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About 70% of all collective doses from medical tests come from computed tomography (CT), the primary public radiation exposure source. Patients received higher doses during contrast-enhanced CT procedures (Angiography) than routine CT procedures. The current research aims to quantify the patients' radiation doses, estimate the cancer risk probability, and establish institutional diagnostic reference level (IDRL) during lower extremity angiography. One hundred eleven patients (61.3% male and 38.7% female) underwent contrast-enhanced CT procedures. A 160-Slice CT scanner was used for image acquisition for all patient populations. IDRL values were quantified based on the 3rd quartile value of the CT dose descriptors. All procedures were carried out at Al-Moaallim Medical City, Khartoum, Sudan. A computer software (CT-Expo, ImPACT) was used to extrapolate the effective dosage per extremity CTA examination was estimated. The mean patient age (years) was 56.1 ± 18 (18–82). The patient's radiation doses was quantified using volume CTDI and dose length product (DLP) to 7.3 ± 2 (2.9–16.8) (mGy) and 3712 ± 126 (279–8374) (mGy.cm), respectively. The average effective doses were 22 mSv (range: 1.7–50) per lower CT angiography for the lower extremity. The proposed IDRL for the VCTA procedure was 3562 mGy cm and 17 mGy for DLP and CTDIvol, respectively. The proposed IDRL is higher than the previously published studies; therefore, patient dose optimization is recommended. • Radiation doses were determined for patients undergoing VCTA procedure. • A 160-Slice CT scanner with iterative reconstruction techniques was used for examining the patients. • The average effective doses were 22 mSv (range: 1.7–50) per VCTA. • The proposed LDRL for the VCTA procedure was 3562 mGy cm and 17 mGy for DLP and CTDIvol, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Computed tomography (CT) procedures are the largest source of medical radiation exposure in children and adults. Numerous children undergo high-radiation-dose examinations due to the increasing utilization of CT in children and the wide range of radiation doses. It is therefore necessary to protect pediatric patients, because of their higher sensitivity to ionizing radiation. This study aimed to establish a multicenter cohort of pediatric patients who received CT scans and predict the radiation-related cancer risk. Ninety-five patients who underwent various CT scans [brain 64 (67.4%), chest 14 (14.7%), abdomen 17 (17.9%)] were referred to one of three hospitals. All patients were examined using one of three identical multi-detector CT machines (Toshiba Aquilion 64) according to standard departmental imaging protocols. The average effective doses per scan for brain, chest, and abdominal procedures were 49.7, 34, and 40 mSv, respectively. Dose-reduction measures might significantly decrease the number of radiation-induced malignancies in children. • Radiation dose was quantified for CT brain, chest, and abdomen procedures. • Three 64 multi-detector CT machines from a single vendor were used. • The radiogenic risks per procedure are 6.5, 4.4, and 5.2 per 10-3 CT brain, chest, and abdomen, respectively. • Children received high-dose per exam and higher than previously reported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Radiation exposures for medical purposes is remained the main sources to public from manmade radiation. The aims of the study are to patients' radiation doses during specific planar radiography procedures. A total of 247 patients were examined at four radiology department in Khartoum state, Sudan. The absorbed dose to air at the center of the beam, including backscattered radiation, is known as the entrance surface air kerma (ESAK, mGy). ESAK (K e) can be computed using the product backscatter factor (B) and incident air kerma Ki. The mean ESAK (mGy) for the chest, skull, abdomen, hip, lumbar spine and limbs procedures were 0.2, 0.76, 97, 1.88, 1.25, 2.25 and 0.30 mGy, respectively. The average ESAK (mGy) values attained for eight planar radiography procedures are comparable or slightly lesser than the previously published studies for the chest, pelvis, and limbs. The patient doses during the skull, abdomen, hip, and spinal cord (lumbar spine) are lower than the previously published values. • ESAK during eight planar imaging procedures were evaluated. • The radiographic equipment performance in all hospitals was acceptable. • Wide variability in the patients' doses per radiographic was noticed. • Standardized imaging protocols are recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Computed tomography perfusion (CTP) is contrast-enhanced dynamic imaging of the brain utilized to assess the blood flow volume and transmit time to the brain's parenchyma. Stroke is the world's second greatest cause of mortality, accounting for 11% of all deaths, and a major cause of disability. Previous studies reported a high radiation dose per procedure with an eye lens equivalent dose (mGy) ranging from 81.0 mGy to 348.0 mGy. This study's objective is to evaluate patients exposure during CTP procedures. Materials and methods. Three hundred twenty patients with ischemic stroke underwent CTP were examined at King Fahad Medical City (KFMC). The imaging protocol consists of plain CT, CT angiography (CTA), CTP, Angiography. The volume CT Dose Index (CTDIvol, mGy) and dose length product (DLP, mGy.cm) were registered from the PACS system. The effective dose calculation (E, mSv) was extrapolated using computer software. For the CTP procedure, the mean and range of DLP (mGy.cm) for the complete procedure, CT brain, CTA, CTA digital subtraction angiography (DSA), and CTP were 1045 (105–3072), 843 (277–1530), 470.5 (210–1356), 238.8 (105–439), 2712(2012–3072) examinations, respectively. The mean and range of the effective dose (mSv) and CTDIvol (mGy) were 13.2 (10.6–17.1), 80.5 (6.11–256), in that order. The patients' doses showed wide variation due to the selection of multiple phases of acquisition and exposure factors. The dose is higher than most previous studies. Radiation dose optimization is recommended by establishing diagnostic reference level (DRL), proper CT machine setting, and increasing operators' awareness regarding radiation risks. • Multimodal computed tomography (CT) radiation doses were quantified for 72 patients. • Multimodal consists of noncontrast, angiography, digital subtraction angiography, and Perfusion CT procedure. • Multimodal CT brain procedure resulted in an effective dose of 6–15 mSv. • The use of the CTP- DSA procedure exposes the patients to unnecessary radiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study is to assess the patients' effective and organ dose during theranostic applications in Kuwait. In total, eighteen adults' patients were conducted nuclear medicine procedures with 177Lu Dotatate for theranostic purpose in Kuwait Cancer control center (KCCC), Kuwait. Medium energy collimator (MEC) (208 keV Scatter 26% better than 113 keV Scatter 60%) was utilized to obtain scans in definite time intervals ranged from one to 2 h (before voiding), 6:00, 24:00, 48:00, 72:00 h. Patients, tissue and organ radiation doses were computed utilizing OLINDA/EXM Software. The average radiation effective dose (in mSv/MBq) for bladder, liver, and both kidneys (left & right), were 0.36, 0.08, 0.61 & 0.60. The range of the effective dose was from 0.55 mSv to 7.7 mSv. The acquired scans using 177Lu were delivered diagnostic findings. The patients' effective dose is lower compared to the previous studies. Variation is attributed to the departmental protocol and administered activity. The values of the mean organ dose were comparable and lower than previously published studies. Different organs have different level of doses, which may affected by the presence of the metastatic tumors in the entire organ. • Patients' organs dosimetry in targeted radionuclide therapy were carried out in Kuwait Cancer Control Centre. • A total of 18 patients were undergone theranostic procedures with 177Lu Dotatate. • Organ and total patients doses were calculated using Organ Level INternal Dose Assessment (OLINDA) Software. • Optimization of the PET/CT imaging protocol is