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As a renewable energy, wind power has been improving energy structures and assisting in the maintenance of strategic energy security. Based on provincial level panel data from 2000 to 2018, this paper developed models to evaluate the effects of different policies on newly installed wind power capacity and investigated the market reform influences on wind development in eight spot market pilots. It was found that on a national level, while the pricing and government guideline policies significantly promoted wind power growth, present market reforms were having an opposite effect. The results also suggested that from a resource endowment heterogeneity perspective, there was a significant difference in the wind capacity promotion policy performances. Additionally, of the eight spot market pilots, market designs had led to a significant reduction in new wind power installations in Gansu and Inner Mongolia, and no significant wind power development effects were found in the other pilots. Based on the research results, a discussion on policy use and suggestions on policy improvements are given. • Effectiveness of different representative wind power policies are examined. • The panel models are developed using data that covers 30 provinces over 2000–2018. • Policy effectiveness varies by policy types and wind resource levels. • The current market designs show little impact on wind power development. • Implications on policy use and improvement suggestions are given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: With regard to energy conservation and the reduction of emissions, China is dedicated to facilitating the development of renewable energy in order to fulfil its international responsibility. In recent years, the installed wind power capacity in China has increased rapidly due to its large scale and centralization. The high penetration of wind power has brought about a series of problems such as the wind energy utilization and curtailment, auxiliary services and the pricing mechanism. The resolution of these problems needs policies which will provide more support than the current technologies and standards for wind power. This paper takes the evaluation of capability of accepting large-scale wind power in China as its object of study. According to the analysis of such risk factors as the influence of the grid on wind power integration, wind power itself, the market and policy, an evaluation model of the ability of accepting large-scale wind power is established based on risk theory. Then, the estimation of the ability to accept wind power in Gansu Province is used to testify to the effectiveness of this model. Finally, a series of reasonable policies for wind power are proposed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Large-scale wind power transmission presents the power system with several challenges. The determination of the transmission tariff and the cost-sharing issue are potential obstacles which may influence the development of wind power. This paper analyses the incremental cost to the power system for long-distance transmission of wind power, considers the fixed and variable properties of the incremental cost and the risk of fluctuations in the cost, and establishes a comprehensive risk-based pricing model for long-distance transmission of large-scale wind power electricity. Gansu Province in China has abundant wind resources, so we use the Jiuquan wind power integration and the ±800kV Gansu-Zhuzhou direct current (DC) power transmission as examples to test the validity of the model. The conclusions are as follows: the allowances for access grid connection cost should be separately estimated for the large-scale wind power base and long-distance transmission; and the long-distance transmission pricing of large-scale wind power should apply a two-part electricity transmission pricing system, in order to eliminate the volatility risk inherent in each simple allocation method, and the fixed and variable characteristics of the transmission cost. The transmission price must include compensation for depreciation, operation and maintenance costs, and also a reasonable return on investment, in order to offer an effective incentive and guidance mechanism for enterprises’ business development. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]