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Ying Chen,1,&ast; Hanyu Liang,2,&ast; Huaibin Jiang3 1School of Arts and Child Education, Yango University, Fuzhou, People’s Republic of China; 2School of Psychology, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Hohhot, People’s Republic of China; 3School of Education, Fujian Polytechnic Normal University, Fuzhou, People’s Republic of China&ast;These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Huaibin Jiang, School of Education, Fujian Polytechnic Normal University, No. 1 Campus New Village, Longjiang Street, Fuqing, 350300, People’s Republic of China, Email jianghuaibin@126.comPurpose: Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) is a growing public health concern among college students, with cybervictimization (CV) emerging as a significant contributing factor. Grounded in the experiential avoidance theory, this study investigates the mediating roles of cognitive fusion and negative emotions in the relationship between CV and NSSI, providing new insights into these key variables.Methods: A convenience sample of 457 undergraduate students (29% male; mean age 18.36± 0.66 years) from two universities in Fujian Province participated in this study. Data were collected using the Cyberbullying Victimization Scale, Cognitive Fusion Questionnaire, Positive and Negative Affect Schedule, and Non-Suicidal Self-Injury Scale. Descriptive statistics and Pearson correlation analysis were conducted using SPSS 25.0, while the mediating effects were analyzed using Process 3.5.Results: (1) Significant positive correlations were found among CV, cognitive fusion, negative emotions, and NSSI (p < 0.01). (2) CV was directly associated with NSSI (β = 0.22, p < 0.001) and positively predicted both cognitive fusion (β = 0.17, p < 0.001) and negative emotions (β = 0.15, p < 0.01). Additionally, cognitive fusion (β = 0.16, p < 0.01) and negative emotions (β = 0.11, p < 0.05) significantly predicted NSSI. (3) Mediation analyses revealed that cognitive fusion and negative emotions mediated the CV-NSSI relationship through three pathways: CV→cognitive fusion→NSSI (mediation effect = 0.026), CV→negative emotions→NSSI (mediation effect = 0.02), and CV→cognitive fusion→negative emotions→NSSI (mediation effect = 0.01).Conclusion: The study confirms that CV influences NSSI indirectly through cognitive fusion and negative emotions, supporting the experiential avoidance model. These findings underscore the importance of addressing cognitive and emotional processes in interventions aimed at reducing NSSI among college students.Keywords: cybervictimization, non-suicidal self-injury, cognitive fusion, negative emotions

Zheng Yang, Cuixiang Shao, Chen Tang Department of Obstetrics, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People’s Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Chen Tang, Department of Obstetrics, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, No. 1000, Hefeng Road, Wuxi, 214122, People’s Republic of China, Email 15852766902@163.comBackground: Maternal anxiety or depression in the perinatal period has a high prevalence. The negative emotion during the puerpera is unfavorable to the process of childbirth and also affects the recovery and the quality of life in postpartum patients significantly. The present study aimed to elucidate the risk factors of negative emotion in perinatal women and its influence on prognosis to provide a reference for improving maternal prognosis.Methods: Initially, 350 expectant mothers were randomly enrolled in the present study between August 2021 and August 2022. Among these, after applying the established inclusion and exclusion criteria, 314 patients were eventually selected. The independent risk factors of negative emotion and poor prognosis were analyzed through binary logistics regression and multiple linear regression. Follow-up was conducted via telephone, email, and a follow-up visit one month after discharge.Results: Among the included patients, 18 (5.7%) had prenatal anxiety, 16 (5.1%) had prenatal depression, 31 (9.9%) had postnatal anxiety, and 28 (8.9%) had postnatal depression. Perinatal negative emotional risk factors include age, marital relationship, regular prenatal examination, E2 level, 5-HT level before and after delivery, family monthly income, neonatal health, breastfeeding time, intrapartum hemorrhage, constipation and other complications. The development of postpartum negative emotions is a risk factor for maternal prognosis.Conclusion: The results showed that the risk factors of perinatal depression and anxiety were complex. In order to improve the quality of life of pregnant women, maintain their long-term emotional stability, and promote their postpartum recovery, it may be considered to promote the use of screening tools to identify women at risk of anxiety and depression before and after delivery, and timely psychological counseling for patients with high risk factors to promote their mental health.Keywords: anxiety, depression, puerpera, perinatal period, negative emotions

