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A skeletal pose estimation method, named RVRU-Pose, is proposed to estimate the skeletal pose of vulnerable road users based on distributed non-coherent mmWave radar. In view of the limitation that existing methods for skeletal pose estimation are only applicable to small scenes, this paper proposes a strategy that combines radar intensity heatmaps and coordinate heatmaps as input to a deep learning network. In addition, we design a multi-resolution data augmentation and training method suitable for radar to achieve target pose estimation for remote and multi-target application scenarios. Experimental results show that RVRU-Pose can achieve better than 2 cm average localization accuracy for different subjects in different scenarios, which is superior in terms of accuracy and time compared to existing state-of-the-art methods for human skeletal pose estimation with radar. As an essential performance parameter of radar, the impact of angular resolution on the estimation accuracy of a skeletal pose is quantitatively analyzed and evaluated in this paper. Finally, RVRU-Pose has also been extended to the task of estimating the skeletal pose of a cyclist, reflecting the strong scalability of the proposed method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The traditional method for retrieving cloud optical thickness (COT) is carried out through a Look-Up Table (LUT). Researchers must make a series of idealized assumptions and conduct extensive observations and record features in this scenario, consuming considerable resources. The emergence of deep learning effectively addresses the shortcomings of the traditional approach. In this paper, we first propose a daytime (SOZA < 70°) COT retrieval algorithm based on FY-4A AGRI. We establish and train a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) model for COT retrieval, CM4CR, with the CALIPSO's COT product spatially and temporally synchronized as the ground truth. Then, a deep learning method extended from video prediction models is adopted to predict COT values based on the retrieval results obtained from CM4CR. The COT prediction model (CPM) consists of an encoder, a predictor, and a decoder. On this basis, we further incorporated a time embedding module to enhance the model's ability to learn from irregular time intervals in the input COT sequence. During the training phase, we employed Charbonnier Loss and Edge Loss to enhance the model's capability to represent COT details. Experiments indicate that our CM4CR outperforms existing COT retrieval methods, with predictions showing better performance across several metrics than other benchmark prediction models. Additionally, this paper also investigates the impact of different lengths of COT input sequences and the time intervals between adjacent frames of COT on prediction performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aircraft wake vortices are serious threats to aviation safety. The Pulsed Coherent Doppler Lidar (PCDL) has been widely used in the observation of aircraft wake vortices due to its advantages of high spatial-temporal resolution and high precision. However, the post-processing algorithms require significant computing resources, which cannot achieve the real-time detection of a wake vortex (WV). This paper presents an improved Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) method for WV locating and grading based on PCDL data to avoid the influence of unstable ambient wind fields on the localization and classification results of WV. Typical WV cases are selected for analysis, and the WV locating and grading models are validated on different test sets. The consistency of the analytical algorithm and the CNN algorithm is verified. The results indicate that the improved CNN method achieves satisfactory recognition accuracy with higher efficiency and better robustness, especially in the case of strong turbulence, where the CNN method recognizes the wake vortex while the analytical method cannot. The improved CNN method is expected to be applied to optimize the current aircraft spacing criteria, which is promising in terms of aviation safety and economic benefit improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The advent of satellite-borne machine learning hardware accelerators has enabled the onboard processing of payload data using machine learning techniques such as convolutional neural networks (CNNs). A notable example is using a CNN to detect the presence of clouds in the multispectral data captured on Earth observation (EO) missions, whereby only clear sky data are downlinked to conserve bandwidth. However, prior to deployment, new missions that employ new sensors will not have enough representative datasets to train a CNN model, while a model trained solely on data from previous missions will underperform when deployed to process the data on the new missions. This underperformance stems from the domain gap, i.e., differences in the underlying distributions of the data generated by the different sensors in previous and future missions. In this paper, we address the domain gap problem in the context of onboard multispectral cloud detection. Our main contributions lie in formulating new domain adaptation tasks that are motivated by a concrete EO mission, developing a novel algorithm for bandwidth-efficient supervised domain adaptation, and demonstrating test-time adaptation algorithms on space deployable neural network accelerators. Our contributions enable minimal data transmission to be invoked (e.g., only 1% of the weights in ResNet50) to achieve domain adaptation, thereby allowing more sophisticated CNN models to be deployed and updated on satellites