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Abstract This paper is an Editorial for the special issue (SI) of Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews (RSER) devoted to the 12th Conference on Sustainable Development of Energy, Water and Environment Systems (SDEWES), held from the 4th to 8th October 2017 in Dubrovnik, Croatia. The key focus of RSER is to publish critical thinking across the wide field of renewable and sustainable energy. The journal publishes either pure review papers or research papers with a precise review element. Overall, the guest editors invited 36 papers presented on 12th SDEWES conference, of which 17 were accepted after rigorous peer review process. The SDEWES conferences present a continuous effort in gathering high level scientists and research papers across the field of sustainability and by now the amount of accumulated knowledge, through conference papers and special journal issues, is significant. Each SDEWES journal editorial presents a wider overview of special issue journal papers in order to maintain the continuation of knowledge generation on the main sustainability topics. The main topics covered in this RSER editorial include renewable energies with special focus on integration, markets and roadmaps, energy efficiency in buildings, industrial process and transport, bio based economy focused on bio based chemicals and biofuels, energy storage focused on batteries, thermal and geological storages and various sustainability assessments in several sectors and technologies. All were considered in light of the Circular Economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reviews methods that measure mineral resource depletion based on cumulative exergy consumption approaches. It focuses on the exergy replacement cost (ERC), which measures the amount of exergy society would have to consume in order to re-concentrate an extracted and processed mineral to the point that it can be once more exploited by future generations. The ERC, which was originally only suitable for non-fuel minerals, was adapted and extended in 2016, by changing the focus of the ERC from the chemical composition of the resource to its function, to include fossil fuel depletion. This paper discusses the impact of these new developments and identifies conceptual and methodological weaknesses that need to be addressed for the ERC to find widespread use in exergy analysis and in order to assess the sustainability of mineral policy from the grave to the cradle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Net-zero emission and self-sustaining carbon-neutral have been widely encouraged and intensively explored in wastewater treatment, as the wastewater industry accounts for approximately 1.6% of global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. However, how to achieve net-zero GHG emission in wastewater treatment from a biological standpoint is still lacking. In this paper, the status of GHG (i.e. nitrous oxide (N 2 O), methane (CH 4) and carbon dioxide (CO 2)) production and emission in wastewater treatment was comprehensively reviewed. Generally, N 2 O emission contributes the majority of the total GHG emissions from wastewater treatment, and the dissolved N 2 O and CH 4 in the effluent should be paid more attention for the further GHG mitigation. Based on the newly identified microbial communities capable of nitrogen removal with less GHG emissions, several alternative integration systems for GHG mitigation were discussed. Coupling denitrifying anaerobic methane oxidation with anammox process shows high nitrogen removal performance and low GHG emissions, which is regarded as a more promising integration system for GHG mitigation. Moreover, the novel strategies to manage N 2 O and CH 4 as energy sources were also demonstrated, aiming to offset certain carbon footprint in wastewater treatment and thus attain net-zero GHG emission. In addition, future challenges and perspectives of above integration systems and strategies were discussed to facilitate the development of environmentally sustainable wastewater treatment. Finally, a prospective hybrid system integrating emission reduction and energy recovery was proposed as an example for achieving net-zero GHG emission from wastewater treatment. [Display omitted] • Status on GHG production and emission in each treatment unit is quantified. • Autotrophic microorganisms play important roles in mitigating GHG emission. • CH 4 is more feasible than N 2 O for energy recovery from mainstream wastewater. • Net-zero GHG emission integrates both emission reduction and energy recovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sustainability has become a critical perspective in managing firms via a holistic approach by considering economic, environmental and social dimensions of firms. With the rising significance of sustainable development, the theories of sustainability in firms have evolved during the past six decades. This article offers a critical review of the evolving theories linking sustainability to firms, and discusses their implications for future renewable energy research. The relationships among different theories are critically analysed, and the directions for future research are discussed. The paper shows that, the main theories linking sustainability to firms, in a chronological order, are: 1) Corporate Social Responsibility, 2) Stakeholder Theory, 3) Corporate Sustainability, and 4) Green Economics. Currently various innovative approaches and new theories emerged, such as Co-evolution Theory and Multi-level Perspective, reflecting three directions of theory development, namely 1) shifting from "what" to "how", 2) growing use of interdisciplinary approach, and 3) towards broader systems. Renewable energy studies associated with firms and future research opportunities in this area are also critically analysed. The comprehensive review offered in this paper provides a useful reference for policy makers, corporate managers and researchers interested in corporate sustainability and renewable energy related studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper first reviews the potential causality from biomass energy to CO 2 emissions and economic development within relevant literature. Later, the paper examines statistically the impacts of biomass energy consumption on CO 2 emissions and GDP in the US. To this end, paper observes environmental and economic implications of biomass fuel usage throughout energy literature and launches asymmetric causality test to confirm/disconfirm the literature output. The findings of the tests indicate that biomass energy consumption per capita mitigates CO 2 emissions per capita and increases GDP per capita. Eventually, upon its output, this research asserts that biomass energy consumption can be an efficient policy tool for environmentally sustainable development in the US, and, that, hence, biomass production technologies and biomass consumption need to be promoted in other countries as well as in the US. On the other hand, analyses underline the fact that policy makers should consider as well some potential constraints of biomass energy usage such as land use constraints and carbon leakage from biomass production. Therefore, although this paper explores the remedial impact of biomass on environment and growth, one may suggest also that further possible works consider the effects of biomass sources in detail to minimize the some worsening influence of biomass usage on climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recognizing the multidimensional role that hydropower can potentially play in achieving a more sustainable energy supply system, this paper reviews a series of published economic, environmental and social indicators that are often used to characterize this energy source. Getting the right balance between measures assessing benefits and costs is often a challenge in complex evaluations. The current paper argues that present studies sometimes set system boundaries too narrowly so that they omit key factors associated with hydropower. In particular, the role that hydroelectric resources can play to stabilize the overall electrical grid, and thus to leverage investments in other intermittent renewables, is only rarely accounted for in sustainability assessments. Based on a broad literature review, the authors articulate two key recommendations for future assessments: first, that such assessments should reflect on policy issues as well as environmental challenges with respect to existing hydropower potential within the current framework; second, that system boundaries should be extended not only to allow broad hydrological, ecological and geological assessments, but also to reasonably estimate hydro's potential benefits to the functioning of the overall electrical grid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biobased products are complete or partial derivatives from naturally occurring/growing materials such as agricultural, plants, and forest materials and serve as an alternative to traditional product derivatives of petroleum. Technically, biobased product counterparts can replace almost every fossil resource-based industrial material. Adopting life cycle analysis and circular economy concepts has also accelerated the move towards biobased products. It meets the criteria for easy recycling and can facilitate the shift from linear fossil-based productions to a greener circular economy. In line with the Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews (RSER) policy, this Virtual Special Issue (VSI) published two types of articles, high-quality review papers and original research papers with a strong review component. After a rigorous peer-review process, 32 articles were accepted and published in this VSI. This editorial overview these articles and examines their contribution to the field. This RSER VSI has contributed with new insights on value-added biobased products from various bioresources to their applications, technical challenges and advancement in a sustainable manner. • VSI is focused on the recent development of biobased biorefineries. • Greener technologies offering biobased products. • Sustainable bioprocesses and bioproducts development from bioresources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Access to clean and affordable modern energy services has been widely recognised as a significant factor for enabling social and economic development. Stand-alone systems and mini-grids are presumed to play an important role in the provision of sustainable energy to those people who currently lack access. Accordingly, an increasing number of small-scale energy projects are being implemented in developing countries and emerging economies. However, despite the large number of energy development projects, only limited evidence exists about the actual contribution they make to sustainable development. This paper addresses this research gap by providing a systematic assessment of three selected impact pathways based on the evaluation of over 30 small-scale sustainable energy projects. Applying a theory-based evaluation approach in the form of a contribution analysis, the aim of this research is to better understand if and how these types of technical interventions can create development outcomes and impacts. The results show that technological issues are often not the most decisive factor in achieving development effects, but that embedding the technology in a set of actions that address social, cultural, economic and environmental aspects is essential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research presented in this paper has two main objectives. First, it aims to generate an assessment tool for ranking and selecting the most sustainable domestic water-heating system (WHS) (with the lowest economic, environmental and social impact) that could be applied in any location and with any demand. Second, it aims to ascertain which WHS is the most sustainable in places with a climate and solar radiation like that of Barcelona, Spain, where a minimum solar contribution to domestic water heating is compulsory for new buildings and significant renovations. Multi-criteria decision analysis was employed to create the optimised flexible assessment tool. The Delphi method was followed to perform the surveys, and to provide the objectivity required in the identification of impacts, the definition of indicators and the assignment of weights. The most relevant criteria were determined: annual cost, material consumption, energy consumption, GHG emissions, space requirement, visual impact and occupational risks. The resulting tool was tested by analysing twelve domestic WHS, including two conventional systems, and ten combinations of five solar thermal technologies with two conventional systems as backup for a changing room in a sport centre located in Barcelona. The two conventional WHS studied were a natural gas-fired condensing boiler and an electric water heater. The five solar thermal technologies were: a flat plate with a harp design, a flat plate with a serpentine design, a heat-pipe evacuated tube, a direct-flow evacuated tube, and a direct-flow evacuated tube with CPC. The dynamic thermal simulation programme T*SOL was used to dimension the solar thermal systems. Two sensitivity analyses were carried out: one on weights and one on references. The tool proved very useful in the assessment of these systems, and could also help in decision-making processes to select the most sustainable WHS for other locations and domestic hot water demands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cities contribute around 80% of global greenhouse gas emissions. There is currently a massive growth in urban areas internationally, especially in developing countries. Urban centers and cities should offer an effective answer to new problems arising from planning and expansion, according to criteria of sustainability. Decisions for sustainable cities planning and management should be taken on an evaluation of their consequences. Correspondingly, each strategy should be designed and undertaken with the right tools of study, analysis and prediction. This paper aims to offer an analysis of the aspects involved in designing sustainable cities. It involves an overview of published papers focusing on urban transport, building energy consumption, green areas planning, waste management and water supply on a city-wide scale. In order to give a broader concept of sustainability in cities, an analysis of other variables from a social point of view is also given. The discussion of this research reflects that the adoption of mechanisms to promote sustainable development is a matter not only of decision makers and designers, but also of users and citizens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Before the COVID pandemic, oil and gas companies invested only a small fraction of their capital on sustainable energy technologies. With the substantial improvement in the performance of batteries and their rapid cost reduction, the oil and gas industry could potentially lose a large share of their market in the transport sector. A similar shift in energy sources is happening with the surge in renewable energy sources to supply electricity, heating and cooling. In an ever more sustainable future, the need for an oil and gas industry could reduce significantly. This paper reviews the possible paths that an oil and gas company could follow to become a sustainable development corporation and continue to be relevant in the future. This paper aims to describe alternative sustainable pathways such as the extraction of natural hydrogen, a hydrogen economy, offshore wind power, deep sea mining, biorefineries, seawater air-conditioning, geothermal and geoengineering. This paper also proposes the use of electrolysis ships for the flexible production of green hydrogen and showed that its investment cost can be three times smaller than in fixed electrolysis plants. The oil and gas industry has substantial intellectual, financial capital and geopolitical influence that would not be lost during a shift to a more sustainable world. Indeed, these assets should be used to facilitate the transition to a more sustainable future. • Hydrogen is a good alternative for sustainable development in O&G companies. • Natural hydrogen is a good alternative to the upstream O&G companies. • Benefits of electrolysis ships to produce green hydrogen. • Case study to produce green hydrogen in Brazil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fossil-fueled transportation is the main type of transportation used all over the world. Transportation in the United States consumes almost one third of global transportation energy and is one of the major contributors to CO 2 emissions. To deal with ever increasing environmental pollution and reduce energy consumption, a solar Trike design is presented in this paper to offer an alternative means of transportation. The solar Trike offers a higher occupancy rate, speed and travel range that can satisfy the needs of the local commute. The design, economics, sustainability and performance analysis of the solar Trike is presented in this paper. The dimension and power requirement of the solar-powered tricycle was determined based on aerodynamic force, rolling resistance, expected payload, travel velocity and distance and solar irradiance. A CAD model was built and analyzed for sustainability before building the prototype. Test run results of the prototype suggested the technical feasibility and practical applicability of the design. An LCA was performed to evaluate environmental impacts during various stages of the product life: manufacturing to disposal using SolidWorks Sustainability software. Manufacturing, operating and environmental costs are analyzed for economic viability of the design. The annual costs of CO 2 emissions, design and installation, annual maintenance, and costs to store the power for one full charge amount to $417. With a travel range of 37.1 km on a full charge, the proposed solar-powered tricycle is able to meet more than 90% of all trip distances in the USA. The proposed solar powered tricycle reduces energy consumption by more than 41%, as well as decreases CO 2 emissions by more than 75%, in comparison with the railroad, the best mode of existing transportation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evaluating the environmental sustainability performance of a nation is complex. This paper considers the merits of environmental indices, and how effective they are when assessing the environmental sustainability of any nation. The simplicity and generic qualities of environmental indices currently necessitates a much broader analysis in order to evaluate any nation׳s genuine environmental sustainability credentials – ultimately the development of a synthetic Environmental Sustainability Index is required to fulfil this task. Using Iceland as a case study, this paper reviews