Yunjing Su,1,2 Zhonglian Yan,1 Wenqi Lin,1 Xuelin Liu1 1Faculty of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, People’s Republic of China; 2School of Child Welfare, Changchun Humanities and Sciences College, Changchun, Jilin, People’s Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Yunjing Su, Faculty of Education, Northeast Normal University, No. 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130024, People’s Republic of China, Email suyj774@nenu.edu.cnPurpose: As an aspect of the lives of private college students in China, interpersonal competence (IC) is important to their socialization and employment competence. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between Chinese private college students’ smartphone addiction (SPA) and IC, the mediating effect of negative emotions (NE), and the moderating effect of psychological resilience (PR).Samples and Methods: Using simple random sampling, 5473 Chinese private college students (male 74.5%, urban household registration 51.6%, served as a student leader 31.5%) were recruited.Results: The results showed that (1) SPA positively predicted IC; (2) NE partially mediated the relationship between SPA and IC; and (3) PR moderated the relationships between SPA and NE, NE and IC, SPA and IC.Conclusion: These findings provide a new perspective to improve Chinese private college students’ socialization and their employment competitiveness.Keywords: Chinese private college students, interpersonal competence, negative emotions, psychological resilience, smartphone addiction

Wenping Li,1 Ting Xu,2 Liuting Diao,2 Qishu Wu3 1Prudence College, Zhejiang Business Technology Institute, Ningbo, People’s Republic of China; 2Business School, Ningbo University, Ningbo, People’s Republic of China; 3Zhejiang Business Technology Institute, Ningbo, People’s Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Qishu Wu, Zhejiang Business Technology Institute, Airport Road, Haishu District, Ningbo, 1988, People’s Republic of China, Email 10824010@zjbti.net.cnPurpose: Perceived discrimination among higher vocational college students is a prevalent issue in China and is linked to various mental and behavioral problems, including mobile phone addiction. Yet, the mechanisms underlying the relationship between perceived discrimination and mobile phone addiction remain ambiguous.Methods: To address this issue, we recruited 1253 higher vocational college students to elucidate the relationship between perceived discrimination and mobile phone addiction. Participants completed a series of self-report questionnaires assessing perceived discrimination, mobile phone addiction, negative emotions, and learning burnout.Results: Our findings suggest that perceived discrimination positively influences mobile phone addiction. The negative emotions and learning burnout play mediating effects between perceived discrimination and mobile phone addiction, respectively. Notably, we observe a chain mediating role of negative emotions and learning burnout play between perceived discrimination and mobile phone addiction.Conclusion: The results of our study demonstrate that higher vocational college students who perceived stronger discrimination are inclined to exhibit heightened emotional, cognitive, and learning challenges, such as increased negative emotions and learning burnout, which contribute to more serious excessive mobile phone use. These findings elucidate the mechanisms underlying the relationship between perceived discrimination and mobile phone addiction, enriching our understanding of the underlying emotional, cognitive, and learning dynamics in higher vocational college students.Keywords: perceived discrimination, mobile phone addiction, negative emotions, learning burnout, structural equation model

Yingying Zhu,1– 3 Junling Liu,2,&ast; Qian Wang,2,&ast; Jiahao Huang,2 Xin Li,2 Jiaying Liu2 1Key Research Base of Humanities and Social Sciences of the Ministry of Education, Academy of Psychology and Behavior, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China; 2Faculty of Psychology, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China; 3Tianjin Social Science Laboratory of Students’ Mental Development and Learning, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China&ast;These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Yingying Zhu, Faculty of Psychology, Tianjin Normal University, West Binshui Road No. 393, Xiqing District, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86 18602606321, Email yingying_zhu@126.comPurpose: The phenomenon of bedtime procrastination has become very common in China in recent years, especially among college students, and it can have numerous negative implications for both physical and mental health. However, the impacting factors and possible underlying mechanisms of bedtime procrastination have not yet been fully clarified. The present study aims to explore the relationship between boredom proneness and bedtime procrastination in Chinese college students, and propose a multiple mediation model to further explore the mediating effects of mobile phone addiction and negative emotions in this link.Participants and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 668 Chinese college students aged 18 to 32 years old (M=20.36 years [SD=1.69]; 35.03% male). A series of self-rating questionnaires measuring degrees of boredom proneness, mobile phone addiction, bedtime procrastination, as well as negative emotions (depression, anxiety and stress) were administered.Results: The results showed that boredom proneness, mobile phone addiction, negative emotions and bedtime procrastination were significantly and positively correlated with each other in college students. Mobile phone addiction and negative emotions separately played partial mediating roles in the relationship between boredom proneness and bedtime procrastination. Furthermore, a sequential mediation pathway was significant whereby boredom proneness predicted mobile phone addiction, which was associated with higher levels of negative emotions, which were then associated with more bedtime procrastination behaviors.Conclusion: The present findings indicate that both mobile phone addiction and negative emotions are important risk-enhancing mediators in the association between boredom proneness and bedtime procrastination in Chinese college students. Therefore, intervention management that concentrating on reducing mobile phone addiction as well as improving negative emotions may be useful for decreasing bedtime procrastination among college students.Keywords: boredom proneness, bedtime procrastination, mobile phone addiction, negative emotions, mediating effect