without being hampered by domain gap and bandwidth limitations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hyperspectral unmixing (HU) aims to decompose mixed pixels into a set of endmembers and corresponding abundances. Deep learning-based HU methods are currently a hot research topic, but most existing unmixing methods still rely on per-pixel training or employ convolutional neural networks (CNNs), which overlook the non-local correlations of materials and spectral characteristics. Furthermore, current research mainly focuses on linear mixing models, which limits the feature extraction capability of deep encoders and further improvement in unmixing accuracy. In this paper, we propose a nonlinear unmixing network capable of extracting global spatial-spectral features. The network is designed based on an autoencoder architecture, where a dual-stream CNNs is employed in the encoder to separately extract spectral and local spatial information. The extracted features are then fused together to form a more complete representation of the input data. Subsequently, a linear projection-based multi-head self-attention mechanism is applied to capture global contextual information, allowing for comprehensive spatial information extraction while maintaining lightweight computation. To achieve better reconstruction performance, a model-free nonlinear mixing approach is adopted to enhance the model's universality, with the mixing model learned entirely from the data. Additionally, an initialization method based on endmember bundles is utilized to reduce interference from outliers and noise. Comparative results on real datasets against several state-of-the-art unmixing methods demonstrate the superior of the proposed approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) and graph convolutional networks (GCNs) have made considerable advances in hyperspectral image (HSI) classification. However, most CNN-based methods learn features at a single-scale in HSI data, which may be insufficient for multi-scale feature extraction in complex data scenes. To learn the relations among samples in non-grid data, GCNs are employed and combined with CNNs to process HSIs. Nevertheless, most methods based on CNN-GCN may overlook the integration of pixel-wise spectral signatures. In this paper, we propose a pyramid cascaded convolutional neural network with graph convolution (PCCGC) for hyperspectral image classification. It mainly comprises CNN-based and GCN-based subnetworks. Specifically, in the CNN-based subnetwork, a pyramid residual cascaded module and a pyramid convolution cascaded module are employed to extract multiscale spectral and spatial features separately, which can enhance the robustness of the proposed model. Furthermore, an adaptive feature-weighted fusion strategy is utilized to adaptively fuse multiscale spectral and spatial features. In the GCN-based subnetwork, a band selection network (BSNet) is used to learn the spectral signatures in the HSI using nonlinear inter-band dependencies. Then, the spectral-enhanced GCN module is utilized to extract and enhance the important features in the spectral matrix. Subsequently, a mutual-cooperative attention mechanism is constructed to align the spectral signatures between BSNet-based matrix with the spectral-enhanced GCN-based matrix for spectral signature integration. Abundant experiments performed on four widely used real HSI datasets show that our model achieves higher classification accuracy than the fourteen other comparative methods, which shows the superior classification performance of PCCGC over the state-of-the-art methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The vision transformer (ViT) has demonstrated performance comparable to that of convolutional neural networks (CNN) in the hyperspectral image classification domain. This is achieved by transforming images into sequence data and mining global spectral-spatial information to establish remote dependencies. Nevertheless, both the ViT and CNNs have their own limitations. For instance, a CNN is constrained by the extent of its receptive field, which prevents it from fully exploiting global spatial-spectral features. Conversely, the ViT is prone to excessive distraction during the feature extraction process. To be able to overcome the problem of insufficient feature information extraction caused using by a single paradigm, this paper proposes an MLP-mixer and a graph convolutional enhanced transformer (MGCET), whose network consists of a spatial-spectral extraction block (SSEB), an MLP-mixer, and a graph convolutional enhanced transformer (GCET). First, spatial-spectral features are extracted using SSEB, and then local spatial-spectral features are fused with global spatial-spectral features by the MLP-mixer. Finally, graph convolution is embedded in multi-head self-attention (MHSA) to mine spatial relationships and similarity between pixels, which further improves the modeling capability of the model. Correlation experiments were conducted on four different HSI datasets. The MGEET algorithm achieved overall accuracies (OAs) of 95.45%, 97.57%, 98.05%, and 98.52% on these datasets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Remote sensing (RS) images play an indispensable role in many key fields such as environmental monitoring, precision agriculture, and urban resource management. Traditional deep convolutional neural networks have the problem of limited receptive fields. To address this problem, this paper introduces a hybrid network model that combines the advantages of CNN and Transformer, called MBT-UNet. First, a multi-branch encoder design based on the pyramid vision transformer (PVT) is proposed to effectively capture