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Historical pollution with hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) isomers of soil and groundwater unfortunately is an unsolved problem, especially in some countries where Lindane is still produced, as also in Europe in the surrounding areas of former production sites or landfilling sites usually due to inadequate long-term storage, treatment or recovery of these wastes. HCH removal technologies are usually dedicated to soil remediation, leachate treatment, water and wastewater treatment. This paper presents the research efforts to develop a treatment technology for gamma HCH removal from water matrices by advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) based on ultrasonication, Fenton and photo Fenton oxidation. Five treatment systems were assessed comparatively: direct ultrasonication, oxidation with hydrogen peroxide, ultrasonication with hydrogen peroxide, Fenton ultrasonication and Fenton ultrasonication followed by photo Fenton oxidation. The energy (25-800 kJ) and amplitude of ultrasonic field, initial concentration of HCH (10 - 89 g/L), hydrogen peroxide (1 - 4000 x stoichiometric dose), iron (Fe II) doses (1-15 mg/L) and UV irradiation time (30-60 min.) were the main experimental parameters evaluated. The ultrasonic frequency was constant - 20 kHz in all experiments. Best treatment performance of 99.9% HCH removal efficiency was achieved after application of a treatment train combining Fenton ultrasonication followed by Fenton UV photolysis at the main experimental parameters of: 200 kJ ultrasonic energy, 1000 x s peroxide dose, 5 mg Fe(II)/L and 30 minutes of UV irradiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among the newest and best performing metallic materials are high-entropy alloys, which is why more than five thousand articles related to them have been published in the last decade. However, there are few articles that refer to the brazing behavior of new types of metallic materials. In this publication, the brazed joint between two biocompatible alloy components from the MoNbTaTiZrW0.2 system were performed using an ecological Cu-Ag-Zn alloy as filler material. The optical and SEM microscopy analyzes were performed for highlighting the microstructure of a cross-section of the brazed joint. The mutual dilution effects between the high-entropy alloys and the filler metal were quantified by EDS analyses, as well as the penetration mode of the filler metal through the gap between the parts. The soldering process between two HEA plates was performed without protection, in the atmosphere, using an oxy-gas flame with a neutral character. The analyzed joint between the high-entropy alloys had a good brazing behavior, achieving adequate wetting and adhesion of the Cu-Ag-Zn type brazing alloy on the surfaces of the joined parts. It was found that the chosen brazing alloy is very compatible with the base material, no unwanted intermetallic compounds were formed, the penetration into the capillary interstices between the samples was done correctly, without interruptions or cracks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the exergetic analysis the paper analyses the conduct of a simple Linde cryogenic refrigeration cycle looking for its weaknesses and trying to find ways for operating or structural improvements. The exergetic analysis reveals that a major exergy destruction is due to heat transfer across a finite temperature difference in the recuperative heat exchanger. The optimization procedure points out that this exergy destruction reaches a minimum if the temperature difference between the high (hot) and low pressure (cold) streams decreases with temperature. To achieve this desiderate structural changes in the architecture of the Linde cryogenic refrigeration system should be done. Two schematics are proposed – one with external precooling of the forward gas stream and the second one with an expansion machine. The analysis shows substantial improvement of the performance of the simple Linde cycle when using external precooling of the forward gas stream or an expansion machine. These results validate the model according to which the minimization of the input power of the cryogenic system takes place under conditions in which the temperature difference between the forward and return gas streams in the recuperative heat exchangers decreases proportionally with temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The energy consumes for district or industrial heating and electrical energy are in most of cases concomitant. The paper analyses from the point of view of the First and Second Laws of Thermodynamics the advantages of producing heat and mechanical power each one individually or through cogeneration. It is clearly pointed out that the energy balance induces the idea that the most efficient conversion process is to produce heat in an individual boiler while the mechanical power production in a steam turbine system is much less efficient. The energetic analysis accounts only for the interactions with the external medium considering any heat loss as depending only on its magnitude and neglecting its temperature level as quality factor. The large energy loss in the condenser of the steam turbine system decreases dramatically the energetic efficiency of the overall system even if this heat transferred to the environment is useless due to its low temperature level. The exergetic analysis that accounts for both the quantity and quality of a heat carrier shows the real level of efficiency for each process advocating for the production of both heat and mechanical power by cogeneration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent studies emphasized rather skeptical views shared by the Romanian stakeholders with regard to the public recognition of the central role of soil resources for assuring food security as well as the