Xili Wen,1 Yujun Cai,1 Kai Li,1 Zisu Wang,1 Weiyi Zhang,1 Man Qin2 1School of Physical Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China; 2Shanghai Lixin University of Accounting and Finance, Shanghai, People’s Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Man Qin, Shanghai Lixin University of Accounting and Finance, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China, Email hnqinman@126.comPurpose: The study aims to explore the relationship and potential mechanisms between screen time and anxiety and have a clear understanding of the role of negative emotions and emotion regulation, thus providing guidance for Chinese college students to improve mental health.Methods: We conducted a questionnaire survey by selecting 1721 academic college students from 6 colleges and universities in 5 provinces in China, and the data were analyzed through the Process program of SPSS for mediating effect and moderating effect.Results: There is a significant positive relationship between screen time and anxiety, negative emotions play a mediating role between the two (indirect effect = 0.32, p < 0.001), mediating effect accounts for 59.88% of the total effect, and emotion regulation regulates the direct relationship between screen time and anxiety (interaction effect = 0.027, p < 0.001).Conclusion: This study sheds light on the potential mechanisms by which screen time affects anxiety in academic college students, providing a fresh perspective on anxiety reduction. Screen time positively affects anxiety levels, where negative emotions have a mediating role and emotion regulation has a moderating role. In the future, we can control screen ++time, increase physical activities, reduce negative emotions, and improve the emotional regulation ability to relieve anxiety, so as to improve the mental health of academic college students, and expect to have a positive impact on future learning, life, and planning.Keywords: college students, sedentary behavior, anxiety, negative emotions, emotion regulation

Wenwen Sun,1,&ast; Jun Shen,1,&ast; Ru Sun,1 Dan Zhou,1 Haihong Li2 1Department of Breast Surgery, the First People’s Hospital of Lianyungang, the Affiliated Hospital of XuZhou Medical University, LianYunGang, Jiangsu, 222002, People’s Republic of China; 2Department of Nursing, the First People’s Hospital of Lianyungang, The Affiliated Hospital of XuZhou Medical University, LianYunGang, Jiangsu, 222002, People’s Republic of China&ast;These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Haihong Li, Department of Nursing, the First People’s Hospital of Lianyungang, the affiliated hospital of XuZhou medical university, No. 6 Zhenhua East Road, High-Tech Square, LianYunGang, Jiangsu Province, 222002, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86 18961322059, Email haihonglired@126.comObjective: In this study, we aim to establish and evaluate a predictive model for post-treatment anxiety state based on basic patient attributes and pre-treatment SAS scores, with the expectation that this model will guide clinical precision intervention.Methods: Data were collected from 606 patients with breast cancer who underwent surgery at our hospital between January 1, 2015 and December 30, 2018 and 144 newly diagnosed patients with breast cancer who were admitted between June 1, 2019 and December 30, 2019, for a total of 750 patients with breast cancer. The relationship between SAS_A scores and prognosis was verified by analyzing patient baseline characteristics, follow-up data, pre-treatment self-rating anxiety scale (SAS) scores, and SAS_A scores in follow-up period after the end of treatment. A risk prediction model was developed in view of the SAS_A scores, which was then screened, validated, and simplified by scoring, with a nomogram plotted.Results: The SAS_A score can be utilized to differentiate prognosis. In K-M analysis, the high SAS_A score group had a significantly poorer progression-free survival rate than the low score group, p-value < 0.0001. Through model feature selection and clinical analysis, all variables were finally incorporated to establish a predictive model with a ROC AUC of 0.721 (0.637– 0.805) for the validation set and external data, and an AUC of 0.810 (0.719– 0.902) for external data, demonstrating good predictive performance. Calibration curves and probability distribution maps were constructed. DCA and CIC analyses demonstrated that model intervention could boost clinical benefits more effectively than intervention for all patients.Conclusion: Using a predictive model to guide clinical management for anxiety in breast cancer patients is feasible, but additional research is required.Keywords: breast cancer, negative emotions, nomogram, predictive model

