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This paper is based on the one of the author's diploma thesis defended at the Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, Charles University in 2019. The main objective is to present forensic psychology research, especially the research focused on the perception of justice in legally regulated decision-making procedures. Due to the absence of domestic sources, the main attention is focused on foreign research. Finally, it is the ambition of the presented paper to contribute to the professional discussion on the relevant topic within the Czech psychological community. The empirical part presents the newly developed Questionnaire of Perceived Justice in Mediation (DVSM), it's creating stages and limitations. Also, another research activity of the authors is presented, in which the limitation of DVSM are addressed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this contribution is to convey the knowledge from the practice about the hurting impact on the psyche of the family and the bereaved of the victims of crimes, tragic events and the extraordinary disasters in case the information about the event is published on the social networks and news portals on the Internet. It is not the aim of this paper to name all the reactions and possibilities. It aims to present a different point of view on the publishing of this kind of information and makes the readers to think about. We live in the time when anything can be documented, filmed, photographed, sent and published on the social network really easily. It can be seen how media are able to react quickly to the tragic events. It occurs very often that the photograph from the place of the tragedy appears on the Internet much earlier than the family related to this case is informed. And even the situation that the mentioned families get the information about the tragedy just through the Internet is not an exception. This paper outlines the experience of the affected persons, who can read the story and the comment of different users about the tragedy that caught them personally. It is possible that published information is more or less in correspondence with the reality but the most hurting is the fact that their private details can be revealed, in many times even their intimate details. This takes part in the secondary victimization. Then the crisis intervention by the police and possible further following therapy and consultancy is more complicated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents the results of the qualitative research, which pursued the topic of satisfaction in relationships in Czech couples. The results are compared with the outcomes of several studies from abroad. The first part of the paper consists of a brief introduction to the topic and present the results of studies with a similar design. The second part describes the research, which was part of Zuzana Kalousova's thesis in 2017. It is a qualitative research conducted via half-structured interviews with 22 respondents who have been in a satisfactory relationship for over ten years. To analyze the data, we used grounded theory. The results were ten categories that contributed to satisfaction in relationships: overcoming of differences and obstacles, doing things together, communication, endurance, not trying to solve everything, harmony, safety, good choice of spouse, stable financial situation, family. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is based on the thesis made by the author himself and defended in 2015. It focuses on fairy tale movies and their socializing role in the transfer of values. Fairy tales often contain values and learn children to distinguish different ways of behavior and relating to the world. Film as a medium is very popular and fairy tale movies are therefore highly watched; their importance for the children development and the adoption of basic values should therefore be explored. The empirical research consists of a content analysis of six selected Czech (and Czechoslovak) fairy tales and the coding of situations that are worthwhile in terms of values. Based on these data, it is possible to identify trends in the concept of values across different fairy tales. For example, older fairy tales are more distinctive in values and therefore more educational for children while the newer ones tend to focus on entertainment and fusion of genres. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

English gets still more relevance as a foreign language as well as an international communication language and thus, the efficiency of its education has also gained more attention. The paper presents partial results of a research study which surveyed an impact of psycho-social factors on the efficiency of educational interactions in English lessons conducted by communication method. The first part of the paper summarizes main principles of the communication approach in English lessons, participants of such interactions, and a role of social skills as a part of professional competences of English teachers. The second part introduces results of English teachers' educational styles and an analysis of particular interactions in their lessons. The outcomes show how teachers' social skills affect educational interactions in English lessons conducted by communication method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper introduces psychotherapeutic experience with alcohol addicted homeless clients. The focus of the article is motivation of a client from time perspective, i.e. a development of early, continuous, and final motivation of a client to change one's life style after an intervention of the centre in Havírov. The author describes pitfalls of such motivation and refers to case studies of various clients. Readers can observe specifics of work with addicted clients without homes via symptoms of individual addiction development. The paper shows influences on clients' motivation as well as specific features of the cooperation between a therapist and a client. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Leadership style has an impact on efficiency and achievements of an organisation. In the 1970's Victor H. Vroom and Philip W. Yetton introduced a normative model of leadership, which was supposed to assist a successful leadership selection. Their model was modified in 1988 and 2000. The paper reviews the changes done in the last adaptation - e.g. a new style named "Delegate". The authors emphasize the change of perspective on decision making quality, which is not more perceived as a situation factor but the most crucial demand on efficiency. The others are: realisation of the decision, time as an expense, and developmental benefits. The differences between the original and current version of the normative model lay in a number of styles (7 instead of original 8) and a range of observed situation factors. The paper version of the assessment method has a form of two matrices. The first one evaluates situation from a perspective of time expenses minimisation. The second one evaluates developmental benefits of employees. The article points to advantages of an electronic version of Vroom's model assessment. It introduces a newly included "Problem set" to assess managers' leadership styles. It also offers some hints how to develop manager skills to choose an appropriate leadership style by using the electronic version of the method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Principal’s vision along with the style of school leadership are important factors influencing school culture and thus also relationships among the teaching staff. The aim of the present paper is to present a part of the results from a series of 12 case studies of elementary schools focusing on principals’ visions, the resulting leadership styles and their reflection in ways of fostering relationships among the staff. Each case study consisted of a combination of data collection methods: questionnaire survey among teachers, interview with school management, interviews with selected teachers, analysis of school documents, and observation of school life, while the main source of data for the current contribution were 58 interviews with directors, deputy directors and teachers from 12 case schools. Relationships among teaching staff have emerged as a key value in principal’s vision. Consequently, school management uses various practices to promote professional and/or personal relationships among teachers. Based on the case studies, we identified three basic types of principals’ visions, which differ in the roles that leadership assigns to relationships among teachers. The types of visions were labeled “hearters,” “managers,” and “survivors.” The length of the time in management function and the specificity of the school compared to the others shoved both as significant factors influencing principal’s vision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper brings research findings concerning the "concentration of attention" as one of the basic preconditions for successful work with "Advanced automated command and control systems" (PASVŘ) in the environment of the Armed Forces of the Czech Republic. The main aim of the research was to determine the level of attention and concentration differences among the future users PASVŘ in the context of selected mental states before and after stress. The research sample consisted of 170 respondents - students of military branches of University of Defense. The research came to interesting results. In the situation immediately after the stress occurred an increase in the number of solved problems and also in their accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper introduces one of current trends in the field of coping strategies -- the Dual model of coping -- represented by Response to Stress Questionnaire (RSQ).The first part of the paper briefly describes current knowledge and principles of the Dual model of coping. The second part of the paper talks about adaptation and standardization of RSQ in The Slovak Republic. The research sample consisted of 258 university students. Results of confirmation and exploration factor analysis showed four factors of RSQ questionnaire: primary socially controlled coping, secondary controlled coping, ruminations, and loss of control. Some of the items were excluded due to their low inner reliability. Despite new factor analysis outcomes the dual characteristics of RSQ, including control and automatic stress reactions, stayed preserved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the paper is to describe design and validation of one scale of a newly developed research instrument SIPP (Suchdol Inventory of Work Attitudes), the satisfaction scale. In the introduction part of the paper several basic concepts (value, attitude, validity, reliability, and scale facet) are introduced and shortly explained. The paper further describes the essential data of the scale design and its confirmation. The overall number of the subjects was 1061. Roughly half of the subjects were female, the other half male. The subjects were mostly in their productive age. The subjects with elementary level of education prevailed to some extent. The final part of the paper discusses possible use of the scale in its current version, its reliability, and its possible further development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper focuses on currently highly observed issue of intercultural cooperation. Following the change of social situation