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A 4-year-old boy with PAX5 alt B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) experienced treatment failure after receiving tisagenlecleucel, fludarabine, cyclophosphamide, and nivolumab. Despite undergoing allogeneic peripheral hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) and multiple rounds of chemotherapy, the boy experienced relapses of B-ALL. Treatment with CAR-T cells also failed to produce a significant response. Eventually, the boy achieved complete response after receiving donor-derived CAR-T cells, but he developed complications such as cytokine release syndrome and immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome. He also developed an eye cataract attributed to B-ALL. [Extracted from the article]

A 64-year-old woman with stage IV diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) experienced immune cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome (ICANS) during treatment with axicabtagene ciloleucel. She also developed a rebound effect of worsening ICANS after tapering methylprednisolone. Additionally, she showed lack of efficacy during treatment with rituximab, gemcitabine, carboplatin, and dexamethasone for stage IV DLBCL. Despite receiving various treatments, including corticosteroids and lymphodepleting chemotherapy, the woman experienced complications such as cytokine release syndrome (CRS), encephalopathy, and fungal pneumonia. She ultimately passed away after recurrent infections. [Extracted from the article]

A 15-year-old girl with refractory childhood-onset systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) exhibited lack of efficacy during treatment with glucocorticoids, hydroxychloroquine, mycophenolate, rituximab, and cyclophosphamide. She also experienced osteoporosis, hypertension, and severe systemic infections. After unsuccessful treatment, she underwent Anti-CD19 CAR-T cell therapy, which resulted in grade 1 cytokine release syndrome, grade 2 transient anemia, and grade 3 neutropenia. However, at a 10-week follow-up, she was in persistent drug-free remission. [Extracted from the article]

This article discusses two case reports of women with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and Richter syndrome (RS) who experienced cytokine release syndrome and lack of efficacy during treatment with various antineoplastic drugs. The first patient received RCHOP regimen, brentuximab-vedotin, and CAR-T cell therapy, while the second patient received ibrutinib, venetoclax, obinutuzumab, RCHOP regimen, and CAR-T cell therapy. Both patients experienced cytokine release syndrome and were treated with tocilizumab. The first patient achieved complete remission, while the second patient achieved partial response and underwent stem cell transplantation. [Extracted from the article]

Chemotherapy regimen was then adjusted to bendamustine plus VTD regimen comprising bortezomib, thalidomide and dexamethasone. Patient 1: The 65-year-old woman was admitted with a diagnosis of R/R MM. Chemotherapy was initiated with 2 cycles of the PAD regimen comprising bortezomib, doxorubicin [Adriamycin] and dexamethasone. Multiple chemotherapies were initiated following diagnosis, including the R-CHOP regimen comprising rituximab, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine and prednisone, and R-DICE regimen comprising rituximab, dexamethasone, ifosfamide, cisplatin and etoposide, and P-GEMOX regimen comprising pegaspargase, oxaliplatin and gemcitabine. [Extracted from the article]

Based on these findings, et al. diagnosis of HHV-6 encephalitis secondary to fludarabine, cyclophosphamide, tocilizumab, siltuximab, methylprednisolone-sodium-succinate and unspecified CAR-T cell therapy was made. Prior to CAR-T cell therapy, he received conditioning regimen with fludarabine and cyclophosphamide. B Author Information b An event is serious (based on the ICH definition) when the patient outcome is: * death * life-threatening * hospitalisation * disability * congenital anomaly * other medically important event A case series described two men, of whom, et al. 69-year-old man developed human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) encephalitis following treatment with fludarabine, cyclophosphamide, tocilizumab, dexamethasone and unspecified CAR-T cell therapy, while a 57-year-old man developed HHV-6 encephalitis following treatment with fludarabine, cyclophosphamide, tocilizumab, siltuximab, methylprednisolone-sodium-succinate and unspecified CAR-T cell therapy [ I not all routes and dosages stated; durations of treatments to reactions onsets not stated i ]. [Extracted from the article]

Echocardiography after the discontinuation of steroid therapy demonstrated normal biventricular systolic function and no pericardial effusion. B Author Information b An event is serious (based on the ICH definition) when the patient outcome is: * death * life-threatening * hospitalisation * disability * congenital anomaly * other medically important event A 59-year-old man developed cytokine release syndrome (CRS) during treatment with axicabtagene ciloleucel for diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL); additionally, he exhibited a lack of efficacy to tocilizumab for CRS [ I routes not sated; not all dosages stated i ]. His serum C-reactive protein (CRP) was elevated to 9.9 mg/dL, serum troponin T was 0.038 ng/mL and brain natriuretic peptide was 323.3 pg/mL. [Extracted from the article]

B Author Information b An event is serious (based on the ICH definition) when the patient outcome is: * death * life-threatening * hospitalisation * disability * congenital anomaly * other medically important event In an analysis, 5 patients (4 men and 1 woman) aged 18-66 years were described, who developed cytokine release syndrome, sepsis, multiorgan failure or multiviral systemic inflammatory response syndrome following lymphodepletion with fludarabine and cytarabine [ I routes, dosages and durations of treatments to reactions onsets not stated; not all outcomes stated i ]. Patient 7 from the article: A 47-year-old man, who had B cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, received 1 dose of unspecified CAR19 T-cell therapy which was preceded by lymphodepletion with fludarabine and cytarabine. However, he died of sepsis and multiorgan failure related to fludarabine and cytarabine at 18 months after the CAR19 T-cell therapy. [Extracted from the article]