Xianpeng Tian,1 Xiangwei Liu,2 Zhiqi Xiao,1 Qiao Lin1 1Department of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China; 2School of Distance Education, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor, Penang, MalaysiaCorrespondence: Xiangwei Liu, School of Distance Education, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor, Penang, Malaysia, Email lxwvkii@163.comIntroduction: This study aims to investigate the impact of COVID-19 on undergraduate students’ academic procrastination and negative emotions. It seeks to examine the relationship between negative affect and academic procrastination among university students, considering the mediating role of life autonomy and the moderating effect of a sense of school belonging.Methods: The study sample consisted of 776 university students from the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China. Data collection involved the use of the Negative Affect Scale, Academic Procrastination Scale, Life Autonomy Scale, and Sense of School Belonging Scale. SPSS version 26.0 and PROCESS V3.580 to conduct relationship analysis, test the mediation model (model 4) and the moderated mediating model (model 7).Results: The findings revealed significant relationships among the variables. Negative emotions were negatively related with life autonomy and sense of school belonging, and positively related with academic procrastination. Academic procrastination showed a negative correlation with both life autonomy and sense of school belonging. Sense of school belonging exhibited a positive relationship with life autonomy. The study also identified life autonomy as a mediator in the relationship between negative emotions and academic procrastination. Additionally, the sense of school belonging moderated the initial segment of the negative emotion-life autonomy-academic procrastination pathway.Discussion: This study contributes to a better understanding of the association between negative affect and academic procrastination. It highlights that negative emotions have a direct and indirect influence on academic procrastination through the mediating role of life autonomy. Moreover, the moderating role of sense of school belonging suggests that the relationship between negative affect and life autonomy is stronger when the sense of school belonging is weaker.Keywords: negative emotions, academic procrastination, undergraduates, life autonomy, school belonging

Sijian Chen,1,2 Honghe Li,1 Lihong Pang,3 Deliang Wen1 1Institute for International Health Professions Education and Research, China Medical University, Shenyang, People’s Republic of China; 2School of Nursing, China Medical University, Shenyang, People’s Republic of China; 3School of Nursing, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, People’s Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Deliang Wen, Institute for International Health Professions Education and Research, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110122, People’s Republic of China, Email dlwen@cmu.edu.cnObjective: This study aimed to examine the mediating role of fear of missing out (FoMO) and the moderating role of resilience in the association between social media use and negative emotions among medical college students in China during the COVID-19 pandemic.Participants and Methods: A cross-sectional study design was conducted, medical college students from Qiqihar Medical University, China participated in the study. A total of 470 medical college students were recruited voluntarily to complete questionnaires on social media use, FoMO, resilience, and negative emotions.Results: Social media use was positively associated with FoMO and negative emotions among medical students (p < 0.01). The total effect of social media use on negative emotions was significant (β = 1.101, SE = 0.079, p < 0.001). Social media use had no significant direct effect on negative emotions (β = 0.168, SE = 0.096, p > 0.05), but it had an indirect effect on negative emotions via mediation of FoMO (β = 0.933, SE = 0.106, 95% CI: 0.731 to 1.149). Moreover, resilience had a significant moderating effect on the relationship between FoMO and negative emotions (β = − 0.021, SE = 0.005, 95% CI: − 0.032 to − 0.012). FoMO had a significant positive predictive effect on negative emotions at both levels of resilience (low resilience individuals: β = 1.079, SE = 0.076, p < 0.001; high resilience individuals: β = 0.212, SE = 0.094, p < 0.05).Conclusion: Social media use and FoMO may be risk factors for increased negative emotions, and resilience should be considered in prevention and intervention strategies designed to mitigate negative emotions among medical college students.Keywords: social media use, negative emotions, fear of missing out, resilience, COVID-19

