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Mountain glaciers are considered natural indicators of warming and a device for climatic change. In addition, it is also a solid reservoir of freshwater resources. Along with climate change, clarifying the dynamic changes of glacier in the Aksu River Basin (ARB) are important for hydrological processes. The study examined the variations in glacier area, elevation, and their reaction to climate change in the ARB between 1990 and 2022. The glacier melt on the runoff is explored from 2003 to 2020. This investigation utilized Landsat and Sentinal-2 images, ICESat, CryoSat, meteorological and hydrological data. The findings suggest that: (1) The glacier area in the ARB retreated by 309.40 km2 (9.37%, 0.29%·a−1) from 1990 to 2022. From 2003 to 2021, the ARB glacier surface elevation retreat rate of 0.38 ± 0.12 m·a−1 (0.32 ± 0.10 m w.e.a−1). Comparison with 2003–2009, the retreat rate is faster from 2010 to 2021. (2) From 1990 to 2022, the Toxkan and the Kumalak River Basin's glacier area decreases between 61.28 km2 (0.28%·a−1) and 248.13 km2 (0.30%·a−1). Additionally, the rate of glacier surface elevation declined by −0.34 ± 0.11 m·a−1, −0.42 ± 0.14 m·a−1 from 2003 to 2021. (3) The mass balance sensitivities to cold season precipitation and ablation-phase accumulated temperatures are +0.27 ± 0.08 m w.e.a−1(10%)−1 and −0.33 ± 0.10 m w.e.a−1 °C−1, respectively. The mass loss is (962.55 ± 0.57) × 106 m3 w.e.a−1, (1087.50 ± 0.68) × 106 m3 w.e.a−1 during 2003–2009, 2010–2021 respectively. Warmer ablation-phase accumulated temperatures dominate glacier retreat in the ARB. (4) Glacier meltwater accounted for 34.57% and 41.56% of the Aksu River's runoff during the ablation-phase of 2003–2009 and 2010–2020, respectively. The research has important implications for maintaining the stability of water resource systems based on glacier meltwater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change has resulted in an increase in extreme rainstorm events, posing the challenges of urban waterlogging and runoff pollution. Low Impact Development (LID) is widely used to address the issues above, but its effectiveness is unknown in mountainous areas. Due to a flash flood and high flood peak, storage pumping stations are also needed to drain. Thus, a framework composed of storage pumping stations and Low Impact Developments (LIDs) was proposed based on the topography and the regional upstream and downstream relationships. The water quantity in this framework is applied to YI County in Hebei Province, China. The results showed that individual LIDs effectively reduced runoff volume, with the implementation area being more crucial than the location. Combining storage pumping stations with LIDs significantly reduces peak outflow and delays it by 5 to 51 min. The combined downstream implementation of storage pumping stations and LIDs yielded the most effective results. These findings offer important insights and management strategies for controlling waterlogging in mountainous cities of developing countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]