fundamental role that soils play in climate change adaptation. As stakeholder views are particularly important for understanding their values and needs, the paper aims to explore the perceptions with regard to soil quality, soil threats as well as the existence and effectives of the national and European policies on soil protection, shared by a broad range of representatives from soil departments within research and education institutions, land-users (farmers), soil experts, consultants from public and private advisory bodies, non-governmental organizations, decision makers and planners from central and local public administration. The investigations were carried by a questionnaire-based qualitative approach. Most of the respondent Romanian soil stakeholders perceive soil as a factor essential to life on Earth and the most important soil threat perceived is „erosion". A large majority of respondents considers that the general public interest on soil issues and soil protection is negligible or even entirely absent. A significant majority of respondents revealed a strong agreement on the agricultural policies supporting practices under agrienvironment measures. Among stakeholders, the awareness of the adverse environmental impact caused by conventional cropping systems seems is growing. It seems that the stakeholder community paid insufficient attention to the need and importance of a Soil European Directive, supposed to have a direct impact on soil national legislation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rainwater harvesting systems is a technique which that have been used for many years, with outstanding results that has been used since antiquity. However, it is still not used around the world. Drinking water is an essential element for humanity. However, millions of people do not have access to drinkable water all over the world. Poor countries do not benefit from drinking water even if efforts have been made by governments in developed countries. Poor countries cannot afford modern water treatment and water supply systems. The rainwater capture process would be a viable solution because it is not so costly. So, in some underdeveloped countries, this system has been successfully adopted. It is as quick as possible to take measures from this point of view and the process of collecting rainfall would be one of the solutions. Being a technique used since ancient times, we can even state that it has been used since antiquity, we can say with certainty that this technique will be able to satisfy the water requirements for a large number of people who have not benefited from drinking water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the natural gas advantages, as primary energy source, is the opportunity to store it in large volumes under the same state as it is used by the final customers, without being subject to any state modification or conversion in another energy type. Gas depleted reservoirs are the first candidates for turning into underground storages, as the storage process is closest to the production process, but also due to the availability of a large amount of data which makes the reservoir to be well defined and also due to the existing surface facilities that are required for storage operation. The injected gas volume over the gas resource that exists in the reservoir at the beginning of storage development (working gas), has to correspond to the gas demand that has to be covered by such storage. Considering the demand and opportunity for increase of gas storage withdrawal capacity and working volume, the operation of UGSs at highest possible pressure could be one of the safest and most cost-efficient way to achieve such demand. In Romania gas storages usually operate at lower pressures than the original reservoir pressure, while in other countries there are underground storages operating at pressures at least equal to the original reservoir pressure, proving higher benefits. Given this background the paper makes recommendations on the selection of minimum and maximum pressures for UGS operation and analyses the impact of increased injection pressure on the operation of gas storage in Romania. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Throughout a life cycle of a hydrocarbon reservoir, investments and specific approaches are made correlated with its stages and with the asset management's goals to maximize its value. When the field reaches the maturity stage, the exploitation strategy focuses on reducing the production decline profile and improving the recovery factor. These activities, typically consist of determining the remaining hydrocarbon in place, identifying the bypassed hydrocarbons, identifying the recompletion opportunities, all attaching value to the asset, which can be then converted by a re-development plan into economic benefits. The complex process of characterizing and re-evaluating the reservoir will generate a portfolio of development opportunities such us sidetrack the active wells or re-entry the old wells to bypass formation damage or mechanical problems to access the pay zone, stimulation methods to reduce the skin effect nearby wellbore through washing acidizing, re-perforation with noninvasive techniques. The current paper intends to address theoretical and practical aspects related to the use of some techniques to revitalize the mature gas fields, in accordance with reservoir conditions encountered in the re-evaluation process. The aspects that will be addressed in the paper will include technical considerations underlying the selection of the revitalization method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents an analysis of the behaviour of an air-water vapour compression heat pump at the variation of some of the decisional parameters as the state of the fluid at the compressor intake. Different refrigerants as CO2, NH3 and R600a, and different schematics