She received IV methotrexate 1000 mg/m SP 2 sp on day 1, IV high-dose cytarabine 3000 mg/m SP 2 sp every 12h days 2+3, and IT cytarabine 100mg on day 7 (course B). She received one cycle of FLAG regimen comprising IV fludarabine 30 mg/m SP 2 sp /day, high-dose IV cytarabine 2000 mg/m SP 2 sp /day, days 1-5, and filgrastim, plus IV vincristine 2mg on day 8. [Extracted from the article]

Complete remission in refractory acute lymphoblastic leukemia using blinatumomab after failure of response to CD-19 chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy. B Author Information b An event is serious (based on the ICH definition) when the patient outcome is: * death * life-threatening * hospitalisation * disability * congenital anomaly * other medically important event A 17-year-old boy exhibited false positive HIV-test during treatment with tisagenlecleucel for B acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (B-ALL). The tisagenlecleucel therapy was suspected to have led to false positive HIV test result. [Extracted from the article]

Therefore, he was started receiving CHOP chemotherapy regimen comprised of cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, prednisone, and ICE chemotherapy regimen included ifosfamide, carboplatin and etoposide. Long-term remission in multiply relapsed enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma following CD30 CAR T-cell therapy. B Author Information b An event is serious (based on the ICH definition) when the patient outcome is: * death * life-threatening * hospitalisation * disability * congenital anomaly * other medically important event A 69-year-old man developed lymphopenia during treatment with bendamustine and fludarabine and cytokine release syndrome (CRS) during treatment with TT-11 for small bowel enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma (EATL). [Extracted from the article]

B Author Information b An event is serious (based on the ICH definition) when the patient outcome is: * death * life-threatening * hospitalisation * disability * congenital anomaly * other medically important event An 8-year-old boy developed COVID-19-pneumonia, I Staphylococcus epidermidis, Candida parapsilosis, i BK virus and cytomegalovirus infections following immunosuppressive treatment with antithymocyte globulin, busulfan, ciclosporin, cyclophosphamide, fludarabine and mycophenolate mofetil [ I dosages, routes and time to reactions onsets not stated i ]. The combination of graft failure, COVID-19 pneumonia with multiorgan failure and opportunistic infections contributed to his death. Posthematopoietic stem cell transplant COVID-19 infection in a pediatric patient with IPEX syndrome. [Extracted from the article]

B Author Information b An event is serious (based on the ICH definition) when the patient outcome is: * death * life-threatening * hospitalisation * disability * congenital anomaly * other medically important event A male child [ I exact i I age at reaction onset not stated i ] developed neurotoxicity during treatment with fludarabine as lymphodepleting chemotherapy. He received conditioning therapy with etoposide, alemtuzumab and total body irradiation (TBI) and had a 9/10 MMUD bone marrow transplant. Clonal evolution of acute myeloid leukaemia from T (12;21) acute lymphoblastic leukaemia under immunological selection imposed by CD19 CAR-T therapy. [Extracted from the article]

He received palliative therapy, following which he received anti-CD19 CAR-transduced T-cells [CD19 targeted CAR-T cell therapy] infusion after cyclophosphamide and fludarabine lymphodepletion chemotherapy (ChiCTR-OCC-15007008). Five months after anti-CD19 CAR-transduced T-cells treatment, he reported fatigue, bone pain, decreased body weight, abdominal pain and distension. The serum cytokine levels and high fever were similar to those during CRS, which developed the first time he received anti-CD19 CAR-transduced T-cells therapy. [Extracted from the article]

B Author Information b An event is serious (based on the ICH definition) when the patient outcome is: * death * life-threatening * hospitalisation * disability * congenital anomaly * other medically important event An 18-year-old girl developed cytokine release syndrome and immune effector cell associated neurotoxicity syndrome during treatment with axicabtagene ciloleucel, cyclophosphamide, methylprednisolone, rituximab and fludarabine for primary mediastinal large B-cell lymphoma (PMLBCL) [ I routes not stated; not all dosages stated i ]. On day +4, she developed cytokine release syndrome (grade 1) and on day+5, she developed immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome (grade 3) secondary to axicabtagene ciloleucel, methylprednisolone, fludarabine, rituximab and cyclophosphamide. [Extracted from the article]

B Author Information b An event is serious (based on the ICH definition) when the patient outcome is: * death * life-threatening * hospitalisation * disability * congenital anomaly * other medically important event In a retrospective study involving 9 patients with TCF3-HLF-positive acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, treated with blinatumomab between 2015 and 2018, 3 patients (2 girls and 1 boy) aged 7 years-13 years were described, who developed mental confusion, seizures and loss of consciousness (one girl) or convulsion and pleocytosis (one girl) or cytokine release syndrome (one boy) following off-label treatment with blinatumomab [ I routes, durations of treatment to reactions onsets and outcomes not stated i ]. However, following treatment, she had neurotoxicity manifested as a state of mental confusion and loss of consciousness lasting for 24h. She then underwent hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) and received conditioning treatment with busulfan, cyclophosphamide, thiotepa. [Extracted from the article]