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Aim. Assessment of anxiety-depressive disorders in an oncologically ill patient may help in the treatment process and planning psycho-oncological care. The aim of the study was to assess the level of anxiety and depression in cancer patients and their relationship with psychosocial variables. Methods. The study group consisted of adult cancer patients, eligible for causal treatment for at least 6 weeks. The HADS questionnaire was used to examine 537 patients aged 19 to 91 (average age: 53.5). Results. Both during the first oncological treatment and in the relapse of the disease, patients more often show symptoms of anxiety than depression. These conditions occur with greater intensity in women than in men (p = 0.000), moreover, the risk of depressive disorders increases with the patient's age (p = 0.015). The highest intensity of symptoms of depression was observed in patients living in the countryside and in people on disability or retirement pension, and the lowest in small and medium-sized towns and in people who were economically active or on short sick leave. On the other hand, the simultaneous occurrence of anxiety and depression was distinctive for the patients with breast and reproductive organs cancers, which were least frequently reported by patients with urinary tract cancers. Conclusions. Tools for screening the risk of depression and anxiety disorders should be used routinely during regular medical consultations in a patient with cancer. This will allow for early detection of symptoms and initiation of therapeutic measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review aims to sum up the current knowledge about biological factors of pregnancy-related anxiety (PrA) and the most common consequences for both mother and child, thereby identifying the most crucial concerns and suggesting the course of further research in this field. We pursued a literature review using PubMed. Scientists have shown a significant connection between prenatal anxiety and hormonal changes. These alterations include HPA-axis regulation, thyroid function, oxytocin, prolactin, and progesterone levels. PrA is proven to be a multifactorial condition. Several psychological factors correlate with it, e.g., insufficient social support, unplanned pregnancy, lack of physical activity, and a high level of distress. Although pregnancy is a significant change in one's life and may be a stressful event, it seems inadequate to believe that clinically relevant prenatal anxiety should be explained only by these psychological factors. Pregnancy-related anxiety is a common mental health disorder in pregnancy, and further studies are needed to minimize the risk of its severe consequences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim. The aim of this study was to answer the following question: how do threat to life and state anxiety predict psychological functioning in the COVID-19 pandemic among Polish adults aged 18-65 years? Material and methods. The web-based cross-sectional survey was applied to 1,466 Polish respondents (1,074 women; 73.3%) aged 18-65 years. They were divided into four age groups (18-25; 26-35; 36-45; 46-65 years). All participants completed the following questionnaires: General Functioning Questionnaire (GFQ), State Anxiety Inventory (STAI-S) and General Sense of Threat to Life Scale (GSTLS). Results. The youngest adults (aged 18-25 years) manifested significantly higher psycho- logical distress, state anxiety and a sense of threat to life compared to all the older participants. A sense of threat to life and state anxiety were significant predictors of psychological distress during the COVID-19 epidemic, whereas state anxiety mediated the relation between "threat to life" and "psychological distress". Conclusions. The results of the study indicate that the youngest participants constitute a risk group for the most severe psychological difficulties. The COVID-19 psychological distress could be significantly predicted by the two kinds of emotional states: threat to life and state anxiety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim. The aim of this study is to compare the manifestation of anxiety and depressive disorders as well as attempt to identify factors influencing their occurrence among healthcare system employees and nonmedical staff. Method. A survey was conducted with participation of 921 people using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale - Modified (HADS-M) and a survey prepared to assess the attitudes of the respondents towards the epidemic. Results. The obtained results allow to state that the examined groups do not differ in the level of perceived anxiety or the level of depression, however, they had different attitudes towards the epidemic. A number of factors increasing the risk of occurrence of these disorders have been identified. Among medical professions, nurses are the professional group particularly vulnerable to anxiety disorders. Conclusions. The epidemic has a significant impact on human mental well-being. Recognizing the factors increasing the risk of mental disorders and their prevalence during an epidemic can help identify individuals who are particularly at risk of developing them. The knowledge resulting from empirical explorations is the basis for implementing preventive and therapeutic measures among people affected by mental disorders during the pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim. The aim of the study was to assess the severity of anxiety and depression in women treated for infertility as compared to the severity of these clinical parameters in women without reproductive problems, and to assess the impact of emotional disorders on the ovulation cycle. Method. Ovulation was assessed by hormonal and ultrasound examinations. The emotional state was examined by the STAI Anxiety State and Trait Inventory and the HADS anxiety and depression scale. Results. The severity of anxiety as a trait and as a state according to STAI was significantly higher in women treated