are considered. The large use of rotary compressors in the industrial and domestic heat pump area has determined the investigation of the influence of the wet compression. The analysis is based on the exergy concept that enables to point out the location and magnitude of any malfunction. The exergy analysis gives solutions for improving the performance and design of the heat pump system. The exergetic analysis helps to improve the constructive structure of the heat pump schematic. The exergetic analysis points out that the largest exergy destruction in the CO2 cycle is due to the throttling process and offers solutions to diminish it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the era of the increasingly implementation of renewable energy sources in the electrical energy supply, the expansion of a sustainable energy industry must be promoted the resulting increase in storage requirements. The Gravity Hydro Power Tower Energy Storage (GHPTES) is an innovative hydraulic energy storage system based on pumped storage technology. It consists of a vertical cylindrical cavity, filled with water, in which moves an overload piston from steel at smaller storage systems or from rock at large storage systems. To produce energy the overload piston drops in cavity tower and forces water down in the cavity. The water is returned in the space above the piston through a pipe in which a turbine - motor/generator produce electricity. To store energy, external grid power drives the motor/generator- pump, force water to return through pipe into the cavity, below the piston, lifting the overload piston and thereby storing potential energy. Important advantages of (GHPTES) include: modularity, use of existing technologies, environmental compatibility, flexible siting, rapid construction, relative low cost per kwh, long lifetime and high efficiency. It can help also wind farms and solar farms autonomously store their electricity. Besides the many advantages an important disadvantage of (GHPTES) is the too cost- intensive overload piston made of heavy material (e.g., steel with density of approximately 7.8 t / m3) and thereby a great construction complexity which can leads to restriction of application the power towers energy storage. The present study analyses the elimination possibilities of the heavy overload piston using compressed air. The proposed system in which the heavy overload piston is complete eliminated is a Compressed-Air- Hydro-Power-Tower Energy Storage System (CAHPTES) or simply Hydropneumatics Energy Storage system (HPES). A comparative operating scheme as well as comparative calculations method, among others for energy storage for the two systems are presented. It will be shown that the proposed compressed air-based energy storage system (CAHPTES), even at ordinary air pressure of some bar (e.g. 3-7 bar) can eliminate several tones of heave overload weight material (e.g. 30-700 tone steel) maintaining the same energy storage as the (GHPTES). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water can be found everywhere and plays an important role in human life and equilibrium of the environment. The agriculture, industry and urbanization have had and have a special impact on the biodiversity and water necessity. To establish the line at which a pressure is considered significant, meaning if due to this pressure the surface water do not reach ‘good status' it will be made an analysis of pressure and impact on the recommendation of the Water Framework Directive and national methodologies, but taking into consideration the local conditions. Designing a pressure as a significant one, can be made on the base of knowledge of all the pressures of a basin, but also of understanding the flow regime, the transfer of chemical elements and the functioning of specific aquatic ecosystems. Therefore, it has to be established also the impact of a certain pressure on the water system. Overlapping the information regarding on the existent pressures with the ones referring to the characteristics of the basin we can get to identify the significant pressures. Water Framework Directive 2000/60/EEC presents the limits beyond the pressures can be called significant, and the substances and groups of substances that should be considered as indicators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main problems faced by any city at present are: reduction of natural resources, environmental degradation, increased carbon dioxide, demographic and social changes associated with the urbanization and population growth phenomenon as well as increased frequency and size of floods urban.Stormwater collection is a strategy for adapting to climate change. This strategy has been applied by many civilizations in the history of mankind, pluvial water collection systems have met, for the first time, in areas with long droughts. At present, rainwater collection is gaining interest worldwide, not just to store water during droughts, but also to cope with extreme rainfall, and therefore have a significant impact on rainwater management. An important consequence of climate change is the change in the ratio between periods with extreme rainfall and periods of drought. The city infrastructure is not prepared for these changes, the consequences being accounted for in material damage and health risks to the population. In this paper we aim to highlight the main measures to adapt to climate change from the point of view of pluvial water resources management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sulphate precipitation from mine water as ettringite, Ca6Al2(SO4)3(OH)12·26H2O, is generally indicated to be implemented as a second treatment step, following the heavy metal precipitation or as a third step, after gypsum seeded crystallization. The whole process may be seen as complicated by the operators, which always prefer simpler flow sheets, with fewer steps and with