multi-scale feature information; second, an efficient feature fusion module (FFM) is proposed to optimize the collaboration and integration of features at different scales; finally, in the decoder stage, a multi-scale upsampling module (MSUM) is proposed to further refine the segmentation results and enhance segmentation accuracy. We conduct experiments on the ISPRS Vaihingen dataset, the Potsdam dataset, the LoveDA dataset, and the UAVid dataset. Experimental results show that MBT-UNet surpasses state-of-the-art algorithms in key performance indicators, confirming its superior performance in high-precision remote sensing image segmentation tasks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Utilizing deep learning for semantic segmentation of cropland from remote sensing imagery has become a crucial technique in land surveys. Cropland is highly heterogeneous and fragmented, and existing methods often suffer from inaccurate boundary segmentation. This paper introduces a UNet-like boundary-aware compensation model (BAFormer). Cropland boundaries typically exhibit rapid transformations in pixel values and texture features, often appearing as high-frequency features in remote sensing images. To enhance the recognition of these high-frequency features as represented by cropland boundaries, the proposed BAFormer integrates a Feature Adaptive Mixer (FAM) and develops a Depthwise Large Kernel Multi-Layer Perceptron model (DWLK-MLP) to enrich the global and local cropland boundaries features separately. Specifically, FAM enhances the boundary-aware method by adaptively acquiring high-frequency features through convolution and self-attention advantages, while DWLK-MLP further supplements boundary position information using a large receptive field. The efficacy of BAFormer has been evaluated on datasets including Vaihingen, Potsdam, LoveDA, and Mapcup. It demonstrates high performance, achieving mIoU scores of 84.5%, 87.3%, 53.5%, and 83.1% on these datasets, respectively. Notably, BAFormer-T (lightweight model) surpasses other lightweight models on the Vaihingen dataset with scores of 91.3% F1 and 84.1% mIoU. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The timely and accurate acquisition of information on the distribution of the crop planting structure in the Loess Plateau of eastern Gansu Province, one of the most important agricultural areas in Western China, is crucial for promoting fine management of agriculture and ensuring food security. This study uses multi-temporal high-resolution remote sensing images to determine optimal segmentation scales for various crops, employing the estimation of scale parameter 2 (ESP2) tool and the Ratio of Mean Absolute Deviation to Standard Deviation (RMAS) model. The Canny edge detection algorithm is then applied for multi-scale image segmentation. By incorporating crop phenological factors and using the L1-regularized logistic regression model, we optimized 39 spatial feature factors—including spectral, textural, geometric, and index features. Within a multi-level classification framework, the Random Forest (RF) classifier and Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) model are used to classify the cropping patterns in four test areas based on the multi-scale segmented images. The results indicate that integrating the Canny edge detection algorithm with the optimal segmentation scales calculated using the ESP2 tool and RMAS model produces crop parcels with more complete boundaries and better separability. Additionally, optimizing spatial features using the L1-regularized logistic regression model, combined with phenological information, enhances classification accuracy. Within the OBIC framework, the RF classifier achieves higher accuracy in classifying cropping patterns. The overall classification accuracies for the four test areas are 91.93%, 94.92%, 89.37%, and 90.68%, respectively. This paper introduced crop phenological factors, effectively improving the extraction precision of the shattered agricultural planting structure in the Loess Plateau of eastern Gansu Province. Its findings have important application value in crop monitoring, management, food security and other related fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the widespread applications of change detection technology in urban change analysis, environmental monitoring, agricultural surveillance, disaster detection, and other domains, the task of change detection has become one of the primary applications of Earth orbit satellite remote sensing data. However, the analysis of dual-temporal change detection (CD) remains a challenge in high-resolution optical remote sensing images due to the complexities in remote sensing images, such as intricate textures, seasonal variations in imaging time, climatic differences, and significant differences in the sizes of various objects. In this paper, we propose a novel U-shaped architecture for change detection. In the encoding stage, a multi-branch feature extraction module is employed by combining CNN and transformer networks to enhance the network's perception capability for objects of varying sizes. Furthermore, a multi-branch aggregation module is utilized to aggregate features from different branches, providing the network with global attention while preserving detailed information. For dual-temporal features, we introduce a spatiotemporal discrepancy perception module to model the context of dual-temporal images. Particularly noteworthy is the construction of channel attention and token attention modules based on the transformer attention mechanism to facilitate information interaction between multi-level features, thereby enhancing the network's contextual awareness. The