the topic has become both a practical issue and a subject of research study. The paper compares and analyzes crosscultural and intercultural approach; and criticizes both approaches for supporting social stereotypes, especially their negative aspects. It further emphasizes social psychological aspects of the issue, particularly social perception, social groups, hierarchical structure and organization of joint activities as system-producing and meaningful source of mutual relationships. It perceives such perspective as very efficient since it is based on practical experience and it also aims at practical problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents an overview of the basic principles of motivation of human behaviour from a multidisciplinary perspective. It particularly highlights the overlapping fields of psychology and physiology. The authors try to systematize insights into the prevailing theory of motivation in psychological disciplines and provide some possible explanation of recent complicated situation in this area. The paper further attempts to facilitate orientation in this complex issue. However, due to the complexity of the issue of motivation theory, it primarily focuses on finding a unified approach but does not aspire to offer a complete review. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study summarizes current theoretical knowledge about a rather new field of adventure therapy, which started in Anglo-Saxon countries approx. twenty years ago. The paper introduces fundamental historical sources and moments that were crucial when potential therapeutic and educational resources of adventure were analyzed. The aim of the paper is to show the impact of adventure therapy within the framework of current psychotherapy and/or kinesiotherapy, which is accepted by psychiatrists and its effectiveness is currently scientifically evaluated. The final part of the paper describes current development and perspectives of adventure therapy, and mentions congresses which have been held on the topic. The Czech Republic plays an active role in this development as it has been chosen to organize the 6th International Adventure Therapy Conference in 2012. This event (along with European Health Psychology Conference) is one of the most important professional events in the field of psychology and psychotherapy held in the Czech Republic in 2012. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The anchoring effect describes the influence of irrelevant information or value on the subsequent judgment. Such information or value serves as an anchor which biases the judgment. The text first summarizes possible explanations of the anchoring effect. The process by which the anchor affects a particular judgement influences the possibility of debiasing. The paper then discusses manifestations of the anchoring effect in the context of the judiciary. Proposal of prosecutors and/or defense lawyers or the maximum limits of punishment can serve as an anchor in this area. Even professional lawyers can be affected by the anchoring effect. Finally, the paper suggests changes which may lead to a decrease of the anchoring effect in the judiciary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following a previous study (Slaměník, Hurychová, 2010), we currently broaden the concept of close interpersonal relationships by an overview of several methods which have been constructed to measure the closeness of a relationship. The paper analyses the impact of such methods when particular features of close relationships prior to each method are considered. We also present results of a rather simplified version of prototypical approach. The aim was to compare whether the features of close interpersonal relationships described in foreign professional papers match with perceptions of close relationships observed in Czech population. The comparison shows a high level of agreement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on attractiveness as a social psychology phenomenon, which has a significant influence within social contact. The aim was to observe connections and differences in the assessment of attractiveness and own body image among men and women. As a research method we used our own scale entitled Basic Olomouc Body Rating (BOBR). A research sample included 5616 people. We hypothesized existence of a significant difference between the real and the ideal figure for men, respectively women; and the existence of a significant difference between the ideal figure and the figure marked as "the attractive man", respectively "the attractive woman". We used descriptive statistics and paired t-test. The results showed significant differences in the perception of real and ideal figures in both men and women. Men differ in their view on an ideal figure compared to an attractive ideal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper surveys a number of prison inmates with dyslexia. Various foreign studies have proven a link between dyslexia and criminality. They show a higher incidence of dyslexia among prisoners. A similar research was conducted between 2012 and 2013 in Horní Slavkov prison. A sample involved 113 respondents aged 22-65. Data were collected via Raven Standard Progressive Matrices, personal history questionnaires, interviews, and a complex assessment battery on specific learning difficulties. The results in the Czech prison also demonstrated a significantly higher rate of individuals with dyslexia among the imprisoned than in standard population. The sample included 34% of individuals with dyslexia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Athletes' stays in moderate altitude (1800-2200 m ASL) have become more common due to their participation in competitions and/or due to their