lower investment cost, but this treatment process sequence is justified by sludge management depending on type and by the economic reasons related to the aluminium required input. However, for some mine water sources, a single step precipitation process can be considered, specifically for sources with sulphate concentration below 2000 mg/L, out of which those containing more than 50 mg/L of aluminium, are of special interest. Single step metal and sulphate ions precipitation can have the benefit of using the aluminium already present in the mine water for the ettringite formation. This was experimentally tested for a Romanian mine water source having typically 350 to 500 mg/L iron, 80 to 100 mg/L aluminium and sulphate below 2000 mg/L. Results for continuous flow reaction system and batch laboratory tests were similar, leading to the conclusion that aluminium from the mine water is responsible for a relevant proportion of the precipitated sulphate. Of certain interest is the settling behaviour of the composite sludge, consisting of metal hydroxy compounds and ettringite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dynamics of economic development in Timiş County is due to an accumulation of macroeconomic factors where the variation of administrative units and population plays an important role. These two important components, highlights developmental trajectories that can be influenced by formulate territorial policies to meet the actual needs. The paper will trace the evolution, over a 5 years period of (2009-2014) of administratively territorial units and the budgets allocated to education, health, culture, and environment, to observe trends of sustainable development. At a country level, we are at a crossroads, by requiring redistribution of powers and resources between public administration at central and local levels to reform the system of territorial organization and redefining the framework of sustainable development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mass continuity equation along with dynamic equilibrium equation or Darcy equation, and one of the state equation defines the fundamental system of equations which describes the fluid flow, particularly, the gas flow through a porous and permeable formation. Converting the mass continuity equation for single phase fluid into a volumetric equation that can be applied for the entire reservoir or partially, represents the starting point in elaboration of mathematical models for gas well performance evaluation. Mathematical models provides useful information about cumulative gas production, recovery factor, abandonment pressure etc. This article will integrate mathematical models and associated concepts to evaluate the performance of a natural gas reservoir based on multiple and complex analysis, respectively production data of the biggest gas production company from Romania. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrocarbon producing companies are looking at recovery factor evolution and replacement ratio of reserves as they are critical indicators for investments. Subsequently, these factors impact the business development process and the profitability. Maximizing the recovery factor means to have a detailed knowledge about the geological model and drive mechanism of the gas reservoir, especially when hydrocarbon production contains significant residual water which is driven up the well with the hydrocarbons. Replacement ratio of reserves is an important indicator for exploration & production companies that underlies business scenarios development and the actual results obviously influences exploration activity. It is essential to carry out regular appraisals throughout a field's life cycle to ensure that it operates in profitable conditions. Based on these considerations, the paper will highlight aspects related to the evaluation and interpretation of these important parameters for which specialists from petroleum industry focus their full efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gas field redevelopments or rehabilitation projects have become an alternative approach to develop incremental production and additional reserves using new fit-for-purpose technology and concepts. The integrated reservoir study begins with geological characterization and modeling followed by evaluation of the geological gas resources and reserves considering the actual production profile. The redevelopment plan continues with a well by well review and nodal production system analysis to evaluate well performance and then, to identify opportunities for gas production optimization. The project team conducts a comprehensive analysis of production performance and provides information about where production enhancement opportunities might exist. Based on the experience gathered by the authors during 10 years in gas field rehabilitation domain, this article will present an integrated rehabilitation project scenario. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main scope of underground gas storage reservoir is to maintain a constant pressure in the national transmission system and balance demand fluctuation on the market, respectively to meet the load variations. Underground gas storage reservoirs also play an important and strategic role as regards maintaining the fundamental parameters (pressure and flow rate) of the transmission system within optimal values. The underground storage activity is considered to be an efficient process allowing a constant delivery in the sales lines given the fluctuating market demands depending on hourly and seasonal requests. Currently, Romania owns a complex infrastructure system of gas storage having a capacity of 3 billion cubic meters and an appreciable number of fields which fulfill the gas storage reservoirs conversion requirements. Such a conversion may be achieved only if demand on the European regional gas market increase. This article presents a technical and economic assessment of a brownfield, which has progressed to a certain stage of exploitation, and is to be converted into an underground gas storage. This scenario is also an algorithm that supports this approach from a technical and economic point of view. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gozna and Secu reservoirs from Semenic Mountains are water management works which are used to obtain electric energy, source of drinking water for Resita and recreational areas. In this paper the status of eutrophication on both reservoirs is analysed based on water samples collected over 9 years (2001 - 2009). We developed a mathematical model based on multiple correlations between the most important eutrophication parameters. Water quality parameters from these reservoirs were: water transparency, temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, CBO5, CCOMn/O2, total nitrogen, total phosphorous, density and biomass. From a trophic point of view, the two reservoirs fall into mesotrophic category with eutrophication tendency, as a result of human activity in the area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tarnita site in the Eastern Carpathians is a much polluted area especially with arsenic and heavy metals and represents a persistent ecological disaster. The topography, soil, vegetation, hydrology, fauna, microclimate and landscape in such area were altered or even destroyed. Indeed, mine tailings and heavy metal pollution of air, waters and soils are two major comprehensive problems around the world. Specifically, these issues have been identified as a primary research priority task for the polluted forest areas in Romania. The waste material in the now-abandoned ore-processing plant of Tarnita indicates a high risk of environmental contamination, amplified by their susceptibility to airborne, hydro-mechanical and hydro-chemical transport. Risk assessments at Tarnita site reveal such contamination is the greatest risk to both human and forest health. Therefore, this work envisages use of bioremediation, which can be used in Romania and abroad. The main innovation of this research relies on eco-friendly methods for heavy metals removal from contaminated forests with mining waste. Besides, both chemical remediation and bioremediation with yeast or ion exchange resins seems to be suitable methods for heavy metal and arsenic removing from Tarnita area, depending on the concentrations of pollutants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Regional Groundwater simulation models required usually grid blocks with much larger dimensions than the characteristic transversal dimension of Drainage Objects (DO) like wellbores or drainage trenches (e.g. diameter, penetration depth etc.). In the same time the length dimension of a DO is sufficiently large in order to occupy several grid blocks. The characteristic hydraulically parameters of a DO are usually imposed recharge/discharge rate or imposed hydraulic head. The main problem of a reliable groundwater modelling is especially the correct representation of the DO local effect in regional model under consideration of real flow conditions (i.e. the relationship between hydraulic head and discharge in near region of DO). These relationships have usually singular character (e.g. logarithmic in the case of the well) especially in the transverse plane to the DO axis. Regarding the representation methods of these singular behavior in coarse grid simulation models, among others, can be mentioned analytical/ semi analytical methods, localised highly refined mesh based numerical methods and the so called Well Index (WI) method. In the paper will be analysed the case of a horizontal fully penetrated drainage trench of finite length. It will be shown, comparing numerical results obtained using standard coarse grid software (e.g. PMWIN/MODFLOW) with results obtained means analytical solutions, that the spatial discretization size influences both the global discharge of the DO and the discharge distribution along its. For error correction a new method is proposed, called Drainage Grid-Block Index (DGBI) correction, that allows the correction of coarse grid simulation results for both parameters hydraulic head by given discharge and discharge by given hydraulic head as well. The proposed method complemented the known grid block WI method developed for wells. The efficiency of the proposed DGBI-correction method, we tested for 2D groundwater flow generated from a fully penetrated drainage ditch of finite length. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water Framework Directive 2000/60/CE and Flood Directive 2007/60/CE establish the need for preparation of flood risk maps for each member country on each important hydrographic basins. Flood Directive requires Member States to assess if all water courses and coast lines are at risk from flooding, to map the flood extent and assets and humans at risk in these areas and to take adequate and coordinated measures to reduce this flood risk. This Directive shall be carried out in coordination with the Water Framework Directive, the flood risk management plans and river basin management plans must to be coordinated. To prepare flood risk maps need flood wave propagation study using hydroinformatic tools. In the last decades have taken a emergence of numerical tools for calculations, simulation and to the mapping in the domain of hydrodynamics, thanks to the computer technologies, the evolution of the programming languages and fast increment of processing speed. This paper presents the mathematical basis of two flood wave propagation simulation models, DUFLOW and MIKE11, and the comparison of these. The first model, DUFLOW, is a one-dimensional program for quantitative and qualitative modeling of water movement in open channels. The numerical methods offer multiple possibilities