11 results on '"Kreft, Holger"'
Search Results
2. Balancing economic and ecological functions in smallholder and industrial oil palm plantations.
- Author
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Wenzel, Arne, Westphal, Catrin, Ballauff, Johannes, Berkelmann, Dirk, Brambach, Fabian, Buchori, Damayanti, Camarretta, Nicolò, Corre, Marife D., Daniel, Rolf, Darras, Kevin, Erasmi, Stefan, Formaglio, Greta, Hölscher, Dirk, Iddris, Najeeb Al-Amin, Irawanm, Bambang, Knohl, Alexander, Kotowska, Martyna M., Krashevska, Valentyna, Kreft, Holger, and Yeni Mulyani
- Subjects
PLANTATIONS ,FARMERS ,OIL palm ,HERBICIDE application ,BIOINDICATORS ,PALM oil industry - Abstract
The expansion of the oil palm industry in Indonesia has improved livelihoods in rural communities, but comes at the cost of biodiversity and ecosystem degradation. Here, we investigated ways to balance ecological and economic outcomes of oil palm cultivation. We compared a wide range of production systems, including smallholder plantations, industrialized company estates, estates with improved agronomic management, and estates with native tree enrichment. Across all management types, we assessed multiple indicators of biodiversity, ecosystem functions, management, and landscape structure to identify factors that facilitate economic-ecological win-wins, using palm yields as measure of economic performance. Although, we found that yields in industrialized estates were, on average, twice as high as those in smallholder plantations, ecological indicators displayed substantial variability across systems, regardless of yield variations, highlighting potential for economic-ecological win-wins. Reducing management intensity (e.g., mechanical weeding instead of herbicide application) did not lower yields but improved ecological outcomes at moderate costs, making it a potential measure for balancing economic and ecological demands. Additionally, maintaining forest cover in the landscape generally enhanced local biodiversity and ecosystem functioning within plantations. Enriching plantations with native trees is also a promising strategy to increase ecological value without reducing productivity. Overall, we recommend closing yield gaps in smallholder cultivation through careful intensification, whereas conventional plantations could reduce management intensity without sacrificing yield. Our study highlights various pathways to reconcile the economics and ecology of palm oil production and identifies management practices for a more sustainable future of oil palm cultivation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Remoteness promotes biological invasions on islands worldwide
- Author
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Moser, Dietmar, Lenzner, Bernd, Weigelt, Patrick, Dawson, Wayne, Kreft, Holger, Pergl, Jan, Pyšek, Petr, van Kleunen, Mark, Winter, Marten, Capinha, César, Cassey, Phillip, Dullinger, Stefan, Economo, Evan P., García-Díaz, Pablo, Guénard, Benoit, Hofhansl, Florian, Mang, Thomas, Seebens, Hanno, and Essl, Franz
- Published
- 2018
4. Naturalization of European plants on other continents : The role of donor habitats
- Author
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Kalusová, Veronika, Chytrý, Milan, van Kleunen, Mark, Mucina, Ladislav, Dawson, Wayne, Essl, Franz, Kreft, Holger, Pergl, Jan, Weigelt, Patrick, Winter, Marten, and Pyšek, Petr