effectiveness of the proposed network is validated on three public datasets, demonstrating its superior performance over other state-of-the-art methods through qualitative and quantitative experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The need for pedestrian target detection in uncrewed aerial vehicle (UAV) remote sensing images has become increasingly significant as the technology continues to evolve. UAVs equipped with high-resolution cameras can capture detailed imagery of various scenarios, making them ideal for monitoring and surveillance applications. Pedestrian detection is particularly crucial in scenarios such as traffic monitoring, security surveillance, and disaster response, where the safety and well-being of individuals are paramount. However, pedestrian detection in UAV remote sensing images poses several challenges. Firstly, the small size of pedestrians relative to the overall image, especially at higher altitudes, makes them difficult to detect. Secondly, the varying backgrounds and lighting conditions in remote sensing images can further complicate the task of detection. Traditional object detection methods often struggle to handle these complexities, resulting in decreased detection accuracy and increased false positives. Addressing the aforementioned concerns, this paper proposes a lightweight object detection model that integrates GhostNet and YOLOv5s. Building upon this foundation, we further introduce the SPD-Conv module to the model. With this addition, the aim is to preserve fine-grained features of the images during downsampling, thereby enhancing the model's capability to recognize small-scale objects. Furthermore, the coordinate attention module is introduced to further improve the model's recognition accuracy. In the proposed model, the number of parameters is successfully reduced to 4.77 M, compared with 7.01 M in YOLOv5s, representing a 32% reduction. The mean average precision (mAP) increased from 0.894 to 0.913, reflecting a 1.9% improvement. We have named the proposed model "GSC-YOLO". This study holds significant importance in advancing the lightweighting of UAV target detection models and addressing the challenges associated with complex scene object detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sea surface temperature (SST) is a key parameter in ocean hydrology. Currently, existing SST prediction methods fail to fully utilize the potential spatial correlation between variables. To address this challenge, we propose a spatiotenporal UNet (ST-UNet) model based on the UNet model. In particular, in the encoding phase of ST-UNet, we use parallel convolution with different kernel sizes to efficiently extract spatial features, and use ConvLSTM to capture temporal features based on the utilization of spatial features. Atrous Spatial Pyramid Pooling (ASPP) module is placed at the bottleneck of the network to further incorporate the multi-scale features, allowing the spatial features to be fully utilized. The final prediction is then generated in the decoding stage using parallel convolution with different kernel sizes similar to the encoding stage. We conducted a series of experiments on the Bohai Sea and Yellow Sea SST data set, as well as the South China Sea SST data set, using SST data from the past 35 days to predict SST data for 1, 3, and 7 days in the future. The model was trained using data spanning from 2010 to 2021, with data from 2022 being utilized to assess the model's predictive performance. The experimental results show that the model proposed in this research paper achieves excellent results at different prediction scales in both sea areas, and the model consistently outperforms other methods. Specifically, in the Bohai Sea and Yellow Sea sea areas, when the prediction scales are 1, 3, and 7 days, the MAE of ST-UNet outperforms the best results of the other three compared models by 17%, 12%, and 2%, and the MSE by 16%, 18%, and 9%, respectively. In the South China Sea, when the prediction ranges are 1, 3, and 7 days, the MAE of ST-UNet is 27%, 18%, and 3% higher than the best of the other three compared models, and the MSE is 46%, 39%, and 16% higher, respectively. Our results highlight the effectiveness of the ST-UNet model in capturing spatial correlations and accurately predicting SST. The proposed model is expected to improve marine hydrographic studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ship detection aims to automatically identify whether there are ships in the images, precisely classifies and localizes them. Regardless of whether utilizing early manually designed methods or deep learning technology, ship detection is dedicated to exploring the inherent characteristics of ships to enhance recall. Nowadays, high-precision ship detection plays a crucial role in civilian and military applications. In order to provide a comprehensive review of ship detection in optical remote-sensing images (SDORSIs), this paper summarizes the challenges as a guide. These challenges include complex marine environments, insufficient discriminative features, large scale variations, dense and rotated distributions, large aspect ratios, and imbalances between positive and negative samples. We meticulously review the improvement methods and conduct a detailed analysis of the strengths and weaknesses of these methods. We compile ship information from common optical remote sensing image datasets and compare algorithm performance. Simultaneously, we compare and analyze the feature extraction capabilities of backbones based on CNNs and Transformer, seeking new directions for the development in SDORSIs. Promising prospects are provided to facilitate further research in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite notable advancements achieved on Hyperspectral (HS) pansharpening tasks through deep learning techniques, previous methods are inherently constrained by convolution or self-attention intrinsic defects, leading to limited performance. In this paper, we proposed an Attention-Interactive Dual-Branch Convolutional Neural Network (AIDB-Net) for HS pansharpening. Our model purely consists of convolutional layers and simultaneously inherits the strengths of both convolution and self-attention, especially the modeling of short- and long-range dependencies. Specially, we first extract, tokenize, and align the hyperspectral image (HSI) and panchromatic image (PAN) by Overlapping Patch Embedding Blocks. Then, we specialize a novel Spectral-Spatial Interactive Attention which is able to globally interact and fuse the cross-modality features. The resultant token-global similarity scores can guide the refinement and renewal of the textural details and spectral characteristics within HSI features. By deeply combined these two paradigms, our AIDB-Net significantly improve the pansharpening performance. Moreover, with the acceleration by the convolution inductive bias, our interactive attention can be trained without large scale dataset and achieves competitive time cost with its counterparts. Compared with the state-of-the-art methods, our AIDB-Net makes 5.2%, 3.1%, and 2.2% improvement on PSNR metric on three public datasets, respectively. Comprehensive experiments quantitatively and qualitatively demonstrate the effectiveness and superiority of our AIDB-Net. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several deep learning and transformer models have been recommended in previous research to deal with the classification of hyperspectral images (HSIs). Among them, one of the most innovative is the bidirectional encoder representation from transformers (BERT), which applies a distance-independent approach to capture the global dependency among all pixels in a selected region. However, this model does not consider the local spatial-spectral and spectral sequential relations. In this paper, a dual-dimensional (i.e., spatial and spectral) BERT (the so-called D2BERT) is proposed, which improves the existing BERT model by capturing more global and local dependencies between sequential spectral bands regardless of distance. In the proposed model, two BERT branches work in parallel to investigate relations among pixels and spectral bands, respectively. In addition, the layer intermediate information is used for supervision during the training phase to enhance the performance. We used two widely employed datasets for our experimental analysis. The proposed D2BERT shows superior classification accuracy and computational efficiency with respect to some state-of-the-art neural networks and the previously developed BERT model for this task. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Beaches play a crucial role in recreation and ecosystem habitats, and are central to Australia's national identity. Precise mapping of beach locations is essential for coastal vulnerability and risk assessments. While point locations of over 11,000 beaches are documented from citizen science mapping projects, the full spatial extent and outlines of many Australian beaches remain unmapped. This study leverages deep learning (DL), specifically convolutional neural networks, for binary image segmentation to map beach outlines along the coast of Southeastern Australia. It focuses on Victoria and New South Wales coasts, each approximately 2000 to 2500 km in length. Our methodology includes training and evaluating the model using state-specific datasets, followed by applying the trained model to predict the beach outlines, size, shape, and morphology in both regions. The results demonstrate the model's ability to generate accurate segmentation and rapid predictions, although it faces challenges such as misclassifying cliffs and sensitivity to fine details. Overall, this research presents a significant advancement in integrating DL with coastal science, providing a scalable solution of citizen science mapping efforts for comprehensive beach mapping to support sustainable coastal management and conservation efforts across Australia. Open access datasets and models are provided to further support beach mapping efforts around Australia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although advanced deep learning techniques have significantly improved SAR ship detection, accurately detecting small ships remains challenging due to their limited size and the few appearance and geometric clues available. In order to solve this problem, we propose several small object detection strategies. The backbone network uses space-to-depth convolution to replace stride and pooling. It reduces information loss during down-sampling. The neck integrates multiple layers of features globally and injects global and local information into different levels. It avoids the inherent information loss of traditional feature pyramid networks and strengthens the information fusion ability without significantly increasing latency. The proposed intersection-of-union considers the center distance and scale of small ships specifically. It reduces the sensitivity of intersection-of-union to positional deviations of small ships, which is helpful for training toward small ships. During training, the smaller the localization loss of small ships, the greater their localization loss gains are. By this, the supervision of small ships is strengthened in the loss function, which can make the losses more biased toward small ships. A series of experiments are conducted on two commonly used datasets, SSDD and