training plans. The article provides a summary of monitoring emotional states in hypoxic environment as possible indicator of athletes' fatigue. The objective of the article is to review published research focused on both the issues of sport trainings in hypoxia environment and observed mood changes by POMS questionnaire (Profile of Mood States). The introduction of the paper focuses on characteristics of the questionnaire, and studies which solve the same problem in normoxia. Systematic review of the research shows that monitoring mood states can be used as one of the indicators of fatigue also in hypoxic environment. However, a limited number of relevant researches were published. Thus, more research on the topic is needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper pays attention to stereotypes in the field of employment, particularly stereotypes connected with IT professionals. We observed differences in university students' perception of IT professionals' personality. The sample included 159 respondents of two different nationalities: Slovak students (no - 83, average age - 23.28) and Lithuanian students (no - 76, average age - 22.05). The data were collected via an original questionnaire. We did not find any difference between the target groups. We presume that the results can be explained by a strong similarity of both nations and cultures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to global opinion, Austria is one of the countries with lowest unemployment rates. With a respect to the high development level and efficiency of austrian economy the regularly published statistics seem to be close to reality. However a closer view reveals, that even in Austria for long time there are tendencies in decrease of a number of full-blown work contracts on a way to so-called precarisation of the work and creating a large gap between profitability of the factor of work and capital. Presented study follows a development of so-called general index of unemployment in Austria, methodologically based on recommendation of Eurostat and development of level of unemployment registered in Austria based on Statistik Austria information and further it compares basis and methods of research for the purpose of calculation of both indexes. Settling the general index of unemployment into the work-law and social-law framing of Austria and after another correction based on statistic data about so-called hidden reserves on austrian work market this paper shows, that the number of unemployed people, who want to work and are able to accept a job offer immediately is, according to latest relevant statistic measurements in Austria, approximately two times higher than is the actual level of the general unemployment index. These findings imply, that actions applied to optimize the local situation on austrian work market, as well as system solutions of unemployment in Austria are efficient in a sense, that real level of unemployment in Austria does not have negative impact on real productivity of austrian economy. Contrarily, thanks to them the so-called consumption is maintained on one side and on the other side the qualification of unemployed people is developped, which is necessary for efficient performance in their future job position and also for creation of inovative and sustainable solutions of our current problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of this paper is to draw attention to stress related growth, to list its determinants and circumstances under which it occurs as well as positive impact it may have after one has gone through a demanding life situation. Closer attention is paid to a growth connected with certain religious variables (such as personal god concept, externalized and internalized religiosity, religious coping). The reason is that religions, opposed to other non-religious variables, are viewed as important sources of an individual growth as they offer coping resources and meaning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Personal financial matters are often considered a taboo in the western society, which leads to rather negative consequences. The aim of the paper is to support communication about money from a psychological perspective. The text provides information on a recently established field of psychology of money and financial psychology. We present several researches which survey experimental and social psychology of money, behavioural finances, financial psychotherapy focused on cognition, motivation, emotions, relationships, well-being and financial satisfaction. The objective is to enhance individual lives, as well as groups, society, and make both micro- and macroeconomics more human. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paramedical work surely belongs to the most risky professions. Its integral part is the ability to control one's own thoughts, emotions and impulses, because paramedics are expected to give flawless everyday performance. This is tightly connected with a need to care for one's own mental and physical health. The paper does not only show the context of rescue work, and thus its fundamental sources of stress and description of selfcare, but the issue is also viewed from the perspective of Baumeister's ego strength model of self-control. This provides new opportunities for possible explanations of the occurrence of stress related negative consequences in paramedics' work. Alternatives of subsequent empirical research and practical utilization are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper introduces principles of dynamic assessment. The author emphasizes differences between the dynamic and static assessment, i.e. the assessment using traditional standardized tools. He further describes some of the dynamic assessment