Jing Wang,1 Shuanghu Fang,1 Chunying Yang,2 Xiaobin Tang,3 Luosha Zhu,3 Yu Nie4 1School of Educational Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, People’s Republic of China; 2School of Special Education, Zhengzhou Normal University, Zhengzhou, People’s Republic of China; 3School of Marxism, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, People’s Republic of China; 4Office of Student Affairs, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, People’s Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Shuanghu Fang, Email fsh9075@163.comPurpose: To explore the potential classification of psychological flexibility (PF) among Chinese college students, analyze whether there is group heterogeneity in PF, and discuss the differences in the latent profile of PF in the negative emotions of depression, anxiety, and stress.Methods: A total of 1769 college students were investigated using the Psychological Flexibility Questionnaire and Depression-Anxiety-Stress Self-rating Scale, and heterogeneity was tested by latent profile analysis.Results: The PF of college students can be divided into three latent profiles: self-contradiction group (19.2%), high PF group (34.1%), and low PF group (46.7%). The scores of depression, anxiety, and stress are significantly different among the groups.Conclusion: There is obvious group heterogeneity in the PF of college students, and they can be divided into the self-contradiction group, the high PF group, and the low PF group. The self-contradiction and low PF groups score significantly higher on the negative emotions of depression, anxiety, and stress than the high PF group.Keywords: acceptance and commitment therapy, psychological flexibility, negative emotions, latent profile analysis

Xiao-Li Yang,1,&ast; Wen-Yao Xie,2,&ast; Yi-Min Cai,3 Hong-Ying Tang,1 Mei-Yi Tao,3 Zhou-Min Shen,3 Hong-Jiao Chen4 1Department of Liver Surgery, Hunan Provincial People’s Hospital (The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University), Changsha, 410005, People’s Republic of China; 2Interventional Operating Room, Hunan Provincial People’s Hospital (The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University), Changsha, 410005, People’s Republic of China; 3Department of Nursing, Hunan Provincial People’s Hospital (The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University), Changsha, 410005, People’s Republic of China; 4Medical College of Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410013, People’s Republic of China&ast;These authors contributed equally to this studyCorrespondence: Yi-Min Cai, Nursing department, Hunan Provincial People’s Hospital (The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University), No. 61, Jiefang West Road, Changsha, 410005, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86 13787129085, Fax +0731-83928047, Email cyimin2022@163.comPurpose: To understand existing negative emotions in patients with coronary heart disease after percutaneous coronary stent implantation (PCI) and analyse its influencing factors.Methods: Patients with coronary heart disease after PCI in three tertiary hospitals in Changsha City from April to September 2018 were selected as the research subjects. The self-designed general information questionnaire assessed irritability, depression and anxiety (IDA) on a self-rating scale. It was used to examine patients’ existing negative emotions with coronary heart disease after PCI and analyse the influencing factors.Results: 203 questionnaires were distributed, and 202 valid questionnaires were recovered, with an effective recovery rate of 99.5%. The IDA score of patients with coronary heart disease after PCI was 17.01± 7.60 points, the incidence of negative emotions was 63.8%, and the incidences of depression, anxiety and irritability were 39.6%, 8.4% and 15.8%, respectively. Negative emotion was taken as the dependent variable and a patient’s general data, such as lifestyle and disease, as the independent variables. A univariate analysis was conducted to obtain gender, age, educational level, marital status, work status, per capita monthly household income, sleep status, etc. Seven factors were identified as the influencing factors of negative emotions in patients with coronary heart disease after PCI, and the difference was statistically significant (P< 0.05).Conclusion: Most patients with coronary heart disease after PCI tend to exhibit negative emotions such as anxiety and depression. Medical staff should attach great importance to evaluating any negative feelings in this group and take timely targeted intervention measures to prevent and mitigate the occurrence and development of these adverse emotions in patients with coronary heart disease after PCI.Keywords: coronary heart disease, postoperative PCI, negative emotions, influencing factors

