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Floodplains are a key ecological feature of arid and semi-arid regions and flooding is the main source of vegetation productivity. Characterizing the spatiotemporal flood dynamics, such as surface water and changes in subsequent vegetation growth vigour and biomass, is essential in better understanding of ecology and hydrology of these regions. Recent remotely sensed flooding studies of arid zone floodplains have concentrated on improving classification of surface water, particularly in mixed water-vegetation areas; less is known about the effect of surface water flooding pattern on emergent vegetation dynamics. We use an integrated framework for mapping both flood extents and the persistence of floodplain response changes of water, vegetation and moisture in Cooper Creek, Australia. We analysed pixel-based time series of multiple indices generated by daily MODIS data for 14 highly variable flow flood events between 2000 and 2012. Results indicate that for the extremely flat Cooper Creek floodplain, mapping inundation area by changes in vegetation growth vigour and biomass was significantly larger than surface water mapping area (16.2% for the 2004 flood event) and the difference in inundation mapping mainly occurs around the inundated edges. In addition, by studying surface water and subsequent vegetation response together, it is possible to generate new information, such as the lag time between flooding and peak vegetation growth vigour and biomass, and persistence time of surface water and green vegetation, which provide important insights to arid zone floodplain behaviour. The large extent and high frequency of MODIS images provide advantages in characterizing inundation dynamics for large-scale floodplains where instantaneous (daily) inundation extent is considerably smaller than total cumulative inundation extent, compared with sensors with higher spatial resolution but lower temporal resolution; however, the coarse resolution of MODIS (500 m) limits its performance for small flood events. Globally, this approach is suitable for other large, low-gradient floodplains in arid zones that show similar, long duration vegetation responses as observed in Cooper Creek. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]