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The glycosyltransferases of the mammalian Golgi complex must recycle between the stacked cisternae of that organelle to maintain their proper steady-state localization. This trafficking is mediated by COPI-coated vesicles, but how the glycosyltransferases are incorporated into these transport vesicles is poorly understood. Here we show that the N-terminal cytoplasmic tails (N-tails) of a number of cis Golgi glycosyltransferases which share a ϕ-(K/R)-X-L-X-(K/R) sequence bind directly to the δ- and ζ-subunits of COPI. Mutations of this N-tail motif impair binding to the COPI subunits, leading to mislocalization of the transferases to lysosomes. The physiological importance of these interactions is illustrated by mucolipidosis III patients with missense mutations in the N-tail of GlcNAc-1-phosphotransferase that cause the transferase to be rapidly degraded in lysosomes. These studies establish that direct binding of the N-tails of mammalian cis Golgi glycosyltransferases with COPI subunits is essential for recycling within the Golgi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two proteins, STIM1 in the endoplasmic reticulum and Orail in the plasma membrane, are required for the activation of Ca[sup2+] release-activated Ca[sup2+] (CRAC) channels at the cell surface. How these proteins interact to assemble functional CRAC channels has remained uncertain. Here, we determine how many Orail and STIM1 molecules are required to form a functional CRAC channel. We engineered several genetically expressed fluorescent Orail tandem multimers and a. fluorescent, constitutively active STIM1 mutant. The tandem multimers assembled into CRAC channels, as seen by rectifying inward currents and by cytoplasmic calcium elevations. CRAC channels were visualized as fluorescent puncta in total internal reflection microscopy. With single-molecule imaging techniques, it was possible to observe photo-bleaching of individual fluorophores and to count the steps of bleaching as a measure of the stoichiometry of each CRAC channel complex. We conclude that the subunit stoichiometry in an active CRAC channel is four Orail molecules and two STIM1 molecules. Fluorescence resonance energy transfer experiments also showed that four Orail subunits form the assembled channel. From the fluorescence intensity of single fluorophores, we could estimate that our transfected HEK293 cells had almost 400,000 CRAC channels and that, when intracellular Ca[sup2+] stores were depleted, the channels clustered in aggregates containing ≈1,3O0 channels, amplifying the local Ca[sup2+] entry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]