Lin Chen,1 Zongxiao Xie,2 Jie Zhen,3 Kunxiang Dong4 1College of Humanities and Law, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266590, People’s Republic of China; 2China Financial Certification Authority, Beijing, 100054, People’s Republic of China; 3School of Management Science and Engineering, Chongqing Technology and Business University, Chongqing, 400067, People’s Republic of China; 4School of Management Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Finance and Economics, Jinan, 250014, People’s Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Zongxiao Xie, China Financial Certification Authority, 20-3, South Street of Caishikou, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100054, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86 18901086108, Email xiezongxiao@vip.163.comIntroduction: Information security policy (ISP) compliance of employees has a profound impact on organization. In the context of information technology innovation and information systems upgrade, employees’ information security behavior is one of the most crucial elements in the information security management of organizations. Based on the two-dimensional model of challenge−hindrance stressor theory and affective events theory, this study explores the mediating effects of emotions on the relationship between challenge information security stress and ISP compliance.Methods: A field quasi-experimental method was used in this study. Materials include the Challenge Information Security Stress Scale, Information System Security Policy Compliance Scale, and Emotions Scale, which were used to form the two-stage questionnaire surveys. Data of 217 employees from three Chinese companies in Shanghai and Beijing that had passed certifications for information security management system (GB/t22080-2008/ISO/IEC 27001:2005) were collected. Bootstrapping method for multiple mediation models and the Process 3.0 plug-in of SPSS 20.0 were used for data analysis.Results: The findings indicate that challenge information security stress has a positive effect on ISP compliance. Challenge information security stress has a positive effect on positive emotions and a negative effect on negative emotions. Positive emotions have mediating effect between challenge information security stress and ISP compliance, but negative emotions have no mediating effect.Conclusion: The research results expand the research scope of challenging stress in the two-dimensional model of challenge−hindrance stressor theory in the context of organizational information security. The findings reveal the mediating effect of positive emotions in challenge information security stress and ISP compliance relationship, which provides empirical support for the application of positive psychology in the field of management.Keywords: challenge information security stress, information security policy compliance, positive emotions, negative emotions

Naiwen Li,1 Shiwang Bao,1 Sobia Naseem,2 Muddassar Sarfraz,3 Muhammad Mohsin4 1School of Business Management, Liaoning Technical University, Huludao, 125105, People’s Republic of China; 2School of Economics and Management, Shijiazhuang Tiedao University, Shijiazhuang, People’s Republic of China; 3Binjiang College, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Wuxi, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China; 4School of Business, Hunan University of Humanities, Science and Technology, Hunan, People’s Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Muddassar Sarfraz; Muhammad Mohsin Email muddassar.sarfraz@gmail.com; mohsinlatifntu@gmail.comPurpose: This study examines and analyses the impact of leader-member exchange differentiation (LMXD) on employee safety performance.Methods: A quantitative study was conducted on a sample of 357 Chinese construction industry employees through a structured questionnaire. The research hypothesis was tested by using the structural equation modelling (SEM) technique.Results: The results showed that LMXD could directly and positively affect the negative emotions and indirectly affect the safety performance of employees through the mediating effect of negative emotions and work engagement. Interpersonal trust has a moderating impact on the relationship between LMXD and negative emotions.Conclusion: This study contributes to the literature on organizational behavior. Employee workplace safety is a great challenge in the construction industry. Enterprises should pay attention to the negative impact of LMXD. A fair working environment has significant importance to the employee’s safety.Keywords: leader-member exchange differentiation, negative emotions, work engagement, interpersonal trust, safety performance

Purpose: This study examines the impact of prioritizing the out-group in intergroup moral dilemmas. The research aims to achieve three primary objectives: 1) investigating the relationship between out-group prioritization and perceptions of hypocrisy, 2) exploring the influence of perceived hypocrisy and negative emotions on moral judgments, and 3) uncovering the underlying reasons for perceiving outgroup prioritization as hypocritical., Methods: Experiments 1, 2 and 3 involved presenting Chinese participants with out-group rescuers and in-group rescuers and asking them to rate the two on three dimensions: level of hypocrisy, level of morality, and negative emotions toward the rescuers. In Experiment 3, the degree of similarity between participants and rescuers was manipulated to control for the level at which participants projected their own intrinsic motivations (ie, self-interest) onto the rescuers., Results: Experiments 1 and 2 jointly showed that participants perceived the out-group rescuer as more hypocritical and immoral compared to the in-group rescuer, and that participants had stronger negative emotions toward the out-group rescuer. Mediation analysis also demonstrated that the perception of hypocrisy and negative emotions largely mediated the relationship between the different rescuers and participants' evaluation of the rescuers' morality. In Experiment 3, participants gave higher hypocrisy ratings to high projection out-group rescuers compared to low projection out-group rescuers., Conclusion: In intergroup dilemmas, choosing to sacrifice the in-group to rescue the outgroup is perceived as more hypocritical, immoral, and objectionable. Perceived hypocrisy arises from an incongruity between individuals' subjective judgments of the rescuers' self-interest motives and the altruistic choice made by the rescuers to rescue the out-group., Competing Interests: The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work., (© 2024 Yang and He.)