recommended to assure that patients received a minimal effective dose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purposes of this study are to estimate patient's radiation doses and radiogenic risk in vascular lower limb computed tomography (CT). In total, 188 (109 (68%) males and 79 (42%) females) patients undergone vascular CT for the lower limbs at three radiology departments. Three CT scanners, 160, 128, and 64 slices CT, were used in this study. CT-Expo and ImPACT CT dose estimation software were used to extrapolate the effective dose. The overall average and range of volume CT dose index (CTDIvol (mGy) and dose length product (DLP) (mGy.cm) 7.3 (2.3–22.9), and 3000 (279.1–8374.4) the same order. The overall effective dose average value was 18 mSv per procedure. The proposed diagnostic reference level (DRL) values are 9 mGy (CTDIvol) and 2500 mGy cm (DLP) per vascular lower limb CT procedure. The risk of cancer from the peripheral CT angiography procedures ranges from 1 in 1000 to 1 in 3000 procedures. The cancer risk per procedure should be considered during the justification and image acquisition stages. • Peripheral CT angiography for lower extremities were performed using three CT machines. • CT dose per procedure (DLP (mGy.cm) is higher up to 10 times compared to previous. • Patients are being seen to be receiving unnecessary radiation doses during triphasic CT abdomen procedure. • A local diagnostic reference level was proposed was established for further dose reduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a comprehensive bibliometric analysis to understand the evolution of scintillators as neutron detection from 2014 to 4 July 2023, utilizing data sourced from Scopus. The 312 selected articles were visualized using vosViewer and Tableau. This study delves into critical aspects, such as the growth of publication in this field over time, contributions made by various countries and their collaborative networks, top journals publishing articles related to scintillators as neutron detection, frequently cited documents used as references, and research trends over specific periods. The results show that research on scintillators for neutron detection has been popular since 2014, with at least 20 articles published yearly. The United States, China, France, and Italy have published the most papers, but Lithuania, Russia, India, and China have been the most active recently. The article provides researchers with an extensive overview of their field. This information empowers them to identify research gaps and find collaborators more efficiently. Overall, this analysis serves as a valuable resource for researchers seeking to advance their understanding of scintillators as neutron detection. • Evolution of scintillators as neutron detection from 2014 to 4 July 2023. • Scintillators for neutron detection popular since 2014 with 20 articles published yearly. • The United States, China, France, and Italy have published the most papers. • Lithuania, Russia, India, and China have been the most active recently. • This information to identify research gaps and find collaborators more efficiently. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One the most complicated gastrointestinal procedures, endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreatography (ERCP) uses fluoroscopy guidance of an endoscope to diagnose and treat hepatobiliary system pathologies. As is true of all approved interventional radiology, it is justified by the massive benefit that it is capable of delivering, one which for the patient far outweighs the risks from radiation exposure. Nevertheless, for both patients and staff there is a need to minimize the risk of carcinogenesis and the potential for tissue reactions. Recent concern has been shown in regard to radiation induced eye lens opacifications and cataract, most particularly for the members of staff who during their regular theatre practice are in closest contact with the patient. Therefore, optimum balance between benefit versus radiation risk is required. This study reviews patient and staff dose during ERCP procedures, also seeking to provide comprehensive data regarding radiation exposure management techniques. Patient and staff doses depend on the operators, equipment and patient related factors, benefitting from awareness and experience in respect of radiation protection techniques and the availability of modern fluoroscopic equipment. It is apparent that in high workload departments, staff doses to eye lens may exceed the limits on annual exposure. • Previous studies in patients and occupational dosimetry had been studies. • Patients and staff remain constant regardless of the X ray technology development. • ERCP is safe during pregnancy for patients and pregnant workers. • It is apparent that in high workload departments, staff doses to eye lens may exceed the limits on annual exposure. • Lack of training and monitoring services in gastroenterology department are frequently reported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of present study is estimation of the radioactivity held within the urinary bladder and kidneys 3 h post radiopharmaceutical (99mTc-MDP) administration, comparison being made via use of MIRDose. Using the conjugate-view method and built-in camera software Mediso XP Interview, urinary bladder and kidney radionuclide activities were calculated using patient clinical data acquired at the aforesaid 3 h post 99mTc-MDP injection juncture. The study was of a cohort of 40 patients attending for staging and cancer follow-up at the Nuclear Medicine Department, Royal Care International Hospital (RCIH), Sudan, Ethical and Research Committee approval for the study having been obtained. The radioisotope biokinetics were simulated using the Medical Internal Radiation Dose (MIRD) biokinetics model, specifically in regard to radionuclide activity in the kidneys and bladder. The results were compared with the data achieved via clinical study, showing the experimentally estimated radionuclide activity in the kidney to be greater by some 50% compared to that of simulation while the bladder radionuclide activity was found to be just 2% of the simulation result. The study also found that 0.9% of the administered radioactivity remained in the urinary bladder and kidneys 3 h post administration of the radionuclide, suggestive of low radiation dose to the urinary bladder and kidneys post 99mTc-MDP bone scans. • 99mTc-MDP radionuclide biokinetics were simulated using MIRD biokinetics model. • Radionuclide activities for Urinary bladder and kidney were calculated. • The experimentally estimated radionuclide activity in the kidney to be greater by some 50%. • 0.9% of the administered radioactivity remained in the urinary bladder and kidneys 3 h. • Low radiation dose to the urinary bladder and kidneys post 99mTc-MDP bone scans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Computed tomography (CT) has become a prominent source of medical exposures, conduct requiring measures that mitigate radio carcinogenic risk and deterministic tissue reaction effects. The objective of present study, conducted in Sudan, has been to evaluate patient radiogenic risk during vascular CT procedures. Study was made of 485 patients, the cohort comprising 218 males (45%) and 267 females (55%) of mean age ± 1 s.d. of 48.2 ± 17 years (ranging from 18.0 to 93.0 years). The investigation involved nine radiology departments, covering three different CT modalities (16, 64 and 128 slice). Patient organ and effective doses were estimated using established computer software (specifically, CT-Expo, ImPACT and that of the NRPB). The range of patient dose in terms of dose length product (DLP) (mGy.cm) and volume CT dose index (CTDI vol (mGy) were 3.2–28.51 mGy and 257.0–9263.5, respectively. The mean and range of effective dose were 25.5 ± 18 mSv and 4.0–138.9 mSv respectively. The wide range of doses indicates the likelihood that patients have been receiving avoidable radiation exposure, their being potential for mitigation of cancer incidence risk through further optimisation of procedures. On the basis of present study of vascular CT procedure doses, the mean risk of carcinogenesis has been estimated to be 1 in 1000 procedures. • Patients