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This paper describes the morphological and accentological verbal system in Mrežnik. In the introductory part, the basic trends in the development of Croatian accentological norm from the 19th century until the preset are analyzed with the focus on the influence of Croatian dialectologists, language historians, and accentologists on its development. The state-of-the-art in standard Croatian is compared to that in typologically similar European tonic languages. In the central part of the paper, principles of accentuation in Mrežnik are described and some examples of verbal accentuation are given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Encyclopedic works are a synthesis of knowledge of a certain field of interest, and often of the whole human achievement at the time in which they arise. As highly informative works of a tertiary type, an important part of their concept is content structure, the purpose of which is to make them easier to understand and use. This paper explores the extent of tables, their means of organization, and their functionality in encyclopedic works. This research was conducted on well-known traditional (printed) encyclopedic works, such as the Encyclopaedia Britannica, Encyclopedia Americana, Chambers's Encyclopaedia, World Book Encyclopedia, Brockhaus Enzyklopädie, La Grande Encyclopédie, as well as Croatian encyclopedic works: Croatian Encyclopedia, Proleksis Encyclopedia, Croatian Encyclopedia of Technology. Content analysis was conducted on tables in encyclopedic projects as important components of the structure of relevant data, providing an overview of the extent of tables and their content in selected encyclopedic works. By comparing the results of the content analysis of multiple encyclopedic works, differences, and similarities in table types and their content are shown to indicate possibilities and requisites when compiling such highly structured content. Furthermore, insight is provided into the functionalities of such structured content in online editions of some of these encyclopedic works as well as of Wikipedia as the most commonly used online encyclopaedia. The aim of this paper is to present the evolution of tables in encyclopedic works, from the mere rendering of systematized data in traditional works to tables as elements of structure in online works that can be used to develop ontologies, this, in turn, generates new possibilities in the development of encyclopedic studies and a new approach to the creation of online encyclopedic works. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, we are witnessing staggering improvements in various semantic data processing tasks due to the developments in the area of deep learning, ranging from image and video processing to speech processing, and natural language understanding. In this paper, we discuss the opportunities and challenges that these developments pose for the area of electronic lexicography. We primarily focus on the concept of representation learning of the basic elements of language, namely words, and the applicability of these word representations to lexicography. We first discuss well-known approaches to learning static representations of words, the so-called word embeddings, and their usage in lexicography-related tasks such as semantic shift detection, and cross-lingual prediction of lexical features such as concreteness and imageability. We wrap up the paper with the most recent developments in the area of word representation learning in form of learning dynamic, context-aware representations of words, showcasing some dynamic word embedding examples, and discussing improvements on lexicography-relevant tasks of word sense disambiguation and word sense induction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper deals with the problem of the lexicographic description of deictic expressions in contemporary monolingual dictionaries of the Croatian language. The term "deixis" refers to a group of language units that indicate elements of situational and/or discourse context in the utterance ̶such as participants, time, and place of the speech event (Lyons 1977). Deictic expressions belong to a group of lexemes that are especially challenging for lexicographers because their full meaning or referent is established or identified only within the specific speech event. For these reasons, the characteristics of deixis are a constant reminder of the fact that natural languages were primarily designed for use in face-to-face interaction, and that a language can only be analyzed to a certain extent without taking into account these facts (Levinson 1983). In this paper, we conduct an analysis of the definitions of meanings and descriptions of the functions of deictic expressions in Croatian lexicography based on selected representative examples of personal, temporal, spatial, discourse, and social deixis. We identify the shortcomings of the selected dictionaries and suggest possible solutions to the identified problems by applying the methods of corpus pragmatics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with lexical means of general language which are also a part of the common language of science. Due to differences in collocational meanings between Croatian, German and English, both authors of scientific texts and translators face many difficulties when attempting to find proper functional translational equivalents in a target language. This part of the lexicon and lexical relations are not adequately covered in Croatian-German and Croatian-English general bilingual dictionaries and as a result, an important layer of the common language of science remains unavailable for dictionary users whose L1 is Croatian. The authors argue that improvements are needed to the lexicographic representation of collocations in general bilingual dictionaries, they provide arguments and suggestions as to how to improve the presentation of collocations in printed bilingual dictionaries by relying on computerbased methods. Furthermore, a list of verb-noun collocations for the three aforementioned languages created for the purposes of this study may serve as a basis for improving existing bilingual dictionaries as well as bilingual and multilingual e-dictionaries specializing in the general language of science, in which collocations should take a more prominent place. 146 selected examples of verb-noun collocations typically found in texts on the arts and humanities (e.g. Belege heranziehen, razmotriti znanstvene dokaze, to consider facts; Theorie herausarbeiten, razviti teoriju, to develop / formulate a theory) will show that these three languages complement each other. Furthermore, a contrastive analysis will illustrate how divergent meanings can be avoided by improving the representation of collocations typically found in the common language of science in bilingual and multilingual dictionaries of Croatian, German and English, thus making this specific layer of the lexicon more available to the dictionary user. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents the design and implementation of a thematic dialectal dictionary that uses new technological possibilities of e-media to be transformed into an e-dictionary. It is web-based, interactive (with multimedia content), and growing (supplementing articles), it has an aesthetic graphic identity. All this influences the potential endusers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper gives an overview of the lexicographic treatment of idiom variations in the Online Dictionary of Croatian Idioms (under development), which is compiled using the hrWaC corpus. In this dictionary, different types of variations (lexical, syntactic and derived forms) are listed in the same entry because they share the same conceptual core. This reflects the Cognitive Linguistic approach to idioms: variations are viewed as expressions of different conceptualizations of the same situation, and may therefore display differences in lexis, structure, meaning and usage. Furthermore, variant forms of an idiom may be at different levels of conventionality, which is why they are arranged within the entry according to the frequency of occurrence in hrWaC. Such treatment of idiom variations reflects real usage and provides dictionary users with complete and precise information on the different forms and meanings of idioms in modern Croatian. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Numbers are usually defined as words that describe how many units there are of what the word denotes, or how many units should be counted to come to some object. They are a heterogeneous group; they can be simple or complex, some are declinable while some are indeclinable. As a word group, numbers include nouns and adjectives, so the types of declination are different. Despite this diversity, the description of their word formation is not as detailed. In Tvorba riječi u hrvatskome književnome jeziku, Babić explains: "Among the pronouns, numbers, prepositions, and conjunctions, there are words formed from others, but these are just a few, and the types of formation are no longer productive. From the aspect of word formation, these are mostly closed systems, because there are no new root words, and there is a small number of units..." (Babić 2002: 15). Word-formation data will be provided in the Croatian Web Dictionary - Mrežnik, but when describing numbers and words motivated by numbers, it has been shown that current descriptions in grammars are not sufficient. In this paper, the wordformatting models of numbers and words formed from numbers included in Mrežnik are analyzed and roots and suffixes are determined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper describes the error-tagging scheme developed for the CroLTeC learner corpus (http://nlp.ffzg.hr/resources/corpora/croltec/) - the first electronic learner corpus of Croatian as a foreign language. CroLTeC contains essays collected from 755 students with 36 different mother tongues, among which the most prominent were Spanish, English, German, Polish, Chinese, French, and Arabic. It consists of 4,747 essays, out of which 1,217 were digitally born, while 3530 essays were scanned, transcribed in RTF format, and converted into XML format. CroLTeC has a total of 1,054,287 tokens, and essays have been collected on all 6 levels of Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR) at Croaticum - Center for Croatian as Second and Foreign Language at the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences in Zagreb, Department of Information Sciences, Natural Language Processing group. All CroLTeC essays contain metadata about the title, number, and type of essay (homework, part of an exam or field class, etc.). Data were lemmatized and annotated with morphosyntactic tags with the ReLDI tagger (Ljubešić et al., 2016). Also, the corpus is searchable by age, sex, language proficiency level, and the mother tongue of the learner. The error-tagging scheme is partially based on Šolar (the scheme of Developmental corpus of Slovene) and the error-coding of the Cambridge Learner Corpus and further tailored to the Croatian language. The goal of the development of the error-tagging scheme is to build a sub-corpus that will serve as a repository of authentic data about the learner's interlanguage. It should enable researchers and teachers of Croatian as a foreign language to explore the interlanguage, to discover the aspects of the grammar that are the most difficult to master and to tailor teaching materials to different groups of learners (not only according to their Croatian language proficiency level but also to their first language). Finally, the error-tagged sub-corpus should also serve as a starting point for designing computer-aided tools to correct lexical errors, misuse of verbal tenses, phrasal verbs, and collocations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Official bilingualism assumes the daily creation of parallel texts in bilingual areas. This is also the case in Istria County, where texts are usually written in Croatian and then translated into Italian. Given the official nature of texts and the context of the Italian language usage, it is extremely important to have a precise and uniform terminology, as well as well-developed language technologies, which would allow a faster and more accurate translation processes in bilingual institutions of Croatia. The aims of this paper are (1) to investigate the equal use of both Croatian and Italian as a minority language in the Istrian County through (1a) an analysis of the translated content on the official websites of the officially bilingual cities and municipalities and through (1b) an overview of current translation practices, and (2) to highlight the importance and necessity of the development of language technology through (2a) the presentation of trends in the development of language technology in similar bilingual and multilingual institutions, (2b) the presentation of the parallel corpus compiled from administrative texts of the Istrian County and (2c) the analysis of existing terminology conducted on the compiled corpus. The analysis of the availability of bilingual content on websites and the terminology extracted from the compiled parallel corpus indicates the need to develop and use translation tools and linguistic resources tailored to the Italian language as a minority language, in order to facilitate and accelerate the translation activity, thus allowing a more efficient use of Italian as a minority language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modern Croatian lexicography is rich and diverse but not free of dilemmas, passed on from one edition to another (an occurrence that is partly inevitable in an open system such as the lexicon). Modern lexicographical dilemmas increase in number when the lexicon is transferred to a new medium, to an e-dictionary (for instance, the question arises regarding the audio recording of lexical units and the attestedness in the corpus). In this paper, modern dilemmas are exemplified by the entries based on the word bog (god), because they raise numerous questions: we have addressed the orthographical (žali Bože / žalibože) and prosodical (bogtepítaj or bogtepȋtaj) norms. Thus, although these dilemmas certainly refer to a wider corpus (e.g. the question of grammaticalization, pragmatics of forms, (de-)onymization, and phraseologization), we have limited our scrutiny to a single derivational family which can still, through analogy, lead to more general solutions. We offer an example of possible audio versions of particular entries in future e-dictionaries and reassess the attestedness of current lexicographical solutions in the corpus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the paper is to compare the representation of valency in five online valency dictionaries of Slavic languages (the Russian FrameBank, the Czech VALLEX, the Polish Walenty, and two online valency dictionaries of Croatian, Crovallex and e-Glava). FrameBank, VALLEX, Walenty, and CROVALLEX are compared in detail with e-Glava and at the end all five online resources are correlated. The five dictionaries are based on various linguistic traditions, but despite that, some parts of their description are similar due to common features of Slavic languages. Due to rich case systems, the morphological description is indispensable in these valency dictionaries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]