related to the most complex and difficult problems of research, developed in physics of hydraulic phenomena's. The numerical calculus permit the knowledge of physical phenomena's with sufficient accuracy, so most times, checking on laboratory models is no longer necessary. The second model, MIKE11, is a professional engineering software package for simulation of one-dimensional flows in estuaries, rivers, irrigation systems, channels and other water bodies. MIKE 11 is a 1-dimensional river model. The MIKE 11 is an implicit finite difference model for one dimensional unsteady flow computation and can be applied to looped networks and quasi-two dimensional flow simulation on floodplains. The model has been designed to perform detailed modeling of rivers, including special treatment of floodplains, road overtopping, culverts, gate openings and weirs. MIKE 11 is capable of using kinematic, diffusive or fully dynamic, vertically integrated mass and momentum equations. The paper contains also a case study, i.e. a flood wave propagation study for Crasna River, situated in north-western Romania, with the two hydroinformatic tools (DUFLOW and MIKE11) and results comparison. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To exemplify of flood risk map achievement with MIKE 11 hydroinformatic tools was considered a sector of Baraolt River, located in center Romania. Considered sector have a length of 4,9 km, representative 36 cross sections are considered in the right of localities Baraolt and in river Baraolt. Cross sections have been raised by the Romanian Water Basin Administration. The input data are: area plan with location of cross sections; cross sections topographical data and roughness of river bed; flood discharge hydrograph in section Baraolt. After simulation with MIKE 11 result the water level in each cross sections. Based on contour maps we can establish the flooded area, the flood risk map for the maximum discharge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It's known that in the combined sewerage systems (waste waters and rain waters), during prolonged rainfall peak outflow occur, which can overloads the water treatment plant. In order to decrease this overload many solutions are available inter alia the establishment of an infiltration basin system. This solution consists in a sedimentation (settling) basin from which the water is directed towards infiltration basin. In the settling basin, the sedimentation of the suspensions will take place and therefore the clogging of the infiltration basin bottom is prevented. In practice, the water from the sewer system is discharged into the settling tank through a pipeline. This creates a strong non-uniformity velocity distribution and turbulence of the flow especially in the inlet region of the settling basin. To achieve an optimal flow condition in the settling basin, it is necessary to obtain a possible uniform flow velocity distribution in whole range of the Basin. At the same time it is necessary to limit the flow velocity which must be below a certain critical value depending on the suspended particle size. For solving such complex problems of planning the application of numerical modeling and simulation of the flow in settling basin is required. In this paper, the results of such modeling and optimization studies for a concrete case of settling basin are presented using numerical simulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study provides an assessment of physical-chemical properties for some semi-flavoured wines from Recas region (Romania), such as Chardonnay, Feteasca Regala, Sauvignon Blanc, along with an identification of volatile compounds, responsible for their specific fragrance. The following parameters were established to be monitored: reducing sugar, pH, alcohol concentration, total acidity expressed as tartaric acid, volatile acidity, free and total sulphur dioxide and glycerol concentration, respectively.The semi-flavoured wines Chardonnay, Fetească Regală and Sauvignon Blanc, included in the superior wine category, have an homogenous content, harmonious and well contoured, presenting the specific features of the variety and geographical origin, with clearly defined traits demonstrated by the physical and chemical analyses.To characterize their flavour, the wine samples were analysed by gas-chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) in order to quantify the volatile compounds.The results were integrated by categories, such as: Superior alcohols: between 212.398 mg/L for Sauvignon Blanc (2012 vintage) and 645.743 mg/L for Chardonnay (2011 vintage); Volatile acids: 100 ÷ 150 mg/L for wines from 2011 and 150 ÷ 220 mg/L for wines from 2012; Esters: the total values raging from 90 mg/L in 2011 Chardonnay and 310 mg/L in 2011 Sauvignon Blanc; Aldehydes: 0.836 ÷ 2.350 mg/L for 2011 and 2012 Chardonnay. The obtained values are representative for wines with "VIILE TIMISULUI" geographical indication [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Originating from Cindrel Mountains (Southern Carpathians, Romania), the Cibin River, one of the Olt River tributaries, with a total length of 82 km, is formed at the junction of two headwaters Raul Mare and Raul Mic. In the area of headwaters Raul Mare and Raul Mic and dam - accumulation lake Gura Raului, the Cibin River waters fall in class I of quality as shown by all the monitored indicators - heavy metals, "Oxygen Regime" (RO), "Nutrients" (RN), groups "Salinity" (S), mesophile bacteria (BM), total coli-forms (CT), Escherichia coli (EC), fecal coli-forms (CF), fecal Streptococcus (SF) - while beyond the passage through marginal rural areas pass to class II - IV quality. According to the investigation results, the waters of Cibin river can be classified to Class 1 quality, with few exceptions that can be corrected by subsequent treatments [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]