radiation doses were evaluated during vascular CT procedures for various CT modalities. • Effective dose were estimated using computer software. • The wide range of observed patient doses indicates patients to have been receiving avoidable radiation exposure. • The mean risk of carcinogenesis has been estimated to be 1 in 1000 procedures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the fabrication of Cassava Starch/ Rhizophora Spp /Zn nanoparticle composite as a phantom for X-ray radiation. The use of phantoms is crucial in controlling the quality of radiation doses in medical applications. The composite materials were synthesized using a sol-gel method, and the structural properties were characterized using X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and bonding characteristics by Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometry (FTIR). Mechanical testing was performed to assess the physical and mechanical properties of the phantoms. The linear attenuation coefficient and mass attenuation coefficient were determined using CT-Scan and Mobile X-ray tests. The results showed that the composite materials exhibited amorphous characteristics with crystal structure patterns. The addition of Zn nanoparticles affected the diffraction intensity and crystal size. The FTIR analysis revealed the presence of functional groups such as hydroxyl, alkane, siloxane, alkene, and ether bonds in the composite. The synthesized phantom composites showed potential as substitutes for commercial phantoms due to the Cassava starch/ Rhizophora spp/Zn 1gr phantom is generally close to the attenuation coefficient value of the human liver phantom reported in previous studies, which is about 0.293 cm−1. This suggests that this phantom composite has a good potential as a substitute for human liver tissue in X-ray testing. • The phantom research as X-ray testing have explored various materials. • The composite materials were synthesized using a sol-gel method. • We found the best for liver phantom is phantom with 1 gr Zn in composite. • Attenuation coefficient value for human liver phantom is about 0.293 cm–1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Composite geopolymer apron cellulose/black carbon (BC)/Fe–Cu/polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) has been successfully synthesized with variations in Fe–Cu (Cel/Bc I, Cel/Bc II, and Cel/Bc III) as shielding X-ray radiation by employing a simple approach characterized by Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray mobile. The quantitative analysis of the FTIR spectrum using the Kramers-Kronig (K–K) relation was employed to analyze the optical properties, the refractive index (n) , the extinction coefficient (k), real (ε 1) , and imaginary (ε 2) of the dielectric function and the energy loss function. The analysis of XRD spectra demonstrated that the crystallite size decreases as the Fe concentration decreases in the composite's apron and the best radiation shielding characteristics are shown in the Cel/Bc III sample with a small crystallite size of 12.72 nm. The quantitative analysis of X-ray mobile showed that the absorption properties of Cel/Bc III by the attenuation coefficient 0.441 cm−1 is higher and more effective with a half value layer of 1.57 cm and mean free path of 2.26 cm, which is indicated as a new cellulose-based composite apron X-ray in future. • Geopolymer Cellulose-Based Composite for Eco-Friendly Apron X-Ray. • Surface morphology with stretched cellulose (elongated and crossed). • Crystallite size decreases as the Fe concentration decreases. • Best absorption is composite Cel/Bc III with attenuation coefficient 0.441 cm−1. • The half value layer of 1.57 cm and mean free path of 2.26 cm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to measure entrance surface air kerma (ESAK, in mGy) during routine skull X-ray examinations of adult patients and to establish a local diagnostic reference level (LDRL) in the diagnostic radiology department of King Khalid Hospital in Majmaah. The patient's ESAK, mGy and effective dose (ED, in mSv) at the 75th percentile were calculated based on the output of the X-ray tube and the exposure parameters, as well as the use of suitable conversion coefficients, respectively. To calculate the ED and patient's ESAK, the output and exposure characteristics of the X-ray tube and relevant conversion coefficients were considered (ESAK). Additionally, the 75th percentile distributions for the ESAK and KAP distributions were calculated. A wide range of ESAK was observed, which might be due to the difference in the exposure factors applied for each examination. The mean values of ESAK and KAP together with 75th percentiles for Anteroposterior (AP) and lateral skull projection were 0.22 (0.10–0.30) mGy, 0.24 (0.0.18–0.25) mGy and 0.21 (0.19–0.26) Gy.cm2, 0.29 (0.17–0.32) Gy.cm2, respectively. The findings were significantly lower than national reference levels, the most reported European DRL values, and other previously reported dose values. The measured ESAK and KAP were within the recommended and acceptable dose limits. The best radiation protection can be achieved by optimizing the radiation dose while preserving image quality. • The patient's ESAK effective dose were calculated based on the exposure parameters. • Radiation application has increased as a result of technological progress. • The best radiation protection can be achieved by optimizing the radiation dose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Computed tomography (CT) are often used for adult and pediatric patients. This is basically due to its powerful diagnostic capabilities in providing the tiniest details of pathologies in the body. Nevertheless, this detailed and accurate imaging occurs at the expense of the high doses received by the patients, although in general, the benefits outweighs the risks precisely of malignancy. Pediatrics are radiosensitive more than adults due to their longer life expectancy and their rapidly dividing cells. This study aims at measuring and evaluating pediatric patient doses in four hospitals equipped with 16, 20 and 128 CT detectors. Forty-eight pediatric patients who underwent brain (72.7%) and abdomen (36.3%) Computed Tomography are included in this study. Data includes CTDI vol (mGy) and DLP (mGy.cm). CTDOSE computer software which is based on Monte Carlo simulations was used to calculate the effective and organ equivalent doses (mSv). The CTDIvol (mGy) per procedure range was 11.0–95.0 mGy for brain CT and 3.0–30.0 mGy for abdomen CT. DLP on the other hand ranged between 129.0 and 2510.0 mGy cm for brain CT and 84.0–1604.0 for abdomen CT. The high doses were attributed to the fact that the protocols used for pediatric patients were the adult protocols, not bearing in mind the high radio-sensitivity of the pediatrics. Establishing a protocol for pediatric CT is hence of great importance to prevent them from receiving unnecessary high doses which may eventually cause cancer. • The radiation doses during specific pediatric CT examinations in four hospitals were evaluated. • Patient dose per CT procedure ranged from 84.0 to 2510.0 mGy cm. • Adults protocols used for pediatric patients resulted in unnecessary exposure. • Standardizing imaging protocols during pediatric CT imaging is recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to estimate the cumulative radiation exposure, effective and organ dose from the recurrent computed tomography (CT) head scan during the stroke. Data was collected using a validated survey, including scanner information, patient demographic information, scan protocol, and dose indices (CTDIvol and DLP). A retrospective search of the picture archiving and communicating system (PACS) database for all the patients who underwent at least three head scans while admitted to the hospital because of stroke. Effective and organ doses are calculated by VirtualDose software based on ICRP 103. One hundred fifty-two patients underwent three to five scans during their hospitalization, which lasted from three weeks to three months. The age ranged from 45-to 76 years; males were (n = 104, 68.4%) and females were (n = 48, 35.6%). The scan range was 20.9–28.8 cm, with a mean of 24.4 ± 1.5. The mean CTDIvol