for infertility than in women with confirmed fertility, as well as higher in women treated for infertility who did not get pregnant than in those who got pregnant. The severity of anxiety and depression were significantly higher in women treated for infertility than in women with confirmed fertility. Women treated for infertility who did not become pregnant had higher severity of depressive symptoms compared to women who were pregnant. In the serum of women treated for infertility, cortisol levels, both during and after ovulation, positively correlated with the severity of anxiety and depression. The same correlations were found in the group of women with confirmed fertility. Conclusions. (1) Anxiety and depression are associated with human reproductive problems. The nature and direction of the association is to be explored. (2) Emotional disorders adversely affect the secretion of sex cycle hormones and endometrial growth. (3) Couples with reproductive problems require psychological support to improve the effects of infertility treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to discuss the challenge posed to mental health by climate change. Our inquiry is based on literature review and original qualitative studies. The data are collected from both desk research and in-depth interviews with participants belonging to following groups: high school and university students, young parents, activists, and psychotherapy patients. This paper also offers the critical review of contemporary terminology used for mental health problems and emotions appearing in the context of climate change, as well as the history of scientific interest in the issue at hand. The term and phenomenon of climate depression acquires a special focus, based on qualitative studies participants' self-reports and main arguments critical to medicalization of emotions experienced when facing the climate crisis. The additional analysis of socio-political and cultural aspects of climate change and mental health concludes in establishing the urgent need for further research in the area, so as to gain multidimensional understanding necessary for providing adequate mental health services. It is very likely that it will be increasingly needed in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this work was to define the notion of cardiac syndrome X based on latest research, determine its connection with mental disturbances and present the current therapeutic directions. Cardiac syndrome X was distinguished in 1973 to describe a group of patients with coronary syndrome symptoms despite normal coronary vessels in coronarography. Many years have passed since then, but the syndrome definition and the diagnostic criteria still arouse controversy. It is estimated that 10 to 20% of persons who undergo coronarography suffer from cardiac syndrome X, a vast majority of them being perimenopausal women. That patient population suffers from anxiety disorders, depressive symptoms and sleep disturbances much more frequently than does general population. Treatment includes a range of medicines with various mechanisms of action, but their effectiveness is limited; non-pharmacological actions are a significant part of the therapy. The patient group with cardiac syndrome X requires periodic follow-ups because prospective observation has shown that it is a risk group concerning development of atherosclerosis and acute coronary syndrome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim. The objective of the study was to evaluate the prevalence and severity of anxiety and depression in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT), and to determine a relationship between the severity of these disorders and the serum calcium ion and parathyroid hormone level, as well as to evaluate the usefulness of self-rating scales in screening for depressive disorders in PHPT patients. Method. Using the 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D), Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), study was performed on a group of 101 patients with PHPT. A control group included 50 patients diagnosed with non-toxic thyroid goiter. Results. The HAM-D indicated higher prevalence and severity of depressive symptoms in the whole population of patients and in women with PHPT. Such a relationship was not observed in men. The BDI-II indicated higher prevalence and severity of depressive symptoms in the whole population of patients and in women with PHPT. Such a relationship was not observed in men. The HADS did not show significant differences in the prevalence of depressive and anxiety symptoms between the study and control groups in the whole population and after taking into account the gender division. Conclusions. A relationship between PHPT and depression was confirmed. Such a relationship was not confirmed for anxiety. A relationship between the severity of depression and the serum calcium ion and parathyroid hormone level was also not confirmed. A statistically significant negative correlation between the severity of anxiety and the serum calcium ion level in the whole population of patients, and an additional positive correlation between the serum parathyroid hormone level and the severity of anxiety in women were confirmed. Self-rating tests are not sufficient for screening for depressive disorders in PHPT patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anxiety and anxiety disorders among people with visual impairment are more frequent than in the general population. It is estimated that of people with visual impairment face depression and/or anxiety, whereas 4-6% of people are diagnosed with anxiety disorders. The purpose of this paper is analyzing the occurrence of anxiety in people with visual impairment based on current information. Literature review indicates that people with visual impairment experience the common, as well as the more specific, often chronic anxiety symptoms. Despite the significance of the foregoing phenomenon and its negative consequences, literature does not explain its causes, specify the problem, and