procedures. Attention is particularly drawn to the mediated learning experience theory. The second part of the text summarizes a wide range of researches which used the dynamic assessment approach. Results show that the dynamic assessment offers more complex information on an educational process; it reveals children's and adolescents' learning potential in details, and it suggests particular forms of efficient intervention. The author also describes his own dynamic assessment tools, which have been repeatedly used in the course of various researches and proved their effectiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with one of current topics in sport field, which is achievement motivation. Theoretical background perceived from a personality psychology perspective understands achievement motivation as a participation of personality in one's own performance. The aim of this study is to explore a degree of overall achievement motivation, a degree of achievement motivation subscales and selected dimensions of personality and compare results among junior volleyball players and between two junior volleyball teams. Achievement Motivation Inventory (LMI; H. Schuler, M. Prochaska) and Freiburg Personality Inventory (FPI; J. Fahrenberg, H.Selg, R.Hampel) were used. The research group consisted of 23 girls aged 13 to 19 years (mean age 15.52, SD = 2.83) of KP Brno and SG Brno teams. The results indicate that almost all the selected factors are represented by both teams without major differences; most of the factors are equal or below the average. Competitiveness is the only factor represented to the maximum possible extent for both teams. In the education of the trainers it would be desirable to support the procedures, that enhance the development of the motivational climate focused on mastery, support the goal orientation of the players rather than ego-oriented tendency and to focus on achieving success rather than to avoid failure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents basic findings on the prevalence of intimate partner violence experienced by Czech men. A representative sample of Czech men (N = 1001, quota sampling) has been subjected a standardized interviews (CASI) at the turn of 2012 and 2013. The lifetime prevalence of physical violence in a relationship is 10% and 5% during last five years, much of the physical attacks come from strange men outside the family. The events are perceived as relatively serious, the other issue is the relatively high prevalence of other forms of psychological violence or abuse, of which men do not differ from women too. The effect of the typical risk factors on the partner side (alcohol, drugs, aggression, partly social status) was confirmed as well as the influence of patterns transmitted by the family. Protective effect of the self-control on the part of partners was also approved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The presented paper focuses on the topic of alcohol abuse and alcohol addiction in terms of work and organisational psychology. Specifically, it introduces the issues of alcohol abuse with people in managerial positions, and their impact on work-related functions and leadership. We emphasise the mutual connection of addictions as a biopsychosocial issue in terms of clinical psychology with applications on abuse in managerial positions and on the workplace. We also analyse the issues of stress, personality traits of managers and their psychological vulnerability to alcohol addiction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

People differ from animals in using meta-representations of objects and aspects from their physical, as well as psychological environments. A meta-representation is a representation which connects beliefs and knowledge concerning an object and/or aspect of the ambiance to its mental representation. This idea was employed by others to explain the nature of cross-cultural differences in cognition. The present paper uses the same idea to analyse two concepts related to phenomena relevant to the theory of work motivation. The two concepts mentioned were used to explain factorial structure of a survey data. The data analysis led in both the cases to identification of subjects' sub-groups which seem to use different meta-representation of the two concepts. As the survey was carried out in one national environment only, the results should be interpreted as demonstrating sub-cultural, rather then cross-cultural differences. Even so, the approach employed seems to be useful as it enables to construe to some depth otherwise opaque character of the work motivation contingency on (sub)cultural differences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The topic of bereavement in people with intellectual disabilities is still rather underestimated in Czech Republic. This paper first describes the myths passed on in this area. Subsequently it characterizes specifics of experiencing grief in people with intellectual disabilities (their possibilities of understanding the reality of death, the influence of the social context) and possible expressions of their grief, that could be sometimes misunderstood for variability of its unusual forms. The core information is the overview of possible support that could be provided to grieving people with intelectual disabilities such us foreknowledge and education about the death, chosen specifics of professional counseling and specific therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Entrepreneurial self-efficacy can be defined as an individual's belief in own capabilities to successfully perform entrepreneurial tasks. Previous research identified self-efficacy as a personal trait closely related to entrepreneurship. This paper is based on interviewing