and DLP values per scan were 21 ± 0.8 and 429 ± 85, respectively. The calculated effective doses for patients with three, four, and five scans were 6.4, 8.5, and 10.7 mSv, respectively. The highest organ dose is recorded in the brain and the lowest at the breast. Focusing on referring physician awareness and encouraging request justification and dose optimization for patients subject to frequent radiation exams. In addition, the cumulative effective dose should be part of training programs for referrers, radiologists and radiographers. • Efforts should be made to dose reduction in stroke CT scans. • CT scanning remains the useful technique for diagnosis of stroke. • Potential risks exist from multiple CT scan. • Referring physician awareness encourage request justification and dose optimization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to variation among radiographers' practice, and the importance of unifying practice during radiography for optimizing radiation level and image quality, the current manuscript aims to assess the radiation dose level and propose local diagnostic reference levels (LDRL) for posterior-anterior (PA) chest, antero-posterior (AP) abdomen, and pelvis examinations in two hospitals in Khartoum ('K') and one hospital in Wad-Medani ('M') cities, Sudan. Along with patient demographics like height and weight, the radiation exposure parameters including tube potential, current, and radiation duration were documented. This included 732 patients whose tests were conducted at one of three departments located in two different cities. The entrane surface air kerma (ESAK) was calculated using DosCal software and an Unfors -Xi-meter. The average ESAK for an X-ray of the chest was 0.18 mGy in M, 0.19 mGy in K (averaged over two hospitals in the K), for the abdomen it was 1.1 and 1.23 mGy, and for the pelvis it was 1.8 and 01.9 mGy respectively. The proposed DRL was achieved from the third quartile of radiation dosage of data, and it was 0.21, 1.7 and 1.9 mGy for the chest, abdomen and pelvis respectively. There was a wide variation in dosage levels among the three hospitals. The current proposed DRL was lower than most literature for the chest, abdomen and pelvis. More studies are recommended for other examinations such as skull and contrast media studies. • Radiation dose level for chest, abdomen and pelvis was assessed in major hospitals in Sudan. • Average dose for conventional X-ray of chest, abdomen and pelvis was 0.19, 1.2 and 1.9 mGy respectively. • Local diagnostic reference level was suggested for the above examinations. • The Suggested LDRL was lower than available literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cardiovascular nuclear medicine (NM) imaging examinations expose patients to extremely high absorbed doses of ionizing radiation, which necessitates extensive efforts to reduce the doses without compromising the quality of images. This study aims to assess patients' radiation doses to patients and public exposure in Cardiac rest and stress single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) scans. The patients' exposure was calculated for 21 patients using the administered activity (AA, MBq). (GE SPECT) was the device used for all patients. AA (MBq) mean and range were 370 for Rest and 1110 for Stress. The average range of the dose rate was 1.59 (0.67–2.34) mR/h for rest and 7.29 (4.2–9.98) mR/h for stress when computed at 30 cm from the patient's chest level after injection. At 100 cm from the patient, the mean dose rate values were 0.37 (0.16–0.73) mR/h for rest and 1.39 (1.01–2.0) mR/h for stress. The overall effective dose is 12.1 mSv per rest and stress SPECT procedure. The mean effective dose for cardiac rest is comparable with previously published studies while the effective dose from cardiac stress is higher than previously published studies. The variation in the effective dose depends on several factors, including the department's clinical indication imaging protocols and radiation safety measures. • The patient's effective dose and dose were quantified during cardiac rest and stress SPECT procedures. • The mean effective dose for cardiac rest is comparable with previously published studies. • The effective dose from cardiac stress is higher than previously published studies. • The current AA activity for rest and stress is lower than the DRL and the previous studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Renal diseases and urinary tract disorders are causing a global burden, with an estimated prevalence of around 13%. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography urography (CE-CTU) is a well-known diagnostic technique for urinary system diseases for initial diagnosis and, very often, for follow-up. CE-CTU procedure exposes patients to high doses of ionizing radiation; hence, justification and optimization of doses are necessary to maximize the benefits and minimize the patients' risks. This study aims to evaluate radiation doses to patients during CE-CTU procedures and estimate the subsequent radiogenic risk. The study included twenty-seven patients who underwent CE-CTU examination in two different hospitals (National Ribat Hospital (NRH) and National Security Fource Hospital (NSFH)), where 16-slice CT machines from different vendors are used. The variables and significance were analyzed using SPSS and Scheffe's statistical tool. Data collected included the age of patients (19–70 years), the radiation dose received by patients: dose length product (DLP, mGy.cm) and volume CT dose index (CTDIvol (mGy)), and tube current-time product (mAs). Patients' dose measurements per CE-CTU procedure given as (mean and range) was: DLP 3098 (647–5301) (mGy.cm) and CTDIvol 44.11 (15–136) (mGy). The results revealed statistically significant differences in DLP (mGy.cm), CTDIvol (mGy), and mAs, and this could be attributed to discrepancies in protocols, machines, and operators among the hospitals and within each hospital. Considering gender, the variables (age, tube current-time product (mAs), and CTDIvol) showed no statistically significant differences. The radiogenic risks from the CE-CTU procedure were ≈1 per 400. Comparison between the two hospitals showed that the variables varied significantly between the hospitals studied, but no significant differences were found based on gender. CE-CTU with contrast medium exposes patients to high doses. Therefore, proper dose optimization is crucial. • The radiation doses during IVU and the subsequent risks from exposure are studied. • The entrance-surface air kerma (ESAK) and effective dose were quantified. • Calculation of the overall cancer risk yielded 5.85 per million procedures. • The effective and cancer risk are around ten times lower during IVU procedures compared to CTU. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the rapid increase in computed tomography (CT) examinations among pediatric patients, the concern about the effects of radiation exposure in this population has increased. Therefore, it is necessary to measure and regulate radiation exposure, which can be done using diagnostic reference levels (DRLs). This study aimed to calculate typical values for common pediatric studies at the radiology department of King Abdulaziz University Hospital Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. For a single institute, these are calculated as the median of computed tomography dose index (CTDIvol, mGy) or dose length product (DLP, mGy.cm) values. Pediatric patient data from January 2015 to December 2020 were collected, including CT examinations, dose descriptors, imaging protocols, and scanning parameters. A total of 8717 radiological studies were included in the sample. They were categorized into three age groups; more than half of the 5102 (58.5%) belonged to Group 1 (0–5 years), 1790 (20.5%) were in Group 2 (6–10 years), and 1826 (20.9%) were in Group 3 (11–15 years). Brain CT angiogram, non-enhanced brain CT, and Internal Auditory Canal (IAC) CT had the highest mean CTDI Vol and DLP, while virtual bronchoscopy contrast-enhanced chest and neck CT angiography had the lowest mean CTDI Vol. The values of DRLs in the current study were approximately lower than and comparable with those reported in other studies. • This study