radiator selection on indoor thermal environment and energy consumption for space heating by using DeST-h software. Simulation results quantitatively indicate the variation of heating effect with radiator type (cast-iron radiator, steel radiator and copper-aluminium radiator), radiator size and water flow rate. Moreover, the negative impact of water flow rate under design value on indoor thermal environment has been highlighted, by which the suggestion to have better understanding about the hydraulic misadjustment degree of heat pipeline has been given. Additionally, cast-iron radiator has been demonstrated to be better than the new type of copper-aluminium radiator in terms of room air temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pressure gradient control is an effective technical measure to prevent the external pollution and cross-contamination from different clean areas of a multi-zone cleanroom, which played a key role for the quality control of cleanroom. In this paper, modelling analysis combined with experimental investigations conducted on a multi-zone cleanroom experimental platform. A series of investigations were conducted on the experimental platform with supply air volume variation by electronic frequency conversion on air-supply fan unit. The characteristics of cleanroom such as cleanliness, ventilation rate, pressure gradient were all measured. An energy-saving operation strategy for multi-zone cleanroom has been gained. Experimental investigations proved that the determined principle of pressure gradient setting is feasible for reliable and energy-saving operation. It is also proved through experiments that about 24.5% energy consumption decreased when adopted the operation strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to reduce power consumption and conveying velocity, a new pneumatic conveying system where soft fins are horizontally mounted on the center plane of pipe in the front of inlet is proposed in this paper. The experimental study focuses on the effect of the different fin's lengths on the horizontal pneumatic conveying system in terms of frequency characteristics of fin's oscillation, pressure drop, conveying velocity, power consumption and particle flow pattern. Comparing with the conventional pneumatic conveying, the pressure drop, minimum and critical velocities and power consumption can be reduced by using soft fins in lower air velocity range. The effective of fin is quite evident with increasing the length of fin. The maximum reduction rates of the minimum velocity and power consumption by using soft fins are about 14.8% and 25.5%, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Generally speaking, hydraulic control systems can be divided into two different driving concepts. The first one is the well-known valve-controlled system and the second one is the pump-controlled system. The former possesses the feature of fast dynamic response. However, the poor energy-saving performance is its major fault. On the contrary, the pump-controlled hydraulic system has the significant advantage of energy-saving which meets the current demand in modern machine design. In this paper, the simulation analysis using Matlab/Simulink and DSHplus for a newly developed energy-saving hydraulic tube bender is conducted. Instead of the conventional fixed displacement hydraulic pump, the new hydraulic tube bender utilizes an internal gear pump with AC servomotor as its driving power source. In the new energy-saving hydraulic circuit, the use of conventional pressure relief valve is no longer necessary since the demanded flow-rate and pressure output can be precisely obtained by continuously changing the speed of the AC servomotor. In addition, from the simulation results, it is shown that the energy-saving performance of load-sensing control scheme is somewhat better than that of constant pressure control scheme. Furthermore, the simulation results also show that the newly developed hydraulic tube bender can save up to 40% of energy consumption in a working cycle as compared to the conventional hydraulic tube bender. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Maximum power consumption comes to building heating, which depends on the efficiency of building envelopes. Energy consumption of building sector covers 50% of the total energy consumption. Reducing building energy cost it is necessary to increase the energy efficiency of complex elements in envelopes, both in their production and operational conditions. The usage of plant-based materials such as hemp hurds, which has high porosity and porous structure, increases efficiency of envelopes, reduces production cost, relatively reduces the emission of CO2, because, in order to perform photosynthesis, plants absorb CO2 and release oxygen. This feature is very important ecologically and it is increasingly important factor for humanity. This paper covers the composite materials of the hemp hurds and different binders such as cement, clay, starch. The compressive strength, thermal conductivity dependence on density and microstructure of various compositions composites were investigated. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]