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Start Over Author "Robert R" Journal proceedings of the national academy of sciences of the united states of america
1,560 results on '"Robert R"'

5. Continental-scale distributions of dust-associated bacteria and fungi

Author

Barberán, Albert, Ladau, Joshua, Leff, Jonathan W, Pollard, Katherine S, Menninger, Holly L, Dunn, Robert R, and Fierer, Noah

Subjects
Microbiology, Biological Sciences, Earth Sciences, Rural Health, 2.2 Factors relating to the physical environment, Aetiology, Aerosols, Air Microbiology, Allergens, Animals, Atmosphere, Bacteria, Biodiversity, Cities, Dust, Environmental Monitoring, Feces, Fungi, Geography, Humans, Multivariate Analysis, Oceans and Seas, Seasons, Skin, Soil Microbiology, United States, Water Microbiology, Wind, aerobiology, microbial ecology, microbial dispersal, urbanization, allergens
Abstract

It has been known for centuries that microorganisms are ubiquitous in the atmosphere, where they are capable of long-distance dispersal. Likewise, it is well-established that these airborne bacteria and fungi can have myriad effects on human health, as well as the health of plants and livestock. However, we have a limited understanding of how these airborne communities vary across different geographic regions or the factors that structure the geographic patterns of near-surface microbes across large spatial scales. We collected dust samples from the external surfaces of ∼1,200 households located across the United States to understand the continental-scale distributions of bacteria and fungi in the near-surface atmosphere. The microbial communities were highly variable in composition across the United States, but the geographic patterns could be explained by climatic and soil variables, with coastal regions of the United States sharing similar airborne microbial communities. Although people living in more urbanized areas were not found to be exposed to distinct outdoor air microbial communities compared with those living in more rural areas, our results do suggest that urbanization leads to homogenization of the airborne microbiota, with more urban communities exhibiting less continental-scale geographic variability than more rural areas. These results provide our first insight into the continental-scale distributions of airborne microbes, which is information that could be used to identify likely associations between microbial exposures in outdoor air and incidences of disease in crops, livestock, and humans.

Published
2015

6. Diamond surface functionalization via visible light-driven C-H activation for nanoscale quantum sensing.

Author

Rodgers, Lila V. H., Suong T. Nguyen, Cox, James H., Zervas, Kalliope, Zhiyang Yuan, Sangtawesin, Sorawis, Stacey, Alastair, Jaye, Cherno, Weiland, Conan, Pershin, Anton, Gali, Adam, Thomsen, Lars, Meynell, Simon A., Hughes, Lillian B., Bleszynski Jayich, Ania C., Xin Gui, Cava, Robert J., Knowles, Robert R., and de Leon, Nathalie P.

Subjects
DIAMOND surfaces, NUCLEAR spin, THERMAL plasmas, PLASMA materials processing, FUNCTIONAL groups, MELT spinning
Abstract

Nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond are a promising platform for nanoscale NMR sensing. Despite significant progress toward using NV centers to detect and localize nuclear spins down to the single spin level, NV-based spectroscopy of individual, intact, arbitrary target molecules remains elusive. Such sensing requires that target molecules are immobilized within nanometers of NV centers with long spin coherence. The inert nature of diamond typically requires harsh functionalization techniques such as thermal annealing or plasma processing, limiting the scope of functional groups that can be attached to the surface. Solution-phase chemical methods can be readily generalized to install diverse functional groups, but they have not been widely explored for single-crystal diamond surfaces. Moreover, realizing shallow NV centers with long spin coherence times requires highly ordered single-crystal surfaces, and solution-phase functionalization has not yet been shown with such demanding conditions. In this work, we report a versatile strategy to directly functionalize C--H bonds on single-crystal diamond surfaces under ambient conditions using visible light, forming C--F, C--Cl, C--S, and C--N bonds at the surface. This method is compatible with NV centers within 10 nm of the surface with spin coherence times comparable to the state of the art. As a proof-of-principle demonstration, we use shallow ensembles of NV centers to detect nuclear spins from surface-bound functional groups. Our approach to surface functionalization opens the door to deploying NV centers as a tool for chemical sensing and single-molecule spectroscopy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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8. Color-Blind Fluorescence Detection for Four-Color DNA Sequencing

Author

Lewis, Ernest K., Haaland, Wade C., Nguyen, Freddy, Heller, Daniel A., Allen, Matthew J., MacGregor, Robert R., Berger, C. Scott, Willingham, Britain, Burns, Lori A., Kittrell, Carter, Johnson, Bruce R., Curl, Robert F., and Metzker, Michael L.

Published
2005

39. Brain-to-brain mechanisms underlying pain empathy and social modulation of pain in the patient-clinician interaction.