quantified pediatric doses during common CT procedures. • A total of 8717 radiological studies were included in the sample. • Local DRLs were established for common CT procedures. • The values of DRLs in the current study were lower than other studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mammary glands or breasts are radiosensitive organs that makeup 12% of the body's overall radiation sensitivity. According to estimates, Saudi Arabia has a 27.3% overall cancer incidence rate for breast cancer. Recent studies reported that breasts get significant organ equivalent doses during diagnostic procedures with ionizing radiation, even though the breast is not the target organ. The objective of this work is to assess the effective and breast equivalent doses during positron emission tomography (PET)/Computed tomography (CT) imaging examinations. The effective and breast equivalent doses per PET/CT (GE PET/CT 710) examination were quantified using the amount of the injected radiopharmaceutical (MBq) (18F- fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)), and external doses from CT examinations. The average, standard deviation (SD) and range of examined patients' age (years) and body mass index ((BMI), kg/m2) were 58 ± 11 (39–76) and 30 ± 5 (20.7–43.1), respectively. Constant administered activity (AA, 185 MBq) and tube potential (120 kVp) were used for all patients. The average, SD, and range of the patients effective dose (mSv) from PET/CT (18F- FDG) examination was 8.0 ± 0.93 (7.0–10.0) and 2.075 ± 0.11 (1.91–2.29) in that order. Breast doses are comparable with previous studies during the PET/CT and mammographic examination. Proper justification criteria and dose optimization are essential to lowering excessive exposure while preserving image quality, especially for young females because they have a higher risk of radiation-induced cancer. • Breast doses during PET/CT imaging procedures were evaluated. • Breast absorbed dose depends on CT protocol and administered activity. • The organ equivalent dose ranged from 1.91 to 2.29 mGy per procedure. • Breast doses are comparable with previous studies PET/CT procedures. • Young females have a higher risk of breast cancer due to PET/CT procedure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work using a borosilicate glass medium seeks to detect photoneutrons generated by a medical linear accelerator. The studies involved an Elekta Infiniti accelerator located in the Oncology Centre, Medical City, Riyadh, the neutrons resulting from interactions at above-threshold therapeutic photon energies. The borosilicate detectors were produced from microscope glass slides of nominal thickness 1.0 mm, the latter made into square segments of area 0.6 × 0.6 cm2, a size capable of being accommodated within the planchette of the thermoluminescent (TLD) Reader (Harshaw 600). With some 4% boron in the coverslip glass and the abundance of 10B being 19.8%, thermalised neutrons 10B(n,α)7Li interactions offer a cross-section that can achieve a value as large as 3837 b. Apart from interactions in boron, of additional note is that 2H(γ,n)1H and 9Be(γ,n)8Be are two further photoneutron reactions, giving rise to particularly low threshold energies at 2.226 and 1.666 MeV, respectively. The presence of natural carbon in the present borosilicate samples has been measured to be 1.3%. Accordingly, with the abundance of 13C in natural carbon being 1.109% this would appear to be of very little interest herein. Moreover, compositional measurements made on the borosilicate coverslip glass indicates 9.40 Na. The induced activity in the glass falls to some 25% 30 h post-irradiation, a delay time beyond which readout can subsequently be conducted. • Borosilicate glass media for neutron sensing was developed. • Photoneutron was generated using an Elekta Infiniti linear accelerator beams. • Neutron activation of nuclides within the expanse of the beam should be considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents the physical, mechanical, optical, and radiation shielding properties of several articles discussing BaO-based glass systems prepared by the melt-quench technique. Specifically, the article discussed is an article that reports experimentally the effectiveness of BaO-based glass systems as shielding gamma-ray radiation at an energy of 0.662 MeV published since 2019. In addition, we also compare the theoretical effectiveness of several glass systems by recalculating using Phy- X/PSD based on the respective compositions reported by previous studies at several energies, namely: 0.284, 0.347, 0.662, 0.826, 1.173, 1.333, and 2.506 MeV. Based on the analysis, the Bi 2 O 3 –BaO–B 2 O 3 glass system is the best in terms of absorbing radiation. But it still needs to be developed to get the best physical, mechanical, and optical properties. With this article, scholars can more easily determine the composition of a BaO-based glass system to be applied as a more effective and high-quality radiation shield. • Evolution of gamma-ray radiation at an energy of 0.662 MeV published since 2019. • The theoretical effectiveness were calculated using Phy- X/PSD. at various energies. • The Bi2O3–BaO–B2O3 glass system is the best in terms of absorbing radiation. • Scholars easily determine composition BaO-based for effective radiation shield. • Physical, mechanical, and optical properties important in for BaO-based glass. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides a comprehensive bibliometric analysis to better understand the evolution of concrete composite as a radiation shielding research from when it was first published in 1949 to October 26, 2022. This study was conducted based on the Scopus database, and the publications analyzed a total of 541 documents. The data in this paper is visualized using the VOSviewer and Tableau to perform bibliometric analysis and scientific mapping. The analysis results show that published documents have continued to increase in recent years and are dominated by articles. Some countries show productivity and influence in their country/region with the broadest range of partners. This study presents the most contributed journals and the most frequently cited documents. In addition, keyword analysis was carried out to find the hotspots on this research topic. This paper helps scholars to understand the evolution of concrete composite as a radiation shielding research from a bibliometric perspective and inspires them to develop new concrete composite with high stability absorption properties from waste or natural material to replace concrete Lead (Pb)-based. • Evolution concrete composite as shielding research from 1949 to October 26, 2022. • Data perform using bibliometric analysis and scientific mapping. • To helps scholars, understand evolution of concrete composite as a radiation shield. • Bibliometric perspective help to develop new high absorption of concrete composite. • High stability from waste or natural material to replace concrete Lead (Pb)-based. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Medical personnel working with ionizing radiation are exposed to significant radiation doses. Previously published studies reported increased incidence of induced cancer and cataracts among radiation workers in medical and industrial premises due to exposure to ionizing radiation. Therefore, an assessment of occupational exposure is recommended. The purpose of this study is to estimate the radiation risk caused by staff exposure and ambient exposures during diagnostic radiography. The study involved 46 staff members: 38 technologists, 8 Radiologists and 22 patients: 11 undergoing conventional radiology and 11 undergoing fluoroscopic radiology. Occupational and ambient doses were measured using calibrated optical stimulating-luminescent dosimeters (OSL) (Al2O3:C). These badges were read using an automatic OSL reader. Patients' doses were calculated form the reading of the x-ray machines. Calculating the dose parameters for patients, the mean and standard deviation (SD) of the kVp, mAs, and patient doses in terms of Dose Area Product (DAP)were 113.1 ± 16.2, 7.5 ± 11.65, and 869.6, respectively. The mean and range of the annual effective dose (mSv) for technologists was (0.6 ± 0.36) (0–2.11). The