the usefulness of four selected environmental indices (Environmental Vulnerability Index, Environmental Performance Index, Ecological Footprint and Happy Planet Index) for governance institutions when formulating reasoned responses to challenges. By adopting a holistic methodology, Iceland׳s environmental sustainability credentials are critically examined in this paper, with particular focus given to the impacts deriving from expanded renewable energy utilisation in recent years. Abundant geothermal and hydropower energy resources have been increasingly used to power heavy industry, particularly aluminium production. The wider health implications and long-term environmental sustainability consequences of renewable energy utilisation have not been analysed in depth within any of the indices. Socio-economic progress in Iceland has also been attained alongside the imposition of the highest ecological footprint of any nation in the world. As such, economic activities in Iceland have not occurred in accordance with commonly accepted notions of sustainable development, which is focused upon the reconciliation of economic, environmental and social objectives, together with recognition of current and future need across these domains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today's quickly changing world forces society to deal with uncertainties that produce high levels of environmental, social, and economic risks, thereby jeopardizing sustainable development. Portfolio optimisation is an effective tool for formally dealing with such uncertainties, because the social and private optimum is not found by analysing cost/returns and risks of individual assets, projects, actions or plans, but rather requires analysing them all together in the form of a portfolio. This paper presents a review of portfolio optimisation applications from the perspective of energy regulation in an attempt to guide the electricity sector towards sustainable development. Liberalized electricity markets have different sources of uncertainties, ranging from the traditional (e.g. fuel prices, electricity demand, and resource availability, etc.) to the latest sources of risks linked to a society that is more concerned about sustainability. We have found multiple research opportunities, especially in spatial modelling, transmission, and renewable generation, as well as others related to new social and environmental impacts and risks. The portfolio literature available to date excessively simplifies the power system. Supply, demand, and transmission modelling in portfolio analysis are not consistent with planning models, and therefore produce conflicting results. Additionally, despite abundant literature that analyses renewable complementarity, actual portfolio optimisation models ignore this effect, which leads to suboptimum portfolios. Environmental and social costs and risks, such as air and water pollution, land use, community values, and public opposition, among others, have also been ignored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims at assessing the sustainability of development in eleven Latin American countries. For that purpose, we establish an evaluation index system grouped into four subsystems (economic subsystem, social subsystem, ecologic subsystem and institutional subsystem). The weights for the index subsystems of sustainable development are based on the concept of entropy. The empirical results show that the sustainable development strategy in this group of countries is not efficient and is characterized by a lack of coordination between the four dimensions. This quantitative evaluation provides a new perspective for research in sustainable development researches and guidance for public policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Malaysia is located in Southeast Asia near the equator within the typical tropical climatic zone. The efficient use of energy is vital due to the dependency on fossil resources that are being exhausted, which ultimately cause CO 2 emissions. Economic development and population growth are deemed to affect the growing energy demand in the country. Therefore, sustainability, energy security, and climate change are crucial challenges for the power sector in Malaysia. The aforementioned issues can be tackled with energy efficient measures in the building sector. Buildings in Malaysia consume 14.3% of the overall energy and 53% of only electrical energy is being consumed in residential and commercial sectors. Therefore, energy efficiency in buildings is crucial in order to reduce the energy use and improve the local environmental sustainability. This paper discusses a review on the building energy scenario, the policy perspectives, building energy efficiency programs along with landmark buildings and their characteristics. Besides, the potential of renewable energy resources in buildings and various prospective issues and challenges faced by the country have also been discussed. The significant review content thus benefits researchers, scientists and practitioners for a better understanding on energy efficiency and the sustainable measures that have been so far taken. The review also puts forward some actions to promote building energy efficiency and conservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: User-value is a determining factor for product acceptance in product design. Research on rural electrification to date, however, does not draw sufficient attention to the importance of user-value with regard to the overall success of a project. This is evident from the analysis of project reports and applicable indicators from agencies active in the sector. Learning from the design, psychology and sociology literatures, it is important that rural electrification projects incorporate the value perception of the end-user and extend their success beyond the commonly used criteria of financial value, the appropriateness of the technology, capacity building and technology uptake. Creating value for the end-user is particularly important for project acceptance and the sustainability of a scheme once it has been handed over to the local community. In this research paper, existing theories and models of value-theory are transposed and applied to community operated rural electrification schemes and a user-value framework is developed. Furthermore, the importance of value to the end-user is clarified. Current literature on product design reveals that user-value has different properties, many of which are applicable to rural electrification. Five value pillars and their sub-categories important for the users of rural electrification projects are identified, namely: functional; social significance; epistemic; emotional; and cultural values. These pillars provide the main structure for the conceptual framework developed in this research paper. It is proposed that by targeting the values of the end-user, the key factors of user-value applicable to rural electrification projects will be identified and the sustainability of the project will be better ensured. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper highlights an evaluation of the potential level and nature of sustainability for large-scale photovoltaic (PV) solar power plants. This was achieved by applying a mathematical model of sustainability to the results of a qualitative-based environmental impact evaluation of the installation and operation of large-scale solar power plants. The results from the model application indicated that large-scale PV solar power plants were conducive to achieving strong sustainability. This was because of the significant environmental benefits derived from PV solar power plants in respect to its construction and operation, as well as the minimum impacts derived from anthropogenic sources. This paper however notes that PV solar technology requires significant improvements in the conversion of sunlight to electric energy. This paper concludes that PV solar power plants offer a potentially significant and sustainable source of energy. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This virtual special issue published in Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews contains 25 high-quality selected extended papers presented at the HERAKLION 2019 7th International Conference on Sustainable Solid Waste Management held in Heraklion, Crete in Greece from 26th to June 29, 2019. The articles published in this special issue focus on recent developments in sustainable waste-to-energy systems and waste management practices and highlight the critical challenges and potential solutions. The editorial paper aims to give a brief overview of the key findings and future perspectives proposed in these 25 selected papers. It is worth noting that although the articles presented in this special issue covered a wider range of topics, they are categorized into five categories. These include the latest developments in 1) waste-to-energy technologies, 2) biofuels and bioenergy, 3) waste valorization, 4) emerging renewable and sustainable energy systems, and finally, 5) biorefineries and circular economy. • Twenty five high quality peer-reviewed papers were selected from HERAKLION 2019 Conference. • The mian theme of sustainable waste-to-energy systems catogorised into five topics. • It will support advancement of waste-to-energy technologies and circular economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Energy and energy security have become important to countries aiming