Author

Ellingsen, Dan-Mikael, Isenburg, Kylie, Changjin Jung, Jeungchan Lee, Gerber, Jessica, Mawla, Ishtiaq, Sclocco, Roberta, Grahl, Arvina, Anzolin, Alessandra, Edwards, Robert R., Kelley, John M., Kirsch, Irving, Kaptchuk, Ted J., and Napadow, Vitaly

Subjects
THERAPEUTIC alliance, SOMATOSENSORY cortex, EMPATHY, PREFRONTAL cortex, SOCIAL interaction
Abstract

Social interactions such as the patient-clinician encounter can influence pain, but the underlying dynamic interbrain processes are unclear. Here, we investigated the dynamic brain processes supporting social modulation of pain by assessing simultaneous brain activity (fMRI hyperscanning) from chronic pain patients and clinicians during video-based live interaction. Patients received painful and nonpainful pressure stimuli either with a supportive clinician present (Dyadic) or in isolation (Solo). In half of the dyads, clinicians performed a clinical consultation and intake with the patient prior to hyperscanning (Clinical Interaction), which increased self-reported therapeutic alliance. For the other half, patient--clinician hyperscanning was completed without prior clinical interaction (No Interaction). Patients reported lower pain intensity in the Dyadic, relative to the Solo, condition. In Clinical Interaction dyads relative to No Interaction, patients evaluated their clinicians as better able to understand their pain, and clinicians were more accurate when estimating patients' pain levels. In Clinical Interaction dyads, compared to No Interaction, patients showed stronger activation of the dorsolateral and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC and vlPFC) and primary (S1) and secondary (S2) somatosensory areas (Dyadic-Solo contrast), and clinicians showed increased dynamic dlPFC concordance with patients' S2 activity during pain. Furthermore, the strength of S2-dlPFC concordance was positively correlated with self-reported therapeutic alliance. These findings support that empathy and supportive care can reduce pain intensity and shed light on the brain processes underpinning social modulation of pain in patient-clinician interactions. Our findings further suggest that clinicians' dlPFC concordance with patients' somatosensory processing during pain can be boosted by increasing therapeutic alliance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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40. Single crystal spectroscopy and multiple structures from one crystal (MSOX) define catalysis in copper nitrite reductases

Author

Samuel L. Rose, Seiki Baba, Hideo Okumura, Svetlana V. Antonyuk, Daisuke Sasaki, Tobias M. Hedison, Muralidharan Shanmugam, Derren J. Heyes, Nigel S. Scrutton, Takashi Kumasaka, Takehiko Tosha, Robert R. Eady, Masaki Yamamoto, and S. Samar Hasnain

Subjects
Multidisciplinary, Nitrite Reductases, Spectrum Analysis, Oxidation-Reduction, Catalysis, Copper, Nitrites
Abstract

Many enzymes utilize redox-coupled centers for performing catalysis where these centers are used to control and regulate the transfer of electrons required for catalysis, whose untimely delivery can lead to a state incapable of binding the substrate, i.e., a dead-end enzyme. Copper nitrite reductases (CuNiRs), which catalyze the reduction of nitrite to nitric oxide (NO), have proven to be a good model system for studying these complex processes including proton-coupled electron transfer (ET) and their orchestration for substrate binding/utilization. Recently, a two-domain CuNiR from aRhizobiaspecies (Br2DNiR) has been discovered with a substantially lower enzymatic activity where the catalytic type-2 Cu (T2Cu) site is occupied by two water molecules requiring their displacement for the substrate nitrite to bind. Single crystal spectroscopy combined with MSOX (multiple structures from one crystal) for both the as-isolated and nitrite-soaked crystals clearly demonstrate that inter-Cu ET within the coupled T1Cu-T2Cu redox system is heavily gated. Laser-flash photolysis and optical spectroscopy showed rapid ET from photoexcited NADH to the T1Cu center but little or no inter-Cu ET in the absence of nitrite. Furthermore, incomplete reoxidation of the T1Cu site (∼20% electrons transferred) was observed in the presence of nitrite, consistent with a slow formation of NO species in the serial structures of the MSOX movie obtained from the nitrite-soaked crystal, which is likely to be responsible for the lower activity of this CuNiR. Our approach is of direct relevance for studying redox reactions in a wide range of biological systems including metalloproteins that make up at least 30% of all proteins.

Published
2022

44. Epistasis dominates the genetic architecture of Drosophila quantitative traits

Author

Huang, Wen, Richards, Stephen, Carbone, Mary Anna, Zhu, Dianhui, Anholt, Robert R. H., Ayroles, Julien F., Duncan, Laura, Jordan, Katherine W., Lawrence, Faye, Magwire, Michael M., Warner, Crystal B., Blankenburg, Kerstin, Han, Yi, Javaid, Mehwish, Jayaseelan, Joy, Jhangiani, Shalini N., Muzny, Donna, Ongeri, Fiona, Perales, Lora, Wu, Yuan-Qing, Zhang, Yiqing, Zou, Xiaoyan, Stone, Eric A., Gibbs, Richard A., and Mackay, Trudy F. C.

Published
2012

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