mean and range of effective dose (mSv) for Radiologists were (0.48 ± 0.19) (0.17–0.74). The occupational exposure in this study showed that radiology technologists and radiologists are exposed to a low dose according to the current workload. The staff dose reported in this study is lower than those available in most previous studies. • Staff annual radiation dose were assessed for radiology technologists for two consecutive years. • Occupational doses were quantified with OSL dosimeters. • The occupational exposure is 90% below the annual dose limits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exposure to ionizing radiation may induce cancer risk to the patients proportional to the radiation absorbed dose and the organ sensitivity. Therefore protection of radiation exposure is essential to minimize the radiation cancer risk and prevent the deterministic effects. The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) encourages member countries to establish national diagnostic reference levels (DRLs) to reduce unjustified radiation exposure. This study establishes a local DRL for computed tomography (CT) abdomen and pelvis procedures. In total, 1444 CT abdomen procedures were carried out during nine months. CT abdomen procedures were carried out at King Faisal Specialist Hospital and research center using six CT machines from different vendors. The mean and range of patients' weight (kg) are 50 (42–120). The recommended DRLs values in DLP (mGy.cm) and CTDIvol (mGy) were 900 and 15 per CT abdomen and pelvis procedure, respectively. 3% (41 cases) were higher than the national DRL for CT abdomen and pelvis. The proposed DRL values are slightly higher than the European and the American College of Radiologists (ACR) DRL values in DLP. The purpose of DRL in terms of CTDIvol (mGy) is comparable with the international guidelines. Thus reducing the scan length, is recommended ensuring that patients receive a minimal possible radiation dose while maintaining the image quality. • Patient radiation was calculated for CT abdomen examinations. • Six multi-detector CT machines 64, 128, 384 and 256 (three machines) were used. • 3% (41 cases) were higher than the national DRL for CT abdomen and pelvis. • The proposed DRL is higher than previously reported values in Europe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Computed tomography (CT) is the leading source of the cumulative effective doses to the general populace from medicinal and artificial sources. With the increased use of CT examinations comes the concern regarding the health effects of unnecessary radiation exposure and the need to optimize the doses that patients receive. The current study evaluates the patients' doses during specific CT procedures and establishes institutional diagnostic reference levels (DRLs) for the frequent CT scans performed. 8156 CT scan examinations were performed during three years from 2015 to 2018 using a single CT scan machine at our institution. Data from the six most common examinations were analyzed. The volume CT dose index (CTDIvol (mGy)) and dose length product (DLP) distribution's median and 75th percentile values were computed. The results were descriptively compared with DRLs from different countries and regions. The six most common examinations constituted 5815 studies. We established our DRLs as the median value of CTDIvol (mGy)| and DLP (mGy × cm) as follows: CT of the brain: 35.0 mGy and 839 mGy × cm, respectively; chest with contrast: 4 mGy and 148 mGy-cm, respectively; chest without contrast: 5 mGy and 190 mGy-cm, respectively; abdomen and pelvis with contrast: 8 mGy and 636 mGy-cm, respectively; abdomen and pelvis without contrast 8 mGy and 568 mGy-cm, in that order; abdomen, pelvis, and kidneys: 11 mGy and 458 mGy × cm, respectively. Our values for brain and chest CTs were lower than the international DRLs, while those for abdominal imaging were higher. The established DRLs offer an opportunity for us to optimize the dose delivered to patients and compare them to the national benchmarks when they are issued. The study revealed that CT dose showed wide discrepancies for the same procedures at the department levels suggesting that the practice was neither optimized nor harmonized. Therefore, DRL should be reassessed after the operators' training and awareness to reduce the patients' dose and related radiogenic risk to its minimal value. • DRL was quantified for six standard CT examinations. • The study revealed that CT dose showed wide discrepancies for the same procedures. • The proposed DRLs are within the international values. • DRL should be reassessed after the technologists' training on imaging protocol optimization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pathology of the urinary system is usually investigated using Intravenous Urography (IVU). The study objectives are to quantify patients' radiation dose and radiation induced malignant tumors risk during IVU examination. The radiation doses during IVU and the subsequent risks from exposure are studied, using data from 50 patients imaged in one hospital. The demographic data given as (mean ± std) was as follows:The age of patients was 39 ± 14 years; height of patients was 1.7 ± 0.1 m, the mass was 69 ± 10 kg and the body-mass-index was 24.3 ± 4.1 kg m−2. The physical exposure parameters recorded were: kVp: 74.04 ± 3.1, mAs: 33.64 ± 4. Moreover, the average number of films per procedure was 5.72 ± 1.49. The entrance-surface air kerma (ESAK) was 2.1 ± 0.64 mGy, and the mean effective dose was 0.131 ± 0.04 mSv. Calculation of the overall cancer risk yielded 5.9 × 10−6 procedures. ESAK (mGy) and effective dose values obtained in this study were comparable with reported studies as shown in the text. The effective and cancer risk are around ten times lower during IVU procedures than for example, contrast enhanced computed tomography urography (CTU) examination. Reduction of doses received by patients to meet the values of the diagnostic reference levels without compromising the quality and clarity of the images is highly recommended. Radiation dosimetry; IVU; Radiology; Cancer risk; medical imaging. • The radiation doses during IVU and the subsequent risks from exposure are studied. • The entrance-surface air kerma (ESAK) and effective dose were quantified. • Calculation of the overall cancer risk yielded 5.85 per million procedures. • Patients received higher doses due to unoptimized imaging protocol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A significant source of ionizing radiation for medical use is computed tomography (CT). According to estimates, more than 84 million CT scans are carried out yearly in the US. Because the neck area contains several organs and tissues that are very sensitive to ionizing radiation, such as the thyroid gland, CT for the neck region is commonly done for a variety of clinical causes. This study's goal is to assess the patient doses to radiosensitive organs and effective doses received during the CT neck surgery in the pastAt Riyadh Care Hospital, a multislice CT (MSCT) system (Siemens Somatom Sensation, 64 slices/detector) was used to perform improved CT treatments on a total of 54 patients. Patient ages were 41.5–15.5 years old on average, with a wide variation (21–73). Using computer software based on Monte Carlo simulation, organ and effective dosages were assessed. The International Commission of Radiological Protection (ICRP) risk variables were used to calculate the patient's radiogenic risk for a particular organ. The patients' dose length product (DLP, mGy.cm) for CT neck examination were 993.3 ± 539.5 (267.3–2441.7). The mean and range of volume CT dose per slice (CTDIvol (mGy)) were 1.5 ± 3.9 (3.91–22.55). The overall effective dose (mSv) per procedure is ranged from 1.3 to 11.7 with a mean value 2.8 mSv. Patients' CT neck procedures have been repeated the procedure up to 7 times during the treatment course. The risk of malignancy is 1x10-6 CT procedure. The study showed that patients received wide discrepancies in patients' doses up to 9 times. Optimization of image acquisition protocol and scan length is necessary to reduce the unnecessary risk. • The effective and organ equivalent doses during neck CT procedure were studied. • Lens of the eye, salivary gland and thyroid gland received a high radiation dose. • The overall effective dose (mSv) per procedure is ranged from 1.3 to 11.7 • Patients' CT neck procedures have been repeated the procedure up to 7 times during the treatment course. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Artificial radiation is the primary radiogenic risk source to the general population. Medical field has been growing in Sudan. This study aims to estimate effective doses for adult patients from nuclear medicine examinations. The study involved 685 patients from five different hospitals in Sudan. In total, 300, 196, and 189 patients underwent renal, thyroid, and bone scans. All procedures were carried out using the Tc-99m radionuclide. Effective dose has been estimated using computer software depending on conductive activity. The results show that dose information for patients from thyroid, renal, and bone scan, for thyroid scan the patients' age was 42.82 ± 16.46 years, the patient's weight 68.58 ± 12.82 kg, the activity 4.75 ± 0.543 mCi and the effective dose for thyroid was 2.28 ± 0.26 mSv. For renal scan, the patients' age 45.19 ± 16.36 years, the weight 65.96 ± 13.78 kg, the activity 5.21 ± 1.166 mCi, and the effective dose 0.94 ± 0.211 mSv. For a bone scan, the patients' age was 57.59 ± 14.92 years, the patient's weight was 69.48 ± 13.71 kg, the activity 19.96 ± 2.11 mCi, and the effective dose for bone was 4.208 ± 0.443 mSv. The study revealed that the administered activity is independent of patient weight. Patients received unjustified exposure due to the high amount of administered activity. Implementation of national guidelines is necessary to improve the practice and patient safety. • Effective dose has been estimated for thyroid, renal and bone scan procedures. • Patients received the least effective dose during renal scan procedures. • The study revealed that the administered activity is independent of patient weight, according to the current protocol. • Proper optimization are recommended to save young from potential radiogenic risks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Occupational exposure to ionizing radiation of medical personnel is very common at radiology and nuclear medicine departments. Strict regulations and guidelines for the exposure of staff working in such departments were regulated by international authorities such as the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), and the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) as well as national protocols. In order to reduce stochastic effects, for example, radiation induced carcinogenesis, the exposure of staff working at nuclear medicine department should be maintained at levels lower than 20 mSv per year or 100 mSv in five years. The objective of this study is to measure staff radiation dose at four radiology departments in the south region of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Exposures received by a total of 106 staff working at the radiology department were monitored for two consecutive years using calibrated Thermoluminecnt dosimeters (LiF:Mg:Ti (TLD-100). Exposure was then quantified in terms of deep dose: Hp (10). The TLD signal was obtained using an automatic TLD reader (Harshaw 6600). The overall annual dose for staff was 1.4 ± 0.37 (0.67–8.74). The study revealed that the annual radiation exposure in the four-radiology department is below the annual dose limits. However, staff doses could be reduced if proper radiation protection are followed. • Staff annual radiation dose were assessed for radiology technologists for two consecutive years. • Occupational doses were quantified with LiF: Mg, Ti (TLD-100). • 90% of monitored staff received an annual occupational dose below 2.0 mSv. • Radiology technologists are well protected against occupational exposure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) method was combined with the γ − γ coincidence technique to measure Iron (Fe) and Terbium (Tb) concentrations in geological (Montana II Soil) and environmental (Coal Fly Ash) standard materials. The measured concentrations, which agree well with the corresponding certified values, are compared with those obtained from the traditional INAA method. It is demonstrated that employing the γ − γ coincidence technique slightly improves the accuracy of the analysis. Furthermore, the coincidence technique enhances the detection limits of Tb by ∼4.5 and ∼5.5 times in environmental and geological samples, respectively, but has almost no enhancement in those of Fe. The γ − γ coincidence technique therefore does not always promote the analysis quality of the INAA method, but it is effective for analyzing elements whose characteristic γ rays sustain a high Compton background and/or are overlapped with other γ rays. • Apply the gamma – gamma coincidence method to neutron activation analysis. • An analysis of Tb and Fe concentrations in geological and environmental samples. • The coincidence method can slightly improve the accuracy of the analysis. • The coincidence method significantly enhances the detection limit for Tb element. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Image-guided radiation therapy (IGRT) adds an additional imaging radiation dose to existing levels of therapeutic radiation. The extra radiation dose received by organs from multiple conae beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans can increase the probability of the secondary cancer risk. In this study, an effort has been made to assess CBCT dose and image quality for standard pre-sets defined for different organs namely, the chest, pelvis, brain, head and neck, and abdomen. The second goal was to investigate whether the radiation dose could be reduced while still achieving high image quality. Image quality was evaluated on the CatPhan Model 503 (Phantom Lab, NY), while organ kV- CBCT doses were evaluated using an Unfors device (Fluke Biomedical) to provide representative measurements for clinical settings. Nominal CBCT projections with reduced exposure times were reconstructed in 3D using the Unfiltered and Filtered-back Projection algorithms. Patient organ dose (mGy) per procedure for brain, chest, pelvis, abdomen, and head and neck were 7.9, 35.3, 28.1, 58.3, and 0.77, respectively. The experimental analysis suggests that adequate image quality could be obtained while decreasing the number of radiographic projections. Reducing the number of the radiographic projections will reduce the scan time and therefore the imaging dose. The proposed method provides an opportunity to reduce the organ doses comparatively lower than the standard CT doses for head and body protocols. The study provides a framework for delivering low radiation doses to critical organs with no risk of long-term exposure. • This study has successfully quantified CBCT doses for some critical organs. • Image quality and radiation dose were evaluated during CBCT. • Adequate image quality could be obtained while decreasing the number of radiographic projections. • The study provides a framework for delivering low radiation doses to critical organs with no risk of long-term exposure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In interventional radiology attendant staff can be exposed to significant doses from the radiation scattered from the patient, giving rise to heterogeneous energy distribution, exposure occurring over extended periods of time. Protection of staff is a prime concern, also including reducing the risk of carcinogenesis. With only limited published studies available, as in for instance in regard to lens opacifications, further evaluation of staff exposures and assessment of radiation protection techniques and measures are crucial. Present study has sought to evaluate staff radiation exposure in a radiology department that performs interventional procedures. Annual occupational exposures were obtained for 32 personnel (6 females and 26 males) in a radiology department at a tertiary hospital. Personal dose equivalent H p (d) was measured in terms of H p (0.07) (shallow dose) and H p (10) (deep dose). The measurements were made over a period of two consecutive years, 2017 and 2018, use being made of TLD-100 thermoluminescent dosimeters. In units of mSv, the