- Published
- 2017
5. Climatic stability and geological history shape global centers of neo-and paleoendemism in seed plants.
- Author
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Lirong Cai, Kreft, Holger, Taylor, Amanda, Schrader, Julian, Dawson, Wayne, Essl, Franz, van Kleunen, Mark, Jan Pergl, Pyšek, Petr, Winter, Marten, and Weigelt, Patrick
- Subjects
- *
PHANEROGAMS , *RAIN forests , *WORLD history , *GLOBAL warming , *PLANT diversity - Abstract
Assessing the distribution of geographically restricted and evolutionarily unique species and their underlying drivers is key to understanding biogeographical processes and critical for global conservation prioritization. Here, we quantified the geographic distribution and drivers of phylogenetic endemism for ~320,000 seed plants worldwide and identified centers and drivers of evolutionarily young (neoendemism) and evolutionarily old endemism (paleoendemism). Tropical and subtropical islands as well as tropical mountain regions displayed the world’s highest phylogenetic endemism. Most tropical rainforest regions emerged as centers of paleoendemism, while most Mediterranean-climate regions showed high neoendemism. Centers where high neo-and paleoendemism coincide emerged on some oceanic and continental fragment islands, in Mediterranean-climate regions and parts of the Irano-Turanian floristic region. Global variation in phylogenetic endemism was well explained by a combination of past and present environmental factors (79.8 to 87.7% of variance explained) and most strongly related to environmental heterogeneity. Also, warm and wet climates, geographic isolation, and long-term climatic stability emerged as key drivers of phylogenetic endemism. Neo-and paleoendemism were jointly explained by climatic and geological history. Long-term climatic stability promoted the persistence of paleoendemics, while the isolation of oceanic islands and their unique geological histories promoted neoendemism. Mountainous regions promoted both neo-and paleoendemism, reflecting both diversification and persistence over time. Our study provides insights into the evolutionary underpinnings of biogeographical patterns in seed plants and identifies the areas on Earth with the highest evolutionary and biogeographical uniqueness—key information for setting global conservation priorities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. Bioclimatic and physical characterization of the world′s islands
- Author
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Weigelt, Patrick, Jetz, Walter, and Kreft, Holger
- Published
- 2013
7. A Global Assessment of Endemism and Species Richness across Island and Mainland Regions
- Author
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Kier, Gerold, Kreft, Holger, Lee, Tien Ming, Jetz, Walter, Ibisch, Pierre L., Nowicki, Christoph, Mutke, Jens, Barthlott, Wilhelm, and Crane, Peter R.
- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
8. Global Patterns and Determinants of Vascular Plant Diversity
- Author
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Kreft, Holger and Jetz, Walter
- Published
- 2007
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
9. Climatic stability and geological history shape global centers of neo- and paleoendemism in seed plants.
- Author
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Cai L, Kreft H, Taylor A, Schrader J, Dawson W, Essl F, van Kleunen M, Pergl J, Pyšek P, Winter M, and Weigelt P
- Subjects
- Phylogeny, Seeds, Geology, Biodiversity, Biological Evolution
- Abstract
Assessing the distribution of geographically restricted and evolutionarily unique species and their underlying drivers is key to understanding biogeographical processes and critical for global conservation prioritization. Here, we quantified the geographic distribution and drivers of phylogenetic endemism for ~320,000 seed plants worldwide and identified centers and drivers of evolutionarily young (neoendemism) and evolutionarily old endemism (paleoendemism). Tropical and subtropical islands as well as tropical mountain regions displayed the world's highest phylogenetic endemism. Most tropical rainforest regions emerged as centers of paleoendemism, while most Mediterranean-climate regions showed high neoendemism. Centers where high neo- and paleoendemism coincide emerged on some oceanic and continental fragment islands, in Mediterranean-climate regions and parts of the Irano-Turanian floristic region. Global variation in phylogenetic endemism was well explained by a combination of past and present environmental factors (79.8 to 87.7% of variance explained) and most strongly related to environmental heterogeneity. Also, warm and wet climates, geographic isolation, and long-term climatic stability emerged as key drivers of phylogenetic endemism. Neo- and paleoendemism were jointly explained by climatic and geological history. Long-term climatic stability promoted the persistence of paleoendemics, while the isolation of oceanic islands and their unique geological histories promoted neoendemism. Mountainous regions promoted both neo- and paleoendemism, reflecting both diversification and persistence over time. Our study provides insights into the evolutionary underpinnings of biogeographical patterns in seed plants and identifies the areas on Earth with the highest evolutionary and biogeographical uniqueness-key information for setting global conservation priorities.