to go on the path of sustainable development. In this regard this paper analyses the improvement of energy security which occurs as a result of energy efficiency (EE) improvements in the power sector. In this paper energy security is measured along three main themes which are oil security, gas security and sustainability. The energy systems of the selected countries, namely Sri Lanka, Thailand and Vietnam are modeled using an integer programming based optimization model called “Model for Energy Supply Strategy Alternatives and their General Environmental Impacts” – MESSAGE. Each country is modeled with two scenarios namely the reference scenario which maintains the status quo at the start year and the EE scenario which models EE options in the demand side as supply side alternatives. The time horizon is 2007–2030, where 2007 is the base year and 2030 is the end year. The results are presented for oil security, gas security, sustainability, and also for co-benefits such as mitigation of CO2 emissions, reduction in conventional primary energy use and reduction of local air pollutants such as SO2 and NO x . Results show that energy efficiency in Sri Lanka significantly increases the energy security whilst also accruing co-benefits of CO2 mitigation, mitigation of local air pollution and reducing the conventional primary energy use. In the case of Thailand and Vietnam, energy security is enhanced in the earlier years (2007–2015), but in the longer term of modeling horizon (2020–2030) energy security of both the reference and EE scenarios converge indicating that in terms of long term energy security implementing energy efficiency measures alone would not enhance energy security. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Fuel security, economics and climate change issues are creating a requirement for alternative renewable fuels. Bioethanol produced by algal biomass is becoming increasingly popular all over the world due to the sustainability of feed stock and environmentally friendly nature. This review paper describes the bioethanol production technology from algae using various cultivation, harvesting, extraction and commercialization techniques and its environmental perspectives. The economic sustainability of algae-derived bioethanol biofuel depends on the cost of production that could be minimized by producing valuable secondary by-products, which is the aim of current algal biofuel research. Future technologies with sufficient potential for maximum extraction capacity and minimal downstream processing using low cost feedstock will address the cost-effectiveness of renewable bioethanol biofuel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This is an empirical study on the causal relationship between sustainable economic welfare growth and energy consumption for Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, UK and the USA using a multivariate panel framework with variables such as employment, capital, energy consumption and R&D. The short and long run relationships are compared with those produced from the commonly known so far, energy-GDP (Gross Domestic Product) growth relationship. Results mainly show that in the long-run, G7 economies can reduce energy consumption without compromising sustainable economic welfare. In the short-run though, both GDP and economic welfare are very much dependent on energy consumption for their materialization of growth, sustainable or not. The current paper follows the tendency of New Economics that shift their focus therein and propagate the use of sustainable welfare in place of the criticized GDP. The calculation of the Index for Sustainable Economic Welfare (ISEW) reveals that UK, closely followed by USA, have the largest gap (on average 52% and 50% respectively) between their GDP and sustainable economic welfare. Japan is experiencing a steadily widening gap, while Canada is the most sustainable country among G7. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the current discourses on sustainable development, one can discern two main intellectual cultures: an analytic one focusing on measuring problems and prioritizing measures, (Life Cycle Analysis (LCA), Mass Flow Analysis (MFA), etc.) and; a policy/management one, focusing on long term change, change incentives, and stakeholder management (Transitions/niches, Environmental economy, Cleaner production). These cultures do not often interact and interactions are often negative. However, both cultures are required to work towards sustainability solutions: problems should be thoroughly identified and quantified, options for large change should be guideposts for action, and incentives should be created, stakeholders should be enabled to participate and their values and interests should be included in the change process. The paper deals especially with engineering education. Successful technological change processes should be supported by engineers who have acquired strategic competences. An important barrier towards training academics with these competences is the strong disciplinarism of higher education. Raising engineering students in strong disciplinary paradigms is probably responsible for their diminishing public engagement over the course of their studies. Strategic competences are crucial to keep students engaged and train them to implement long term sustainable solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The role of cities and their commitment to meet the European targets on energy and climate has steadily increased in the latest years as testified by the large number of ambitious initiatives undertaken by European cities to face multiple challenges towards sustainability. Many projects and initiatives have arisen all around Europe to support cities in the achievement of the Europe 2020 targets of smart, sustainable and inclusive growth. RE-SEEties “Towards resource-efficient urban communities in SEE” is one of the projects funded under the South East Europe program aimed to enhance the policy-making and strategic planning competences of municipalities in the field of energy efficiency, renewable energy sources and waste valorization. This paper focuses on the methods developed and the main results achieved in the framework of RE-SEEties. The main focus is on the eight partner cities (The Local Government of Budapest District 18 – Hungary/HU, Municipality of Aigaleo – Greece/EL, Municipality of Potenza – Italy/IT, City of Nitra – Slovakia/SK, City of Skopje – Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia/FYROM, City of Miercurea Ciuc – Romania/RO, Municipality of Ptuj – Slovenia/SI, City of Ivanić-Grad – Croatia/HR) and how they were assisted by professional institutions in translating their commitments towards resource efficiency into Local Strategies and Action Plans. A critical comparison of these final results points out differences and similarities in the state-of-the-art of cities across South East Europe as well as a the level of ambition and difficulties faced to turn into resource efficient urban communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: While biofuels have currently been regarded as a good alternative for fossil fuels, there remain many debates on their impacts on human and environment. This paper tried to shed light on bio-ethanol in Brazil as one of the main producers and exporters in the world. The main question was to understand “how sustainable is bio-ethanol production in Brazil?” To answer, the political motives of producing bio-ethanol followed by its ecological and socio-economic impacts were discussed. The paper concluded that although bio-ethanol production in Brazil seems environmentally friendly, it might socio-economically be hazardous. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

In recent years, energy efficiency and thermal comfort in historic buildings have become high-interest topics among scholars. Research has demonstrated that retrofitting buildings to current energy efficiency and thermal comfort standards is essential for improving sustainability and energy performance and for maintaining built heritage of historic structures. This study is an extensive overview of the literature surrounding this topic. This paper summarizes the different methods and techniques that have been used around the world to achieve performance refurbishments. Articles are organized based on the different building types used as case studies (residential, religious, academic and palace, museums, libraries and theaters, urban areas, and others). The results reveal that residential, religious and museum building types, especially from the last two centuries, have been most often used as case studies. Moreover, Europe, particularly Italy, is leading the research. The aim of this note is to demonstrate the feasibility of maintaining built heritage values of historic buildings while achieving significant improvements in their energy efficiency and thermal comfort. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The work described in this paper won an Engineering Award from the UNESCO and the United Nations. It qualified among the top 30 finalists from a pool of about 3200 engineering entries from the world''s most prestigious universities in 89 countries, including Cambridge, Oxford, MIT, Stanford and Yale. This paper describes the methods employed in a sustainability project titled ‘Global Basic Needs in an Integrated Sustainable Approach’ submitted by the author to the UNESCO in agreement with the United Nations Millennium Goals and within their framework of the Mondialogo Engineering Award. A six-nation international jury of renowned leading scientists and engineers selected this project for a nomination award. While we all anxiously wait for science to provide the solutions to global warming and catastrophic climate change, a holistic engineering approach was used to halt pollution, and to provide sustainable shelter, clean water, energy, food and education to the global population. This approach can be used anywhere in the world and conceptualizes a revolutionary sustainability paradigm for present and future societies. This work is a contribution to the advancement of the science of sustainability everywhere on the planet. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Under the auspices of the EU's new Circular Economy Action Plan and Bioeconomy Strategy, the usage of sustainably renewable biomass for bio-based chemicals is a part-solution for addressing the multidimensional challenges of (inter alia) growth and employment, food and energy security, climate change and biodiversity. Unfortunately, the lack of a formal system of European data classification and collection presents a major obstacle to measuring, monitoring and ex-ante modelling of the bio-based chemicals sector, which clouds the ability to make science-based policy and legislative judgements. Employing a combination of different data sources and plausible assumptions, this paper seeks to overcome some of these data gaps through the compilation of a meaningful set of economic and sustainability indicators for specific bio-based chemical activities and products. Due to the variety of data sources employed for each indicator, a data quality index is constructed, whilst rigorous comparisons with other studies and further critical discussion reaffirms the general observation of poor data quality. Subject to these data and methodological limitations, this paper analyses the performance of bio-based chemical industries. As long as official data sources lack adequate information systems, the current paper serves as a springboard for lowering the data 'entry costs' behind this intricate sector, encouraging further knowledge-sharing and serving as a replication template for other regions. • Official data are frequently unsuitable for directly accessing different bio-based production pathways and products. • A set of indicators are created to monitor production, consumption, trade and resource usage for bio-based chemicals. • Each indicator is associated with a quality index that impacts on its value and the conclusions that can be drawn from them. • Shares of bio-based products are small for platform chemicals (0.3%) and high for surfactants (50%). • Land requirement for the different categories ranges from 0.35 to 0.77 ha per tonne. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sausage is an ancient food type that is nowadays considered as a delicatessen. Sausages are categorized within the deli sector as meat sub products. It is a food product preferred by consumers due to its nutritional value and organoleptic characteristics (wide range of flavors and textures). The heating and cooling processes during sausages production are indispensable technologies to ensure both the specific organoleptic characteristics and properties conservation through time. Energy is a major cost in the operation of these facilities. This paper starts with a review of the research related to energy consumption, energy efficiency measures and energy indicators in the food industry. Additionally it describes the major cost-effective electricity savings (improved door protection, defrost optimization, control settings and repairs) that can be applied to this industry. Later a case study that characterizes the production process and the energy consumption of sausages processing industry in Portugal (20 industries) is presented. The results from this case study show that energy consumption of this type of industries is mainly of electricity (82%). The annual average specific energy consumption (SEC) of electricity is 660 kWh e per tonne of raw material. Correlations were developed that show the relationships between tons of raw material and electricity consumption, volume of cold stores and compressors nominal power. A strong relationship between SEC and the usage of cold rooms was determined. Several electricity savings, estimated in 24%, can be achieved by implementing simple practice measures in the refrigeration systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to bring afront the economical and the ecological consequences of the growth path of Turkey with the help of a sectoral dataset provided by the World Input–Output Database available for the period of 1995–2009. By simple Input–Output accounting, it is found that the economic growth path taken in the 2003–2009 period has gradually become both more energy and pollution intensive as compared to the 1995–2002 period. Moreover, the gradual deterioration in environmental, as well as labor standards, so as to gain competitive edge in export markets led to a rapid increase in environmental degradation and deadly workplace accidents during the post-2002 period. From the viewpoint of the long-term development plans, i.e. Vizyon 2023 which targets to bring Turkey among the 10th biggest economy in the world by 2023, past experiences, therefore, hint that the insistence on an unsustainable and dependent economic growth path which has been re-designed under the neoliberal framework of deregulation, flexibilization and privatization will aggravate not only social and ecological problems but also the current account imbalance. It is concluded that the economic growth path towards the ambitious targets set by Vizyon 2023 should be redefined in accordance with the economic, social and environmental sustainability principles. The existing subsidies to fossil fuels should be channelled to support renewable energy production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To obtain a rigorous investment analysis for photovoltaic power generation plants, a dynamic Business Plan has been studied. It allows us to determine, in real time, the investment parameters (Net Present Value, Internal Rate of Return, Return on Investment, etc) starting from the technical, economical, financial and positional data. The Business Plan provides, as output, the exact values of the parameters (dependent variables or objective functions) basing on the exact values of the input variables (independent variables). By suitably varying the independent variables it is possible to obtain a sensitivity analysis on the dependent variables due to which different evaluations about the investment in multiple pre-set scenarios can be obtained. On the other hand, by using the Business Plan as data creator and then applying the Response Surface Methodology techniques, it has been possible to obtain mathematical functions (regression meta-models) which are able to explain the link among dependent and independent variables in the definition range. This approach allows to generate a sort of k dimensional state equation of order n for the different investigated economic parameters. These equations provide, in the chosen dimensional space (two or three-dimensional), a view of the dependent variable behaviour (e.g. Net Present Value, Internal Rate of Return) while changing one or two independent variables (e.g. government incentives, discount rate). The descriptive ability of this approach has a higher level in terms of quality and reliability than a traditional sensitivity analysis. In this paper, a case study about a 1 MWe photovoltaic plant located in Liguria (North-Italy) and a comparison with a similar plant located in Sicily (South-Italy) are also presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the great successes in improving rural electrification and reducing poverty, China's small hydropower (SHP) development is expected to provide a good example for other developing countries. However, recently, nearly all new SHP development plans have been halted, and many plants have been urged to shut down or even be removed. The SHP industry in China is now in a dilemma. This paper presents a review of the status of SHP development in China and explores the challenges troubling this industry. It was revealed that SHP resources in many provinces have been intensively exploited, with an exploration rate over 0.80, while untapped resources are primarily located in remote western provinces, such as ecologically fragile Tibet. This intensive and disordered SHP development has caused serious dewatering of rivers and affected local agricultural and household water access, which arouses fierce controversy. Moreover, the role of SHP has been gradually weakened by the extension of power grids and diversified electricity sources. Therefore, the transition and upgrade of the SHP industry has become critical to enhance its sustainable development and to provide a solid example for the world. A divergence management strategy for SHP should be adopted to achieve low-impact development, as opposed to blind large-scale development or rigidly discontinuing all projects. Future transition strategies are proposed in this paper that include delicate management of existing plants and construction of new plants with higher standards, as well as pathways for the development benefits to be shared by a wider range of local residents. • This study investigated the