SAR-Ship-Dataset. The experimental results show that the proposed method can detect small ships successfully and thus improve the overall performance of detectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, deep learning techniques for pansharpening multiresolution images have gained increasing interest. Due to the lack of ground truth data, most deep learning solutions rely on synthetic reduced-resolution data for supervised training. This approach has limitations due to the statistical mismatch between real full-resolution and synthetic reduced-resolution data, which affects the models' generalization capacity. Consequently, there has been a shift towards unsupervised learning frameworks for pansharpening deep learning-based techniques. Unsupervised schemes require defining sophisticated loss functions with at least two components: one for spectral quality, ensuring consistency between the pansharpened image and the input multispectral component, and another for spatial quality, ensuring consistency between the output and the panchromatic input. Despite promising results, there has been limited investigation into the interaction and balance of these loss terms to ensure stability and accuracy. This work explores how unsupervised spatial and spectral consistency losses can be reliably combined preserving the outocome quality. By examining these interactions, we propose a general rule for balancing the two loss components to enhance the stability and performance of unsupervised pansharpening models. Experiments on three state-of-the-art algorithms using WorldView-3 images demonstrate that methods trained with the proposed framework achieve good performance in terms of visual quality and numerical indexes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The precise estimation of above-ground biomass (AGB) is imperative for the advancement of breeding programs. Optical variables, such as vegetation indices (VI), have been extensively employed in monitoring AGB. However, the limited robustness of inversion models remains a significant impediment to the widespread application of UAV-based multispectral remote sensing in AGB inversion. In this study, a novel stem–leaf separation strategy for AGB estimation is delineated. Convolutional neural network (CNN) and transfer learning (TL) methodologies are integrated to estimate leaf biomass (LGB) across multiple growth stages, followed by the development of an allometric growth model for estimating stem biomass (SGB). To enhance the precision of LGB inversion, the large-scale remote sensing data and image simulation framework over heterogeneous scenes (LESS) model, which is a three-dimensional (3D) radiative transfer model (RTM), was utilized to simulate a more extensive canopy spectral dataset, characterized by a broad distribution of canopy spectra. The CNN model was pre-trained in order to gain prior knowledge, and this knowledge was transferred to a re-trained model with a subset of field-observed samples. Finally, the allometric growth model was utilized to estimate SGB across various growth stages. To further validate the generalizability, transferability, and predictive capability of the proposed method, field samples from 2022 and 2023 were employed as target tasks. The results demonstrated that the 3D RTM + CNN + TL method outperformed best in LGB estimation, achieving an R² of 0.73 and an RMSE of 72.5 g/m² for the 2022 dataset, and an R² of 0.84 and an RMSE of 56.4 g/m² for the 2023 dataset. In contrast, the PROSAIL method yielded an R² of 0.45 and an RMSE of 134.55 g/m² for the 2022 dataset, and an R² of 0.74 and an RMSE of 61.84 g/m² for the 2023 dataset. The accuracy of LGB inversion was poor when using only field-measured samples to train a CNN model without simulated data, with R² values of 0.30 and 0.74. Overall, learning prior knowledge from the simulated dataset and transferring it to a new model significantly enhanced LGB estimation accuracy and model generalization. Additionally, the allometric growth model's estimation of SGB resulted in an accuracy of 0.87 and 120.87 g/m² for the 2022 dataset, and 0.74 and 86.87 g/m² for the 2023 dataset, exhibiting satisfactory results. Separate estimation of both LGB and SGB based on stem and leaf separation strategies yielded promising results. This method can be extended to the monitor and inversion of other critical variables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The widespread application of convolutional neural networks (CNNs) has led to significant advancements in object detection. However, challenges remain in achieving efficient and precise extraction of critical features when applying typical CNN-based methods to remote sensing detection tasks: (1) The convolutional kernels sliding horizontally in the backbone are misaligned with the features of arbitrarily oriented objects. Additionally, the detector shares the features extracted from the backbone, but the classification task requires orientation-invariant features while the regression task requires orientation-sensitive features. The inconsistency in feature requirements makes it difficult for the detector to extract the critical features required for each task. (2) The use of deeper convolutional structures can improve the detection accuracy, but it also results in substantial convolutional computations and feature redundancy, leading to inefficient feature extraction. To address this issue, we propose a Task-Sensitive Efficient Feature Extraction Network (TFE-Net). Specifically, we propose a special mixed fast convolution module for constructing an efficient network architecture that employs cheap transform operations to replace some of the convolution operations, generating