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
10. The evolution of insular woodiness.
- Author
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Zizka A, Onstein RE, Rozzi R, Weigelt P, Kreft H, Steinbauer MJ, Bruelheide H, and Lens F
- Subjects
- Biological Evolution, Climate, Oceans and Seas, Plants, Islands, Wood
- Abstract
Insular woodiness (IW)-the evolutionary transition from herbaceousness toward woodiness on islands-is one of the most iconic features of island floras. Since pioneering work by Darwin and Wallace, a number of drivers of IW have been proposed, such as 1) competition for sunlight requiring plants with taller and stronger woody stems and 2) drought favoring woodiness to safeguard root-to-shoot water transport. Alternatively, IW may be the indirect result of increased lifespan related to 3) a favorable aseasonal climate and/or 4) a lack of large native herbivores. However, information on the occurrence of IW is fragmented, hampering tests of these potential drivers. Here, we identify 1,097 insular woody species on 375 islands and infer at least 175 evolutionary transitions on 31 archipelagos, concentrated in six angiosperm families. Structural equation models reveal that the insular woody species richness on oceanic islands correlates with a favorable aseasonal climate, followed by increased drought and island isolation (approximating competition). When continental islands are also included, reduced herbivory pressure by large native mammals, increased drought, and island isolation are most relevant. Our results illustrate different trajectories leading to rampant convergent evolution toward IW and further emphasize archipelagos as natural laboratories of evolution, where similar abiotic or biotic conditions replicated evolution of similar traits.
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
11. Land-use trajectories for sustainable land system transformations: Identifying leverage points in a global biodiversity hotspot.
- Author
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Martin DA, Andrianisaina F, Fulgence TR, Osen K, Rakotomalala AANA, Raveloaritiana E, Soazafy MR, Wurz A, Andriafanomezantsoa R, Andriamaniraka H, Andrianarimisa A, Barkmann J, Dröge S, Grass I, Guerrero-Ramirez N, Hänke H, Hölscher D, Rakouth B, Ranarijaona HLT, Randriamanantena R, Ratsoavina FM, Ravaomanarivo LHR, Schwab D, Tscharntke T, Zemp DC, and Kreft H
- Subjects
- Animals, Humans, Madagascar, Agriculture, Biodiversity, Conservation of Natural Resources methods, Forestry, Models, Biological
- Abstract
Sustainable land-system transformations are necessary to avert biodiversity and climate collapse. However, it remains unclear where entry points for transformations exist in complex land systems. Here, we conceptualize land systems along land-use trajectories, which allows us to identify and evaluate leverage points, i.e., entry points on the trajectory where targeted interventions have particular leverage to influence land-use decisions. We apply this framework in the biodiversity hotspot Madagascar. In the northeast, smallholder agriculture results in a land-use trajectory originating in old-growth forests and spanning from forest fragments to shifting hill rice cultivation and vanilla agroforests. Integrating interdisciplinary empirical data on seven taxa, five ecosystem services, and three measures of agricultural productivity, we assess trade-offs and cobenefits of land-use decisions at three leverage points along the trajectory. These trade-offs and cobenefits differ between leverage points: Two leverage points are situated at the conversion of old-growth forests and forest fragments to shifting cultivation and agroforestry, resulting in considerable trade-offs, especially between endemic biodiversity and agricultural productivity. Here, interventions enabling smallholders to conserve forests are necessary. This is urgent since ongoing forest loss threatens to eliminate these leverage points due to path dependency. The third leverage point allows for the restoration of land under shifting cultivation through vanilla agroforests and offers cobenefits between restoration goals and agricultural productivity. The co-occurring leverage points highlight that conservation and restoration are simultaneously necessary to avert collapse of multifunctional mosaic landscapes. Methodologically, the framework highlights the importance of considering path dependency along trajectories to achieve sustainable land-system transformations., Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing interest., (Copyright © 2022 the Author(s). Published by PNAS.)
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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