most importantly, does not provide recommendations for preventing the occurrence of anxiety in the foregoing group of people. In order to understand the nature of anxiety, it is important to learn more about its causes and consequences for health, both biopsychosocial and spiritual wellbeing. In people with visual impairment this may depend on particular conditions which these people face every day, therefore the concept of anxiety in this group of people requires a separate consideration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pain is one of the most frequently reported symptoms of multiple sclerosis (MS). It affects the daily functioning of patients, limits the ability to work and reduces the joy of life. Aim. The aim of the study was to analyze the impact of pain on quality of life as well as symptoms of anxiety and depression in patients with MS. Material and methods. The study included 144 patients with diagnosed MS (mean age 41±12 years, mean illness duration 10.3±8.6 years). The study was carried out on the basis of the author's survey on current and previous pain - the Quality of Life Self-esteem Questionnaire (EuroQol5D) and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). Results. Among all respondents, 117 (81.3%) reported current pain, and 120 (83.3%) declared the occurrence of pain in the past. Currently, patients have reported: pain in one or more extremities - 79 people (54.9%), headache and facial pain - 72 (50%), back pain - 72 (50%), painful muscle spasms - 54 (38.6%), ocular pain - 37 (25.7%), Lhermitte's sign - 32 (22.2%). Patients reporting pain experienced significantly more severe symptoms of anxiety and depression (HADS-L: 8.0±4.3 vs. 5.1±4.3; p< 0.01; HADS-D: 6.0±4.2 vs. 3.4±3.7; p< 0.01), and had significantly worse quality of life (EQ 5D: 8.1±1.9 vs. 6.3±1.4; p< 0.0001). An association between presence of pain and gender (p< 0.01), age (p< 0.05), the degree of disability (p< 0.05), education (p< 0.001), and the professional activity (p< 0.01) was found. Conclusions. Pain in MS is associated with more severe symptoms of anxiety and depression, and worse quality of life. Female sex, older age, lower level of education, greater disability, and lack of occupational work predispose to the occurrence of pain in MS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim. The aim of the study was to find factors associated with higher severity of anxiety and depressive symptoms in female patients experiencing intimate partner violence (IPV). Method. The study was conducted in six randomly selected primary healthcare centers in Lublin province. The HADS (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale) and a structured questionnaire designed by the authors were administered to a total of 350 consecutive female patients visiting a GP. Fully completed questionnaire forms were obtained from 200 women. 102 (51%) participants who confirmed experiencing IPV ultimately made up the study cohort. Sequential models were created using backward stepwise multiple regression to investigate the potential risk and the protective factors associated with higher severity of anxiety and depressive symptoms in the study group. Results. 68% and 56% of the participants respectively had positive scores on the HADS anxiety and depression subscales. Living in a small town or in the countryside was associated with higher scores on the anxiety subscale (b = -1.18, p = 0.003), but not on the depression subscale. Chronic physical illness (b = 2.42, p = 0.013; b = 2.86, p = 0.015), being unemployed (b = 0.58, p = 0.024; b = 0.69, p = 0.008), and exposure to economic violence (b = 3.97, p < 0.001; b = 3.88, p = 0.001) were associated with higher scores on both subscales of the HADS. The fact of receiving financial support (b = 2.67, p = 0.002; b = 2.68, p = 0.003) was a protective factor against both kinds of symptoms. Exposure to physical violence was associated with higher scores on the depression subscale (b = 3.09, p = 0.005), but not on anxiety subscale. Conclusions. The type of violence and socioeconomic characteristics were more strongly associated with anxiety and depressive symptoms in women experiencing IPV than demographic variables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim. The aim of the study was to assess the effect of anxiety associated with parachute jumps on selected redox balance parameters in regular soldiers from airborne forces. The study allows estimating whether the paratroopers exposed to high level of mental stress are simultaneously under severe oxidative stress. Methods. The investigations were carried out on 46 professional soldiers from airborne forces divided into groups depending on the number of performed parachute jumps. Peripheral venous blood samples were obtained under fasting conditions three times for the determination of selected parameters of red-ox balance: on an ordinary working day, on the day when the jump was performed and on the day after the jump. The time of the performed determinations was to reflect the initial balance of the organism, the state at the moment of stress and its effect on the organism. Results. Our investigations showed lack of differences in characteristics of the activity of antioxidant enzymes (CAT and SOD) in response to mental stress depending on the experience of the investigated group in parachuting. Decrease in GSH-Px activity was demonstrated in response to mental stress in all the investigated groups. The TBARS level was higher in more experienced parachutists. Conclusions. The analysis of changes in selected redox balance parameters may be useful for monitoring anxiety associated with parachute jumps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma are a challenge to public health, with the sufferers experiencing a range of psychological factors affecting their health and behavior. Aim. The aim of the present study was to determine the level of anxiety, personality traits and stress-coping ability of patients with obstructive lung disease and comparison with a group of healthy