more features with fewer parameters and computation resources. Next, we introduce the task-sensitive detection module, which first aligns the convolutional features with the targets using adaptive dynamic convolution based on the orientation of the targets. The task-sensitive feature decoupling mechanism is further designed to extract orientation-sensitive features and orientation-invariant features from the aligned features and feed them into the regression and classification branches, respectively, which provide the critical features needed for different tasks, thus improving the detection performance comprehensively. In addition, in order to make the training process more stable, we propose a balanced loss function to balance the gradients generated by different samples. Extensive experiments demonstrate that our proposed TFE-Net can achieve superior performance and obtain an effective balance between detection speed and accuracy on DOTA, UCAS-AOD, and HRSC2016. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Convolutional neural network (CNN)-based and Transformer-based methods for hyperspectral image (HSI) classification have rapidly advanced due to their unique characterization capabilities. However, the fixed kernel sizes in convolutional layers limit the comprehensive utilization of multi-scale features in HSI land cover analysis, while the Transformer's multi-head self-attention (MHSA) mechanism faces challenges in effectively encoding feature information across various dimensions. To tackle this issue, this article introduces an HSI classification method, based on multi-scale convolutional features and multi-attention mechanisms (i.e., MSCF-MAM). Firstly, the model employs a multi-scale convolutional module to capture features across different scales in HSIs. Secondly, to enhance the integration of local and global channel features and establish long-range dependencies, a feature enhancement module based on pyramid squeeze attention (PSA) is employed. Lastly, the model leverages a classical Transformer Encoder (TE) and linear layers to encode and classify the transformed spatial–spectral features. The proposed method is evaluated on three publicly available datasets—Salina Valley (SV), WHU-Hi-HanChuan (HC), and WHU-Hi-HongHu (HH). Extensive experimental results have demonstrated that the MSCF-MAM method outperforms several representative methods in terms of classification performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydraulic infrastructures are susceptible to deformation over time, necessitating reliable monitoring and prediction methods. In this study, we address this challenge by proposing a novel approach based on the combination of Variational Mode Decomposition (VMD), Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), and Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) methods for Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) deformation monitoring and prediction modeling. The VMD method is utilized to decompose the complex deformation signals into intrinsic mode functions, which are then fed into a CNN method for feature extraction. The extracted features are input into an LSTM method to capture temporal dependencies and make predictions. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed VMD-CNN-LSTM method exhibits an improvement by about 75%. This research contributes to the advancement of deformation monitoring technologies in water conservancy engineering, offering a promising solution for proactive maintenance and risk mitigation strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hyperspectral images (HSI) find extensive application across numerous domains of study. Spectral superresolution (SSR) refers to reconstructing HSIs from readily available RGB images using the mapping relationships between RGB images and HSIs. In recent years, convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have become widely adopted in SSR research, primarily because of their exceptional ability to extract features. However, most current CNN-based algorithms are weak in terms of extracting the spectral features of HSIs. While certain algorithms can reconstruct HSIs through the fusion of spectral and spatial data, their practical effectiveness is hindered by their substantial computational complexity. In light of these challenges, we propose a lightweight network, Transformer with convolutional spectral self-attention (TCSSA), for SSR. TCSSA comprises a CNN-Transformer encoder and a CNN-Transformer decoder, in which the convolutional spectral self-attention blocks (CSSABs) are the basic modules. Multiple cascaded encoding and decoding modules within TCSSA facilitate the efficient extraction of spatial and spectral contextual information from HSIs. The convolutional spectral self-attention (CSSA) as the basic unit of CSSAB combines CNN with self-attention in the transformer, effectively extracting both spatial local features and global spectral features from HSIs. Experimental validation of TCSSA's effectiveness is performed on three distinct datasets: GF5 for remote sensing images along with CAVE and NTIRE2022 for natural images. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method achieves a harmonious balance between reconstruction performance and computational complexity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paradigm shift brought by deep learning in land cover object classification in hyperspectral images (HSIs) is undeniable, particularly in addressing the intricate 3D cube structure inherent in HSI data. Leveraging convolutional neural networks (CNNs), despite their architectural constraints, offers a promising solution for precise spectral data classification. However, challenges persist in object classification in hyperspectral imagery or hyperspectral image classification, including the curse of dimensionality, data redundancy, overfitting, and computational costs. To tackle these hurdles, we introduce the spectrally segmented-enhanced neural network (SENN), a novel model integrating segmentation-based, multi-layer CNNs, SVM classification, and spectrally segmented dimensionality reduction. SENN adeptly integrates spectral–spatial data and is particularly crucial for agricultural land classification. By strategically fusing CNNs and support vector machines (SVMs), SENN enhances class differentiation while mitigating overfitting through dropout and early stopping techniques. Our contributions extend to effective dimensionality reduction, precise CNN-based classification, and enhanced performance via CNN-SVM fusion. SENN harnesses spectral information to surmount challenges in "hyperspectral image classification in hyperspectral imagery", marking a significant advancement in accuracy and efficiency within this domain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The technology of infrared dim- and small-target detection is irreplaceable in many fields, such as those of missile early warning systems and forest fire prevention, among others. However, numerous components interfere with infrared imaging, presenting challenges for achieving successful detection of infrared dim and small targets with a low rate of false alarms. Hence, we propose a new infrared dim- and small-target detection network, Multiscale Feature Extraction U-Net for Infrared Dim- and Small-Target Detection (MFEU-Net), which can accurately detect targets in complex backgrounds. It uses the U-Net structure, and the encoders and decoders consist of ReSidual U-block and Inception, allowing rich multiscale feature information to be extracted. Thus, the effectiveness of algorithms in detecting very small-sized targets can be improved. In addition, through the multidimensional channel and spatial attention mechanism, the model can be adjusted to focus more on the target area in the image, improving its extraction of target information and detection performance in different scenarios. The experimental results show that our proposed algorithm outperforms other advanced algorithms in detection performance. On the MFIRST, SIRST, and IRSTD-1k datasets, we achieved detection rates of 0.864, 0.962, and 0.965; IoU values of 0.514, 0.671, and 0.630; and false alarm rates of 3.08 × 10 − 5 , 2.61 × 10 − 6 , and 1.81 × 10 − 5 , respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Space probes are always obstructed by floating objects in the atmosphere (clouds, haze, rain, etc.) during imaging, resulting in the loss of a significant amount of detailed information in remote sensing images and severely reducing the quality of the remote sensing images. To address the problem of detailed information loss in remote sensing images, we propose an end-to-end detail enhancement network to directly remove haze in remote sensing images, restore detailed information of the image, and improve the quality of the image. In order to enhance the detailed information of the image, we designed a multi-scale detail enhancement unit and a stepped attention detail enhancement unit, respectively. The former extracts multi-scale information from images, integrates global and local information, and constrains the haze to enhance the image details. The latter uses the attention mechanism to adaptively process the uneven haze distribution in remote sensing images from three dimensions: deep, middle and shallow. It focuses on effective information such as haze and high frequency to further enhance the detailed information of the image. In addition, we embed the designed parallel normalization module in the network to further improve the dehazing performance and robustness of the network. Experimental results on the SateHaze1k and HRSD datasets demonstrate that our method effectively handles remote sensing images obscured by various levels of haze, restores the detailed information of the images, and outperforms the current state-of-the-art haze removal methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, deep learning methods utilizing convolutional neural networks have been extensively employed in hyperspectral image classification (HSI) applications. Nevertheless, while a substantial number of stacked 3D convolutions can indeed achieve high classification accuracy, they also introduce a significant number of parameters to the model, resulting in inefficiency. Furthermore, such intricate models often exhibit limited classification accuracy when confronted with restricted sample data, i.e., small sample problems. Therefore, we propose a spectral–spatial double-branch network (SSDBN) with an attention mechanism for HSI classification. The SSDBN is designed with two independent branches to extract spectral and spatial features, respectively, incorporating multi-scale 2D convolution modules, long short-term memory (LSTM), and an attention mechanism. The flexible use of 2D convolution, instead of 3D convolution, significantly reduces the model's parameter count, while the effective spectral–spatial double-branch feature extraction method allows SSDBN to perform exceptionally well in handling small sample problems. When tested on 5%, 0.5%, and 5% of the Indian Pines, Pavia University, and Kennedy Space Center datasets, SSDBN achieved classification accuracies of 97.56%, 96.85%, and 98.68%, respectively. Additionally, we conducted a comparison of training and testing times, with results demonstrating the remarkable efficiency of SSDBN. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]