history and status quo of SHP development in China. • SHP resources in most provinces are intensively developed except some western areas. • Growing challenges that trouble the SHP industry in China were identified. • Future transition strategies for the SHP industry in China were proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents an overview of existing urban sustainability rating tools for their possible application in historic urban environments, facing the debate between environmental sustainability and urban heritage conservation. This critical study focuses on Urban Green Rating Systems (UGRS) that make a transparent and systematic decision-making support tool for evaluating the sustainability in urban planning, combining environmental, economic, and social aspects. The research aims at comparing different UGRS approaches for cities and neighbourhood renovation, highlighting main themes, criteria, indicators, pros, and cons to balance heritage preservation and sustainable development. All the UGRS give high importance to environmental aspects while lower or no consideration is dedicated to heritage conservation. Thus, gaps in the methodological approaches to be addressed in the future have been identified, to serve as a guideline and reference for developing a comprehensive, international assessment system to bridge this knowledge and applicability gap. • Debate between environmental sustainability and urban heritage conservation. • Overview of existing protocols, tools and system for urban renovation assessment. • Critical analysis and comparison of heritage conservation in existing Urban Green Rating Systems (UGRS). • Themes, criteria, indicators, pros, and cons for balancing heritage preservation and sustainable development in UGRS. • Suggestions for a new URGS on sustainability evaluations of urban heritage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For stakeholders and decision makers within the bioeconomy, it is important that sustainability assessment methodologies be holistic, reliable, and accurate. Life cycle assessment (LCA) methodologies are well-known for their ability to avoid burden shifting by considering the impacts of a product, process, or system throughout the full life cycle. However, when it comes to assessing advanced multifunctional systems within the bioeconomy i.e. biorefineries, methodological challenges arise. Such issues are discussed at length in this review paper, which include the goal, scope, and allocation methods, land use considerations, handling of biogenic carbon and emissions, impacts assessed, simplification of feedstocks and processes, regionality, and future foreground and background systems. Furthermore, the review discusses challenges in capturing social and economic impacts with LCA methodologies, with social assessments lacking data and appropriate quantitative indicators and economic assessments lacking diversity in stakeholder and cost inclusivity. Finally, this review confirms the importance of temporal factors, regional differences, and integrating multidimensional approaches to sustainability analysis, highlighting developing LCA methodologies which successfully address these areas. Methodologies to address spatial considerations include exergetic LCIA, natural capital assessment, and integration of supply chain modelling, while methodologies to address dynamic variability include process modelling integration, system dynamics modelling integration, agent-based modelling integration, consequential LCA, prospective LCA, and dynamic LCIA. Finally, extended LCC, extended LCIA, and MCDA can address challenges identified in multidimensional sustainability integration. • Biorefineries are part of a circular bioeconomy but should be critically assessed. • LCA can be used but must overcome methodological challenges. • Main challenges involve consideration of space, time, and overall sustainability. • Spatial and temporal issues can be addressed through systems modelling integration. • Social and economic aspects can be integrated through LCSA methodologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The potential of algae-based biofuels to replace petroleum fuels and mitigate greenhouse gas production through microalgal photosynthesis has long been recognized. However, currently there are no commercial algae-to-fuels technologies that can overcome techno-economic barriers and address serious sustainability concerns. Coupling microalgae cultivation with wastewater treatment is considered as one of the most promising routes to produce bio-energy and bio-based byproducts in an economically viable and environmentally friendly way. This paper critically reviews the current status of this specific niche research area covering utilization of different types of wastewaters as media for algae cultivation, microalgae selection, bioreactor type, cultivation mode, environmental factors and operational parameters as well as harvesting techniques and production of a broad spectrum of biofuels and byproducts through various conversion pathways. Future development of practical solutions to key problems and integration of advanced algae cultivation and wastewater treatment, and system analysis approach to the evaluation of economic feasibility and sustainability of wastewater-based algal biofuel production are also discussed in depth. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Environmental and socioeconomic challenges facing many hydrocarbon-rich nations could help them evolve from hydrocarbon-based (black) into renewables-based (green) economies. In this paper, we present a case study for application of this Black Into Green (BIG) method for Iran. We show that with international cooperation Iran could indefinitely meet its energy and freshwater needs by leveraging large-scale renewable energy harvesting systems integrated with seawater pumped storage hydropower, reverse osmosis desalination, and enhanced distribution systems. This BIG transition could be facilitated by allocating a significant portion of Iran's potential hydrocarbon-based income to acquire, develop, and deploy renewable energy technology that utilizes Iran's immense solar and wind energy potential. Our analysis shows that developing just 1% of identified sites would provide over 30 TWh of annual renewable electricity generation and storage, and 221 million m 3 /day of renewably-powered desalination capacity to meet the freshwater needs of over 85% of its population. In addition to providing renewable energy design and manufacturing technology, the international community could also work with Iran to help evolve its nuclear power program toward small modular reactors for baseload power generation. Such an arrangement would contribute to regional and global security, and greatly reduce the Middle East's carbon emissions of which Iran is the largest emitter. Results from this holistic approach could then serve as a model for the world economy to work with other resource-rich nations to reduce their environmental impact while modernizing their economies and helping them achieve the socioeconomic goals outlined in the UN's Brundtland report. • Presents strategy for a sustainable economy to emerge from the COVID-19 pandemic. • Case study for Iran with oil (black) exchanged for renewables (green). • Wind and solar energy with coastal pumped storage hydro and reverse osmosis. • 1% of viable sites could supply Iran with 10% of power and 45% of freshwater needs. • Distributed economic and environmental benefits meet UN sustainable development goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The sustainable development steers the green city campaign in the global stage, which has become an increasing challenge particularly to most developing countries in the next decades. This paper aims to investigate green-technologies applicable in the process of developing 2010 Shanghai Expo and the implementation of these green technologies in helping Shanghai city achieve building efficiency and sustainability. A list of green technologies applied in the World Expo has been investigated and key effective green technologies have been identified by using a questionnaire survey. This is followed by case studies to investigate the extent to which these green technologies have been applied to achieve the sustainable development of cities. The findings suggest that a paradigm shift in urban planning and building design is needed and proactive financial measures to encourage the application of green technologies should be formulated. The suggestions can help guide the future direction on the practical approaches towards green cities. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Innovation and technology are seen today as key points in the transition to a greener and more sustainable economy. In this sense, the development of new processes able to result in reduced emissions and levels of CO 2 in the atmosphere has been considered essential to support this transition and, at the same time, promote economic growth. Several techno-economic and life cycle assessment studies have shown promising data when sugars derived from lignocellulosic biomass are used as carbon source for fermentation processes. The use of CO 2 as carbon source for fermentation is another smart concept for reusing this molecule while minimizing its emissions to the atmosphere. However, the large-scale implementation of biomass-based and CO 2 -based processes still require significant research efforts to result in robust and cost-competitive technologies. This paper discusses some promising approaches able to advance this research area including potential strategies for process intensification (enzymatic hydrolysis using high solid loading, simultaneous saccharification and fermentation, fermentation with downstream process integration), robust microbial strains for application in biomass-based and CO 2 -based bioprocesses, microbial co-cultivation systems, greener technologies for lignocellulosic biomass fractionation, among others. A critical evaluation of sustainability aspects including techno-economic and life cycle assessment is also provided. Overall, this study contributes with information on innovative trends able to advance the development of greener bioprocesses. • Process intensification reduces operational costs and improves biomass conversion. • Microbial co-cultivation is a promising approach to convert complex substrates. • Biomass-based and CO 2 -based technologies can boost a green transition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In spite of the existence of a generalized debate about sustainable development, the natural constraints imposed by the irreversibility nature of technical and economic transformations are normally less discussed. The Second Law of thermodynamics (Entropy Law) reveals the unidirectional and irreversible aspect of such transformations, and it can be used as an auxiliary tool to deal with sustainability assessment. The exergy, a concept derived from entropy, can offer qualitative measurements of resources depletion and environmental impact not covered by mass or energy. This opens opportunities to enrich the sustainability discussion. The multiple interactions among the ecosystem, the economic environment and the technical level are highlighted, along with discussions about how the entropy concept has improved the description of the three levels. The aim of this paper is to review the environmental sustainability concept from the perspective of entropy law, offering a survey of relevant applications of exergy available in literature. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper highlights the future perspectives of sustainable tribology by examining the economic, environmental and social impact of three tribological case studies. One case study examines the sustainability and durability of micro-CHP systems looking the tribological phenomena generated within a scroll expander system. The scroll is the main part of a specific micro-CHP system and experiences wear and cavitation damage. The tribological optimization of the scroll expander improves the sustainability of the micro-CHP unit while it has a serious economic and environmental impact to the consumers and to the society in general. Another case study is focused on friction and wear performance of lifeboat launch slipways. The causes of high friction and wear during the RNLI''s lifeboat launches along an inclined slipway are investigated with a view to reducing the environmental impact due to slipway panel wear and lubricant release into the marine environment. The project encompasses the sustainable design of slipway panels using design modifications based on tribological investigations to double their lifespan, while environmental and economic impact was significantly reduced by the use of biodegradable greases and water as lubricants. The final case study involves an investigation of recycled plastic materials to replace polyurethane used on skateboard wheels, scooters and similar applications. Polyurethane (PU) is difficult to recycle. With the dwindling resources and environmental problems facing the world today, recycling for both waste reduction and resource preservation has become an increasingly important aspect of sustainability. The tribological results showed that recycled polycarbonate plastic can effectively act as a substitute to polyurethane wheels. Moreover, sustainability considerations showing the environmental benefits of the use of recycled plastics over PU include reducing the CO2 footprint by 50% and the energy consumed by 60%, among other benefits. These case studies emphasise the importance of sustainable tribology in our epoch showing that increased sustainability performance can be achieved through tribology to a significant extent in many cases, providing stability to our world and more viable long term growth to our societies. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Sustainability is an issue of concern in many industrial sectors. The construction industry is no exception. The study described in this paper adopts a critical qualitative approach to investigate sustainability policy practices in the construction industry. This approach includes a statement of principles, sustainability reporting incorporated within a financial report, and a stand-alone sustainability reporting system. The top international contractors listed by Engineering News Record (ENR) were examined. The results show that sustainability policy development varies from case to case in these companies but trends are emerging on common issues addressed. The findings show a trend of increasingly level of disclosure of corporation''s commitmnets an achievements on sustainability. Similarly, the energy efficiency and conservation, greenhouse gas emission reduction and integration of renewable energy resources into projects are among the common themes of these sustainability policies disclosed by construction contractors. The construcion industry can learn from the energy sector that is advanced in sustainability reporting. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Urbanization, sustainability, energy efficiency, information and communication technology (ICT) and nanotechnology are emerging at the beginning of the 21st century. They are seeking to improve environmental effectiveness in the context of connected communities, global competitiveness, economic development, climate change, and demographic shifts. Virtually all proposed solutions to energy consumption and climate change acknowledge the role ICT plays as a key enabler of environmental effectiveness. One of the major challenges that the ICT sector faces today is that hardware is being pushed to its physical limits. The traditional means to reduce product size, increase functionality and enhance computing capabilities are becoming difficult and expensive every passing day. On the other hand, the industry is benefiting from nanotechnology advances with numerous applications including those in smarter sensors, logic elements, computer chips, memory storage devices, optoelectronics, quantum computing, etc. This paper presents an overview of the ICT benefiting from development in nanotechnology with respect to sustainability and energy efficiency. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Today, sustainability is the buzzword in the developmental parlance. This has brought the issue of availability and utilization of energy into sharp focus. There is an urgent need to find viable alternative to fossils, mainly petroleum. It not only provides the major share of our present energy needs but also feeds the organic chemicals industry with vital raw materials. Among many alternative energy sources being explored biomass is the only one that has the potential for such dual application. Comprehensive yet judicious exploitation of biomass is, therefore crucial. The emerging concept of biorefineries is important in this context which advocates multiprocess and multiproduct biomass based industries. But everything green need not always be clean and sustainable as populism often makes it to be. Needless to say, the choices of feedstocks, processes as well as product mix are many. There is a need to critically examine them. This paper presents a status review of biorefineries from the stand point of feedstocks, products and processes. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The combined effects of climate change, the continued volatility of fuel prices, the recent food crisis and global economic turbulence have triggered a sense of urgency among policymakers, industries and development practitioners to find sustainable and viable solutions in the area of biofuels. This sense of urgency is reflected in the rapid expansion of global biofuels production and markets over the past few years. Biofuels development offers developing countries some prospect of self-reliant energy supplies at national and local levels, with potential economic, ecological, social, and security benefits. Forty-two African countries are net oil importers. This makes them particularly vulnerable to volatility in global fuel prices and dependent on foreign exchange to cover their domestic energy needs. The goal therefore is to reduce the high dependence on imported petroleum by developing domestic, renewable energy. But can this objective be achieved while leaving a minimal social and environmental footprint? A fundamental question is if biofuels can be produced with consideration of social, economic and environmental factors without setting unrealistic expectation for an evolving renewable energy industry that holds such great promise. The overall performance of different biofuels in reducing non-renewable energy use and greenhouse gas emissions varies when considering the entire lifecycle from production through to use. The net performance depends on the type of feedstock, the production process and the amount of non-renewable energy needed. This paper presents an overview of the development of biofuels in Africa, and highlights country-specific economic, environmental and social issues. It proposes a combination framework of policy incentives as a function of technology maturity, discusses practices, processes and technologies that can improve efficiency, lower energy and water demand, and further reduce the social and environmental footprint of biofuels production thereby contributing to sustainable development. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The eThekwini Municipality (Durban, South Africa) landfill gas Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) project was the first to be registered and verified in Africa. The idea for the project was developed in 2002, yet it was not until the end of 2006 that the smaller Component One (1MW) was registered, while the larger Component Two (9MW) followed only in March 2009. Valuable lessons were learnt from Component One, and these were applied to Component Two. The paper describes the Durban CDM process, the lessons learnt, and assesses the viability of landfill gas to electricity CDM projects in Africa. It concludes that small to medium sized landfill gas to electricity CDM projects are not viable in Africa unless there is a renewable energy feed-in-tariff, or unless the gas is simply flared rather than being utilised for power generation. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The aim of this paper is to put forward a proposal for a methodology to analyze the sustainability of the expansion of electricity generation. To do so, an approach is needed that takes into account, in an integrated perspective, the technical, socioeconomic, environmental and technological factors of the various alternatives for sector expansion. In this regard, multicriteria analysis (MCA) is proposed as an evaluation tool. It will be applied to a situation that involves the selection of the following expansion alternatives: small hydropowers, wind energy, generation from sugarcane bagasse, biodiesel, urban solid wastes, natural gas and nuclear energy. The methodology involved the development of indicators encompassing technological, environmental social and economic dimensions, for each of the aforementioned expansion alternatives, and the results were very interesting, from a multicriteria point of view, in their capacity to internalize socioenvironmental, technological and economic aspects in the decision making process for electricity generation expansion. It may well prove to be a useful tool for supporting this decision, although efforts are required to standardize the methodology with regard to its evaluation procedures. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The energy consumed in Ireland is primarily achieved by the combustion of fossil fuels. Ireland''s only indigenous fossil fuel is peat; all other fossil fuels are imported. As fossil fuels continually become more expensive, their use as an energy source also has a negative impact on the environment. Ireland''s energy consumption can be separated into three divisions: transportation, electricity generation and heat energy. Ireland however has a vast range of high quality renewable energy resources. Ireland has set a target that 33% of its electricity will be generated from renewable sources by 2020 [I. Government. Delivering a Sustainable Energy Future for Ireland; 2007.]. The use of biomass, wind and ocean energy technologies is expected to play a major part in meeting this target. The use of renewable energy technologies will assist sustainable development as well as being a solution to several energy related environmental problems. This paper presents the current state of renewable energy technologies and potential resources available in Ireland. Considering Ireland''s present energy state, a future energy mix is proposed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Academics, practitioners, and policy makers continue to debate the benefits and costs of alternative sources of energy. Environmental and economic concerns have yet to be fully reconciled. One view is that decisions that incorporate both society''s concern with the environment and investors’ desire for shareholder value maximization are more likely to be truly sustainable. We coin the term dual sustainability to mean the achievement of environmental and financial sustainability simultaneously. Many experts believe that wind energy can help to meet society''s needs without harming future generations. It is clean and renewable. Because the fuel is free it provides the ultimate in energy independence. Wind energy has emerged as a leading prospect, in part, because it is considered by many to be environmentally sustainable. However, a key question that remains is whether wind energy is financially sustainable without the extensive government support that has helped to create and nurture this growth industry. Using reliable, proprietary data from field research, our analysis employs a capital budgeting framework to evaluate the financial economics of investments in wind energy. We find that because of the convergence of improved technology, greater efficiency, and with the increasing cost of traditional, competing sources such as oil and natural gas, wind energy is close to becoming self-sustaining financially without the extensive federal government support that exists today. Wind energy can provide the best of both worlds. It is sustainable from an environmental perspective and it is becoming sustainable financially. In short, those companies investing in wind energy will be able to do well by doing good. Perhaps the achievement of dual sustainability is true sustainability. Our research findings and dual sustainability have several interesting and important implications for public policy towards wind energy. All imply that public policy can now be executed in a more effective and efficient manner. In the paper we outline and offer these better and cheaper public policy alternatives for consideration. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Despite numerous studies of the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC), the evidence is still inconclusive and little has been done to capture the issue of environmental sustainability and welfare aspects of growth in the EKC relationship. Accordingly, this paper aims to investigate the environment-development linkage under a sustainability-oriented EKC framework in 20 sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries for the period from 1990 to 2015. The Common Correlated Effects version of Pooled Mean Group Estimator (CCE-PMG) in the context of error-correction based panel Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model augmented with cross-sectional averages was employed as a preferred estimation technique. The study also used an appropriate U test to check the presence of genuine inverted U-shaped EKC relationship. The results confirm the existence of a modified EKC hypothesis in SSA, but the linkage depends on the extent of endowment of natural resources. Among the growth-related factors, energy consumption and trade openness are found to have a long run detrimental effect on the environment. The study suggests that country's effort for economic development needs to be accompanied by appropriate policy options to ensure environmental sustainability. • Modified EKC = baseline EKC + Sustainability. • An appropriate U-test was employed to check the presence of genuinely inverted U-shaped EKC hypothesis. • The findings support a modified EKC hypothesis for resource-intensive SSA countries. • A monotonically increasing relationship is found in non-resource intensive SSA countries. • Economic development can be seen as a solution to environmental degradation. • Country's growth efforts need to be supplemented with pro-environmental measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sustainable development and sustainability have been the targets of policy making on every level and the focus of multi-national agreements. However, both notions are vaguely defined and no concrete methodological guidance is offered on how to achieve them. One methodology that is increasingly being used to measure sustainability is Data Envelopment Analysis. The purpose of the current paper is to review the literature from 2017 until 2020 and investigate how researchers have used Data Envelopment Analysis to measure sustainability. Building also from the conclusions of previous reviews, results indicate that the social dimension of sustainability is still underrepresented. Furthermore, proxy indices are used as a substitute for sustainability. Despite their important merits, such measures do not fully capture the multi-dimensional structure of sustainability and sustainable development. Finally, the review illustrates that the majority of applications concerns Asian nations or Chinese regions, while the study on European areas and/or nations appears to be lagging considerably. • The traditional three-dimensional structure of sustainability is still dominant. • The social dimension of sustainability is underrepresented, despite continuous efforts to incorporate it. • Recent efforts focus on including new dimensions in sustainability like technology. • The study of sustainability has shifted towards urban environments. • The lack of a unified definition of sustainability persists in current research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]