controls. Material and methods. The research was conducted on a group of 150 people with obstructive lung diseases (asthma and COPD) and healthy controls (mean age = 56.0 ± 16.00). Four surveys were used: a sociodemographic survey, NEO-FFI Personality Inventory, State- Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), and Brief Cope Inventory. Logistic regression was used to identify the investigated variables which best differentiated the healthy and sick individuals. Results. Patients with asthma or COPD demonstrated a significantly lower level of conscientiousness, openness to experience, active coping and planning, as well as higher levels of neuroticism and a greater tendency to behavioral disengagement. Logistic regression found trait-anxiety, openness to experience, positive reframing, acceptance, humor and behavioral disengagement to be best at distinguishing people with lung diseases from healthy individuals. Conclusions. The results indicate the need for intervention in the psychological functioning of people with obstructive diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) remain highly prevalent worldwide, and are well known to negatively impact patients' quality of life, sleep and psychosocial wellbeing. Conversely, both depression and anxiety have been shown to have a negative effect on perception, development and prolongation of LUTS. This paper provides an overview of an association between the lower urinary tract symptoms, depression and anxiety. It also explores possible common mechanisms underlying the causes of both conditions. There has been a large body of evidence linking LUTS with anxiety and/or depression. Studies have documented not only a significant impact of LUTS on the psychosocial wellbeing, but also showed a strong negative effect of depression and anxiety on perception, development and prolongation of LUTS. High level of psychiatric morbidity has important implications on the appropriate management in patients with LUTS, as well as LUTS may have important implications on development and management of depression and anxiety. Therefore, clinicians should be aware of the bidirectional association between LUTS and anxiety and/or depression, as some patients may require a multidisciplinary approach and a combined treatment. The precise common mechanism underlying LUTS, depression and anxiety remain largely unknown and further research is needed to elucidate the underlying pathophysiological pathways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diabetes itself, by its nature, can aggravate the symptoms of depression. One of its main complications is peripheral diabetic neuropathy (PDN). Based on the literature the presence of the relationship between the PDN and depression is confirmed. The symptoms connected with instability while walking and reduction of everyday activities were the strongest predictors of the intensification of depression symptoms. The relationship between the neuropathic ulcers and depression is considered as ambiguous. Additional problems in diagnosis and evaluation is the polyetiologic character of the disease, damage to the nerve fibers of different thickness, variety of methods of the diagnosis and differences in the prevalence of diabetic neuropathy (26%-50%). The presence of the described differences may be connected with diagnostic methods and the fact of the modification of perceived symptoms such as pain by the depression itself. One of the results of difficulties in describing the relationships and diagnosis are problems, described in the literature, with the selection of patients requiring treatment of PDN. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Psychiatria Polska is the property of Editorial Committee of Polish Psychiatric Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Aim. The aim of the study was to assess the incidence of depression and anxiety symptoms in patients after cardiac arrest (SCA) in relation to patients with a history of myocardial infarction without SCA and in healthy individuals. The analysis of the impact of selected socio-demographic and clinical parameters and duration of SCA on the presence and severity of depression and anxiety symptoms in different groups was also performed. Material and methods. The study involved 30 patients after SCA and 31 patients with history of myocardial infarction without SCA. The control group consisted of 30 healthy subjects. To assess the mental state, a specially developed questionnaire was used, while the presence and severity of the symptoms were assessed using the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) and the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM-A). Results. Statistically, a significantly higher average level of depression and a higher incidence of anxiety was demonstrated in patients after a sudden cardiac arrest (study group) and after myocardial infarction (reference group) compared with the control group. There were no statistically significant differences in the incidence of anxiety between the study and reference groups. No impact of the duration of cardiac arrest on the incidence of depression and anxiety symptoms in the study group was observed. Conclusions. In the group of people with a history of cardiac arrest, the most common mental disorder is depression. Anxiety and depression are significantly more frequent in patients with a history of SCA than in healthy individuals. There were no differences in the incidence and severity of depression symptoms in patients after SCA compared to patients after myocardial infarction without SCA. The described socio-demographic parameters and clinical characteristics had no impact on the symptoms of depression and anxiety in the investigated groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anxiety is related to attentional bias, i.e. a tendency to pay attention to threatening stimuli. This occurs both in individuals suffering from anxiety disorders, and in healthy individuals with elevated levels of trait anxiety. This article is an analysis of a research