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The importance of glaciers for providing runoff is reflected in the extensive glacier measurement record for China. In this paper, we summarized the mass-balance and front-variation data of glaciers in China that have long-term records. Mass balance has been measured for 22 glaciers; length (or front-position) records exist for 96 glaciers. We found that the mean rate of glacial mass balance decreased by −0.015 m w.e. (water equivalent) per year during the period 1959–2015, which was lower than that for glaciers globally (−0.013 m w.e. per year). It was indicated that the rate of glacial melting (mass loss) increased in China, which was higher than that in glaciers worldwide. However, glacial frontal positions varied among mountains in time and space. Glaciers in the Karakoram Mountains mean advanced 379 m during the 1968–2000 period, while glaciers in the Pamir Mountains remained relatively stable from the 1960s through the 2000s, i.e., retreated 28 m. Glaciers in Hengduan Mountains retreated farthest (1250 m maximum) from 1930 to 2005. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Land use change has significant impacts on hydrologic processes at the watershed level. This paper combines an empirical land use change model and an event-scale, rainfall-runoff model to quantify the impacts of potential land use change on the storm-runoff generation in the Xitiaoxi basin upstream of Taihu Lake watershed. The HEC–HMS rainfall-runoff model is calibrated and validated for 7 storm events in the study area, and the results show good consistency between the simulated and measured hydrographs at the outlet of the basin with Nash–Sutcliff efficiency ranging from 75% to 95%. Then two future land use scenarios for the year 2050 are forecasted using the CLUE-s model based on the land use of 2002: (1) scenario A with an increase in urban area from 9.2% to 17% of the entire watershed and (2) scenario B with an increase from 9.2% to 14%. Finally, the calibrated HEC–HMS model is applied for these future land use scenarios under designed storms with different recurrence intervals to assess the potential land use impacts on the storm-runoff generation. The results indicate that the future land use scenarios are projected to increase the total runoff as well as the peak discharge, and that the magnitude of increment relates to the expansion rate of built-up area. In the case of rainstorms with recurrence intervals of 10, 50 and 100 years, the simulated peak discharges increase by 3.8%, 2.6% and 2.3% under scenario A, and by 2.8%, 1.9% and 1.7% under scenario B, respectively; while the total runoff is projected to increase by 4.7%, 3.4% and 3.0% under scenario A, and by 3.3%, 2.5% and 2.1% under scenario B. It can be concluded that the sensitivity of hydrologic response to land use change tends to increase as the recurrence interval of rainfall events decreases. Additionally, remarkable spatial variations of the land use changes and its impacts can be observed at the subbasin level, and the most sensitive subbasin is closeby the city. The results of this paper can provide useful support for land use planning and management, and the methods applied here have proved a useful tool for land use impact studies. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Runoff has been in decline in most river basins in China during the last 50 years. The Weihe River, the largest tributary of the Yellow River, has experienced runoff declines as large as 35% in the last century. Little is known regarding the relative contributions of climate and human impact to the observed hydrological trends in the Weihe River Basin. In the present paper, data from seven hydrological stations and 21 meteorological stations are used to analyze the long-term trends of precipitation, temperature, and streamflow. Using the daily climatic data, a Variable Infiltration capacity (VIC) hydrological model is calibrated and verified to a baseline period from 1956 to 1970. Subsequently, natural runoff for the following years (1971–2006) is reconstructed using the VIC model without considering local human impacts. On the basis of observed meteorological data and runoff and the reconstructed runoff data from 1971 to 2006 in the Weihe River Basin, we quantified long-term trends and decadal and annual variations. The results showed that precipitation and runoff have decreased since the baseline decade. We further estimated the relative contributions of human activity and climate change to the hydrological response of the Weihe River Basin and determined that human activity (such as large-scale soil conservation practices and large irrigation areas) has a greater impact on basin runoff than do climate change factors. The percentages in change of runoff due to climate change ( PC ) are 36%, 28%, 53% and 10% in the 1970s, 1980s 1990s and 2000s, respectively. The percentages in change of runoff caused by human activity ( PH ) are 64%, 72%, 47%, and 90%, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Severe pollution in Lake Taihu in the lower reach of the Yangtze River has led to the need to evaluate transport pathways and the overall water balance of the catchment. This paper describes the development of a grid-based spatially distributed hydrological model for integrated simulations of surface runoff and groundwater flow at catchment scales. Surface water flow is modeled based on rainfall-runoff transformation and stream flow routing, while the saturated groundwater is modeled by MODFLOW-2005. Surface water flow is coupled to the groundwater flow regime through the soil layer. Relatively simple equations are used to describe the soil storage and soil water percolation. These equations are computationally inexpensive and overcome some of the limitations in existing models for coupled simulation of surface and subsurface domains, such as either multiple soil layer data are needed in the vertical direction or numerical difficulties are encountered in dealing with the high non-linearity of the equations representing the variably-saturated subsurface. The model was verified against the V-catchment benchmark problem and was compared to existing models to demonstrate its accuracy and capability. The model was applied to Xitiaoxi catchment of Lake Taihu watershed. The accuracy of the model was satisfactory with daily and monthly efficiencies of 0.80 and 0.92, respectively for stream discharge comparison, and an absolute error of 0.144m for groundwater level comparison. The model indicated that for Xitiaoxi catchment, a percentage of 37.4% of rainfall transferred to surface overland flow, and a percentage of 16% infiltrated as groundwater recharge, of which 81% returns to rivers as base flow and the rest is lost to the system via evapotranspiration. The model can be used as an alternative to more complex methods to assess impacts of land use or/and climate changes on water resources availability, and the interactions between surface and subsurface flow domains. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]