large representative samples in Czech Republic, where entrepreneurial self-efficacy has not been yet a research focus. In first presented study, it enlarges our understanding by analysing the strength of influence of different, mainly social and demographical factors on entrepreneurial self-efficacy. Multiple regression analysis shows the key influence of gender, education and personal knowledge of somebody, who successfully launched a new business. It also points at positive relation of entrepreneurial self-efficacy with entrepreneurial activity in different phases. In the frame of second presented study, new scale consisting of two factors -- market action and resource acquisition -- was created in order to better understand specific areas of entrepreneurial self-efficacy. When entrepreneurially active individuals in the different phases of entrepreneurial process are compared, nascent and new entrepreneurs have higher entrepreneurial self-efficacy than established entrepreneurs in market action subscale. There is no difference in resource acquisition. Both subscales can be used for quick assessment of entrepreneurial self-efficacy. For education of potential entrepreneurs, it can be recommended to focus on increasing entrepreneurial self-efficacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper first introduces concepts of intimacy and close relationships separately. It defines specific features of intimacy in partner, family and friend relationships. The empirical research, carried out via the prototypic method, focused on understanding of intimacy among Czech population and its relevance to outcomes of similar foreign researches. Our empirical findings confirmed current state of knowledge. We consider them as a specific contribution to a definition of intimacy and its more accurate role in close interpersonal relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Selective mutism is a disorder in which a child fluently speaks in well-known situations but is mute in less known situations. Despite overall etiology research, causes of mutism are still unrevealed. The paper summarizes various research studies which focused on links between selective mutism and anxiety disorders, particularly social phobia. In spite of some empirical evidence, it is still impossible to state that the selective mutism is an anxiety disorder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effective adaptation to the stress connected with a loss of employment requires expenditure of larger or smaller amounts of energy. This paper focuses on problems faced by unemployed men and women and their selection of various coping strategies. The research was carried out via questionnaire methods in a sample of 92 men and 84 women who had been unemployed for minimum of three months. The life satisfaction of the respondents was generally evaluated as a neutral value (neither satisfied nor dissatisfied). The most frequently selected coping strategies (regardless of gender) were self-distraction, active coping, planning and acceptance. Relatively infrequent strategies were religion, substance use and behavioural disengagement. Some differences were found between men and women in their evaluation of the seriousness of unemployment-related problems and their preferences of coping strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper provides an overview of cases of childhood obesity which were apparently caused by parental neglect of these children. In certain foreign countries particularly morbid obesity is considered a signal that the child's lifestyle is not acceptable. Social workers in these countries cooperate with other professionals (such as paediatricians etc.) in an attempt to construct more differentiated measures to search for these cases of childhood obesity more effective and possibly with less restrictive means of assistance. In comparison with these international experiences, the experiences of our social workers with this kind of childhood obesity as a warning signal seem apparently rather rare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The text provides information on students with dyslexia and other learning disabilities at universities. It maps the situation in the field of assessment and support of university students in the course of their studies. The paper summarizes findings from the Center for students with special educational needs at Faculty of Hussite Theology (Charles University) in Prague and also experiences from abroad. Finally it presents results of a survey on adult dyslexia carried out among employers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emerging adulthood is considered to be a transitional developmental period between adolescence and adulthood. The paper focuses on key features of this period which are exploration of identity, experimentation, instability, self-focus and focus on others. The scope of their subjective experience and relations of these features to coping strategies with stressful situations were studied in an empirical research. The research sample involved 486 university students of Masaryk University in Brno (237 males, 249 females) with mean age 21.8. The features of emerging adulthood were measured by The IDEA Scale; coping strategies were measured by The Brief COPE. The results especially emphasized the importance of experimentation, self-focus and exploration of identity. The significant connections between features of emerging adulthood and coping strategies were gained. Experimentation and self-focus strongly correlated with orientation to problem solving, identity exploration particularly correlated with support seeking. Substantial differences between males and females were not observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]