paradigm, used to modify attentional bias (CBM-A Cognitive Bias Modification - Attention). A growing number of studies indicate that with the help of computer methods such as a modified version of the dot-probe task we can train individuals to direct attention away from threatening stimuli, which in turn reduces symptoms of anxiety. This effect was observed in adults, adolescents and children suffering from social phobia, generalised anxiety disorder and subclinical symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Effectiveness of this method constitutes the evidence for attentional bias being among the causes of anxiety disorders. The article also analyses the still not completely clear mechanisms of CBM-A and limitations of this method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether intensity of state anxiety before operation depends on knee function. Material and method. The study was conducted among 81 patients qualified to knee arthroplasty because of severe arthrosis. A knee function was evaluated with Knee Society score and Oxford questionnaires, and level of anxiety - with State-Trait Anxiety Inventory by C.D. Spielberger a day before the operation. Results. Patients with higher intensity of trait anxiety had higher level of state anxiety before operation. To a group with higher intensity of trait anxiety belonged above all elderly persons. In addition, in these patients the knee function was worse. It was indicated that the better knee state and knee function were, the higher level of state anxiety before operation was. Conclusions. The knee clinical state prior to knee arthroplasty and trait anxiety are the predictors of the preoperative state anxiety. In the group of patients undergoing knee arthroplasty trait anxiety levels were found to be higher in older persons. Before the operation worse clinical knee state was found in patients with primary education as compared to patients with secondary education and university degree. No statistically significant correlation were found between preoperative anxiety and gender, patient's work status and marital status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid progress in knee implants technology and operational techniques go together with more and more modem medical programs, designed to optimize the patients' care and shorten their stay in hospital. However, this does not guarantee any elimination of perioperative stress in patients. Anxiety is a negative emotional state arising from stressful circumstances accompanied by activation of the autonomous nervous system. Anxiety causes negative physiological changes, including wound healing, resistance to anesthetic induction, it is associated with an increased perioperative pain and prolong recovery period. The purpose of this work is to present the current state of knowledge on the preoperative anxiety and discuss its impact on pain and other parameters in patients undergoing fast-track arthroplasty of big joints. The work also shows selected issues of anxiety pathomechanism, and actual methods reducing preoperative anxiety in hospitalized patients. The common prevalence of anxiety in patients undergoing surgery induces the attempt to routinely identify patients with higher anxiety, which may be a predictive factor of worse results after TKA. Undertaking widely understood psychological support in these patients before and after the operation could be a favorable element, which would influence the final result of the treatment of patients after big joints arthroplasties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To evaluate anxiety level (as a trait and as a state) and the intensity of depressive symptoms in mothers of children with hyperkinetic disorder (HD) and with and without comorbid conduct disorder (CD); to determine the relationship between the intensity of anxiety and depression and intensity of symptoms of HD. Materials and methods: Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and STAI questionnaire to measure state-trait anxiety were filled by 24 mothers of children with HD and 26 mothers of children without HD. Mothers of children with HD were also asked to complete the Conners Questionnaire for Parents and Teachers (IOWA). Teachers were asked to complete the Conners Questionnaire for Teachers (RCTS). Results: 75% of HD subjects had a comorbid CD, in comparison with 19.2 % in the control group. No significant differences were found between the mothers of children with HD and the control group in the results of BDI scale and STAI questionnaire in anxiety state and anxiety trait subscales. The difference was found between mothers of children with CD and without CD in anxiety-state subscale in STAI questionnaire. No correlations were found between the number of depressive symptoms, anxiety as a state and as a trait and the results of Conners IOWA and RCTS. Conclusions: The presence of HD in children does not correlate with the level of depression and anxiety in their mothers. There is a relationship between the presence of CD in children and elevated levels of state anxiety in their mothers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Psychiatria Polska is the property of Editorial Committee of Polish Psychiatric Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Psychiatria Polska is the property of Editorial Committee of Polish Psychiatric Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Psychiatria Polska is the property of Editorial Committee of Polish Psychiatric Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Psychiatria Polska is the property of Editorial Committee of Polish Psychiatric Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Psychiatria Polska is the property of Editorial Committee of Polish Psychiatric Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Psychiatria Polska is the property of Editorial Committee of Polish Psychiatric Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Psychiatria Polska is the property of Editorial Committee of Polish Psychiatric Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)