corresponding average annual dose equivalent and range for H p (10) and H p (0.07) were 4.6 ± 7.0 (0.1–25.5) and 5.1 ± 7.3 (0.1–25.5). Notably, 16% of staff received doses that were greater than the annual dose limit. Since H p (10) offers a conservative evaluation of effective dose, evaluation of the working environment is necessary in seeking to ensure dose values remain below annual dose limits. • Occupational exposure was measured at interventional radiology department. • Personal dose equivalent (H p (d) were measured in terms of H p (0.07) (shallow dose) and H p (10) (deep dose) were evaluated. • Staff exposures were measured using TLD-100 thermoluminecent dosimeters. • 16% of the staff received doses that were greater than the annual dose limit. • Variation in staff dose is due to workload and type of the procedure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study objectives were to simulate a 6 MV flattening filter-free (FFF) photon beam of a TrueBeam Varian LINAC, using the PRIMO code. The depth-dose profiles for various jaw open fields and cross-beam profiles for various depths inside water phantoms were determined using PRIMO simulations and were compared with the EGSnrc simulation results. A 93% match between both codes has generally been obtained, with a systematic variation in agreement between the two models that increases with field size. The closest agreement, to within 94%, was obtained for a 6 × 6 cm2 jaw open field at 5.0 cm and 10.0 cm depths, better at 10- than at 5.0 cm depth. The effects of how scatter is modelled has been shown to result in the differences. • 6 MV flattening filter-free photon beam of a TrueBeam Varian LINAC was simulated. • PRIMO code simulations were compared with the EGSnrc simulation results. • A 93% match being between both codes has generally been obtained. • PRIMO can be successfully used as an alternative code for dosimetric calculations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the last decade, the development of cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) has led to a large range of imaging methods. CBCT has advantages compared to other extraoral radiographic imaging, but its contribution to radiation dose in patients is a point of concern. This study aims to provide a full understanding and determination of absorbed dose and an estimation of effective dose to the thyroid, bone marrow, salivary glands and brain in patients during CBCT examinations and to estimate the radiogenic risk resulting from radiation exposure. In this study, a total of 157 pediatric and adult patients with different indications were investigated at the dental clinic. All procedures were performed using Planmeca ProMax 3D Max. Sensitive organ equivalent doses were estimated using PCXMC software. Organ equivalent doses were also estimated using PCXMC software. The fixed tube voltage was set to 90.0 kVp, the mean tube current was 12.7.0 mA (range: 8.0 to 14.0) and the mean exposure time was 12.5 ± 1.8 s (range: 12.0–16.0). The overall mean patient effective dose was 150.8 μSv (range: 22.4–210.0). Salivary gland equivalent dose was the highest of all the organs measured as no protective shield was used in these patients. Patient doses were slightly higher compared to those in previous studies. Poor patient protection conditions were noted. Staff training is a vital priority regardless of a low dose of CBCT compared to other imaging modalities. • Patients effective doses, eye lens and thyroid equivalent doses were estimated in cone beam CT. • CBCT examinations performed by operators with limited training in radiation protection. • Patient's doses is slightly higher compared to previous studies. • The radiogenic risk from CBCT procedure is low. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to assess the main factors affecting radiographic image quality in selected routine radiography procedures, to establish guidelines for maintaining the expected quality, while keeping the patient radiation doses as low as possible. Entrance surface air kerma (ESAK) for 811 patients undergoing chest, abdomen and pelvis x-ray procedures in ten X-ray departments were assessed using the European Image Criteria method. Basic quality control (QC) tests were performed to check the compliance of x-ray machines with the international standards. The mean percentage and range of good quality images were 71.3 (56–86.1) for chest posterior anterior (PA), 76.1 (65–91) for abdomen anterior posterior (AP) and 70.7 (35.7–92.6) for pelvis anteroposterior (AP). The corresponding ESAK (mGy) were 0.5 ± 0.3, 3.7 ± 1.7 and 3.6 ± 1.6 per procedure, respectively. These image quality findings reveal wide inter and intra-hospital variations. The ESAK values for patients undergoing abdominal and pelvic X-ray procedures showed comparable values in relation to the international diagnostic reference levels (DRLs), while they were twice as high for chest X-ray procedures. Improper image processing, exposure factor errors, and suboptimal patient communication and instructions prior to examination were the main factors commonly responsible for inadequate quality radiographs. The radiation dose variations are according to variable patient demographic data across the hospitals and type of examination, besides the variations of the applied technical parameters for each given examination. The film reject rates are higher in most hospital compared to the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended value. Establishment of image quality criteria will improve the department productivity and will reduce the reject rate. • Factors affecting radiographic image quality and radiation dose were analyzed. • Entrance surface air kerma were assessed for chest, abdomen and pelvis procedures. • Image quality were assessed according to the European Commission Criteria. • Entrance surface air kerma were higher compared to previous studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Computed tomography angiography (CTA), a noninvasive imaging procedure, is frequently used for the diagnosis of blood vessel diseases. Pediatric patients are more sensitive to radiation than adults due to their rapidly dividing cells and long life expectancy. Thus, evaluation of pediatric exposure is crucial to ensure that the procedure is justified and the practice is optimized. The objectives of this study were to evaluate pediatric patients' exposure and imaging protocols for different CTA procedures and to estimate the cancer risk incidence. A total of 147 pediatric CTA procedures were performed at King Fahad Medical City using three CT machines (Philips Brilliance CT- 64-slice scanner, Siemens Somatom Definition Flash dual source 128 CT slice scanner and GE 750 HD DISCOVERY dual energy 64 CT slice scanner). The image protocol and patient safety measures were evaluated according to American College of Radiology (ACR) criteria. The Ethics and Research Committee approved the study and informed consent was obtained from children's parents. The mean, standard deviation (sd) and range of patients weight (kg) was 8.1 ± 13.2 (3.5–58.7). The mean, sd, median and range of patient dose (mGy.cm) for circle of willis, carotid arteries, thoracic and abdominal aorta, heart and vessels, renal artery, pulmonary artery, abdominal aorta, thoracic aorta, upper lim and lower limb were 992 ± 798, 759.0 (204–2829), 285 ± 157, 660.0 (56.7–652), 500 ± 457, 210.1 (112–1387), 472 ± 317, 411.4, (175–3909) and 350 ± 346, 589.7 (284–1431), respectively. Pediatric average radiation cancer risk incidence was 36 × 10−4. Patients' doses showed wide variation among the three CT machines and even for the same machine and the same clinical investigation. The dose per procedure is higher compared to previous studies, suggesting that the dose is not yet optimized. Protection of radiosensitive organs is highly recommended for pediatric patients. • Pediatric Radiation dose was measured during 10 CTA procedures. • CTA imaging protocol was evaluated against ACR protocol. • Pediatric patients exposed at different exposure parameters with fixed voltage. • The cancer risk is higher compared to other imaging procedures. • Patient doses per procedure is weight dependent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]