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We present results of an on-going program to measure AGN feedback in Seyfert galaxies using integral-field spectroscopy and adaptive optics at Keck Observatory and VLT. Our integral-field observations are revealing AGN-driven outflows of ionized gas in Seyfert galaxies. By resolving the inner 10–40 parsecs, we are successfully modeling them as biconical structures, in which the ionized gas first accelerates and then decelerates. The model parameters provide crucial information on the orientation, geometry and kinematics of the outflows, which is used to estimate mechanical feedback from the AGN: mass and kinetic energy transferred to the interstellar medium. Mass outflow rates can be 102–104 times greater than accretion rates, but in some cases, they are comparable to the estimated inflow rates to the central 10–25 pc, suggesting that the outflows may remove a considerable amount of the infalling gas before it reaches the accretion disk. In half of the AGN measured so far, the kinetic energy of the outflows appears sufficient to provide the eagerly-sought AGN feedback invoked to explain fundamental galaxy properties such as the MBH − σ* relation (0.5–5 Lbol). The other AGN, which lack powerful outflows, also have weaker and more compact radio jets.

Our adaptive optics observations of nearby AGN at spatial resolutions as small as 0.085arcsec show strong evidence for recent, but no longer active, nuclear star formation. We begin by describing observations that highlight two contrasting methods by which gas can flow into the central tens of parsecs. Gas accumulation in this region will inevitably lead to a starburst, and we discuss the evidence for such events. We then turn to the impact of stellar evolution on the further inflow of gas by combining a phenomenological approach with analytical modelling and hydrodynamic simulations. These complementary perspectives paint a picture in which all the processes are ultimately regulated by the mass accretion rate into the central hundred parsecs, and the ensuing starburst that occurs there. The resulting supernovae delay accretion by generating a starburst wind, which leaves behind a clumpy interstellar medium. This provides an ideal environment for slower stellar outflows to accrete inwards and form a dense turbulent disk on scales of a few parsecs. Such a scenario may resolve the discrepancy between the larger scale structure seen with adaptive optics and the small scale structure seen with VLTI., to appear in: Co-Evolution of Central Black Holes and Galaxies; 7 pages

In a survey of 18 nearby Seyfert nuclei, we find evidence for geometrically thick gas disks on scales of tens of parsecs. Mapping the interstellar medium traced by H2 ν = 1–0 S(1) emission using the infrared integral field spectrometers OSIRIS and SINFONI reveals general disk rotation with an additional significant component of random bulk motion implied by the high local velocity dispersion. The size scale of the typical nuclear gas disk is ~30 pc in radius with a comparable vertical height, and the distribution and kinematics suggest the gas is spatially mixed with the nuclear stellar population. Based on the estimated characteristic gas mass fraction of 10%, the average gas mass within this region is ~107M⊙. This suggests column densities of NH ~ 5 × 1023 cm−2, but the significantly lower densities implied by the stellar continuum extinction indicate that the gas distribution on these scales is dominated by dense clumps. We discuss the feasibility of constraining the masses of the central black holes via modeling of the gas disk kinematics, highlighting the importance of properly accounting for the gas velocity dispersion, and the use of these direct mass estimates to calibrate masses derived from the method of reverberation mapping.

We present results from a survey of nearby AGN using the adaptive optics assisted integral-field spectrometer SINFONI on the VLT. These data enable us to study at high angular resolution (~ 0.″08) the distribution and kinematics of the low-ionization gas traced by the BrΓλ2.17 μm recombination line and [Si vi] λ 1.96 μm, [Al ix] λ 2.04 μm, and [Ca viii] λ 2.32 μm, the most prominent coronal lines in the near-IR. Overall, our results show that the coronal lines extend to a radius similar to that of narrow Brγ emission, mimicking in most cases the narrow-line region (NLR). In addition, the kinematics of the highly ionized species, and most of the Brγ kinematics, is dominated by non-circular motions with higher dispersion along the ionization cones, indicating that material is being accelerated and outflowing from a region very close to the AGN.