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Green real estate development is one of measures being implemented to reduce negative impacts of the building industry on the environment, society, and economy. However, there is lack of a systematic review of this large number of studies that is critical for the future endeavor. This paper reviews the existing body of knowledge related to green development. At first, the common research themes on green real estate development were identified, including concept, measure, business, and result. Then, the connotation and denotation of green real estate development was introduced in four dimensions. Third, the stakeholders of green real estate development and its benefits and costs were expatiated. Then, how to realize the green real estate development and its current weakness were analyzed in various aspects. It is found that the existing studies mainly focus on the environmental aspect of green building, other dimensions of sustainability of green building, especially the social sustainability is largely overlooked. Future research opportunities were identified such as the innovation of evaluation systems, integration of planning and design frameworks, management mechanisms and financing modes, and future proofing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reform of China’s power industry has lasted for decades, while the implementation of demand side management (DSM) in China is still in its infancy. In this paper, we present a comprehensive study of the DSM and Demand Response (DR) programs in China under the context of China’s power industry reform. We first present a brief introduction of the background, including the socio economic status and geographical location of China, the energy policy of China, China’s power industry, the smart grids and microgrid in China, and the reform of China’s power industry. Then, based on the introduction of DSM and the analysis of DSM practices in some countries, we discuss the development status of DSM and the reform of electricity pricing in China. Finally, the main challenges in five aspects for the future development of DSM programs in China are proposed and discussed. These challenges include customer understanding and participation, advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) and information and communication technology (ICT), pricing mechanisms and optimal scheduling, big data analytics based decision support, as well as government regulations and market policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The iron & steel industry is one of the major industrial sectors of energy consumption and CO 2 emissions in China. In this paper, we estimate the total factor CO 2 emissions performance (TFCP) and the CO 2 emission mitigation potential (CMP) in China׳s iron & steel sector using the stochastic frontier analysis technique. During the period of 2000–2011, the average TFCP of China׳s iron & steel industry was 0.780, the cumulative CMP was 835.32 million tons in 12 years, and the average annual CMP was 69.61 million tons. Regional analysis showed that the TFCP is high in the northeastern and eastern regions but low in the central and western inland regions. Since the CMP is affected not only by TFCP, but also by the actual CO 2 emissions, both the eastern and western regions have the greatest potential for reducing CO 2 emissions. For the eastern region, the realization of the CMP relies on structural reform and government regulation; while for the western region, policies should focus on changing the production pattern and reducing efficiency loss. For all the regions in China, mitigating CO 2 emissions should place more emphasis on technical innovation and low-carbon investment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electric power industry is a typical industry with high energy consumption and high emissions in China. To relieve the increasing environmental pressures and promote the sustainable development of China’s economy and society, it is urgent to take actions to reduce energy consumption and pollution emissions of China’s electric power industry. In this paper, we first present an overview of the development status of China’s electric power industry, including the total power generating capacity and proportions of different power generation methods, the development of renewable energy power generation, as well as the average utilization hours of different power generation equipment. Then, the development of energy conservation and emissions reduction of China’s electric power industry is studied. The indicators of energy conservation include coal consumption for power supply, power consumption rate of power plants and comprehensive line loss rate; while the contents of emissions reduction include desulfurization, emissions control and the comprehensive utilization of solid waste. Finally, suggestions in five aspects to promote energy conservation and emissions reduction of China’s electric power industry are presented. The five suggestions are improving power generation technologies, expanding renewable energy power generation, optimizing power generation process, strengthening monitoring and regulation, and promoting power generation rights and emissions trading. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to ease environment pressure and alleviate the scarce problem of energy, Chinese government has begun to exploit and develop shale gas (SG) since 2009. However, the formation of competitive market is bristled with difficulties, due to its infancy, imperfect and lack of standardization. This paper firstly analyzes the status quo of technology, policy, cost, and competition of SG industry in China. Then a system dynamics (SD) model is built to show various trends of Chinese SG industry under different scenarios, which shows that technology, policy and cost all have effects on competitiveness. At last, the simulations reveal that the number of competitors in Chinese SG industry will arrive at its peak from 2019 to 2020. The corresponding recommendations have been presented: Chinese government should pay more attention on the perfection of laws and regulations of SG industry. And competitors should focus on increasing R&D investment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As wind power resources are abundant, China’s wind power industry has entered a period of rapid growth since 2005, and constantly facing new challenges at the same time. In this paper, the general situation of China’s wind power resource and wind power industry development are introduced. On this basis, future development potential and target of wind power industry are analyzed combining with the recent introduction of the policy and the “Twelfth Five-Year Plan”. The main obstacles prevailing in the development such as grid integration, price mechanism, industry standard system, and supporting policies are discussed. In addition, strategy advice for promoting the further development of China’s wind power is proposed. In general, the development prospect of China’s wind power industry will be even brighter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the impact of China’s new energy policies on expected changes and volatility in new energy stock prices. Considering different kinds of policies (energy legislation, binding targets for new energies, economic incentives and technological research and development) and several new energy indexes (China’s new energy sector and the solar, wind, nuclear and lithium battery subsectors), we used a regression model with a GARCH specification and dummy variables to differentiate policy pre- and post-announcement effects on expected returns and volatility. Our evidence indicates that pre- and post-announcement energy legislation policies dampened price volatility in all subsector indexes and that economic incentives had a positive policy announcement effect on all subsector index prices. Other new energy policies had no significant impact on either the mean or the volatility of the new energy assets. The potential implications for policy makers and investors are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing importance of lignocellulosic biomass as a renewable energy source has led to an acute need for reliable and detailed information on its assessment, consumption and supply. With the passage of China’s legislative targets for renewable portfolio standards, agricultural residue resources have the potential for an increasing role in meeting liquid fuels demand in China. An assessment of current and near future agricultural residue resources (including agricultural crop residues and secondary agricultural processing residues) in China at national scale was conducted. This paper gave the theoretical quantity, collectable quantity, usable quantity and potential quantity for liquid biofuel production of agricultural residues in China. The spatial and seasonal distributions of crop residues were analyzed. The theoretical output of crop residues in China at national scale in the near future were forecasted by means of an artificial neural network (ANN) model. The availability of agricultural residues in China was presented, as a result, the potential of liquid biofuels from agricultural residues was discussed. The ANN predicted results have shown that the theoretical output of crop residues in China at national scale will be up to 930.8 million tons in 2015. About 44 million tons per year of bioethanol or 131 million tons per year of bio-oil would have been produced, if the total usable output of agricultural crop residues were used to produce bioethanol through biochemical conversion process or bio-oil through fast pyrolysis, which could replace 26.9 million tons of gasoline or 58.2 million tons of diesel at national scale in 2015, respectively. The above results will be helpful for commercialization of bioenergy industry and their market-oriented development strategy, so as to accelerate the development of industrialization of biofuel technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the energy crisis becomes a greater concern, wind energy, as one of the most promising renewable energy resources, becomes more widely used. Thus, wind energy forecasting plays an important role in wind energy utilization, especially wind speed forecasting, which is a vital component of wind energy management. In view of its importance, numerous wind speed forecasts have been proposed, each with advantages and disadvantages. Searching for more effective wind speed forecasts in wind energy management is a challenging task. As proposed, combined models have desirable forecasting abilities for wind speed. This paper reviewed the combined models for wind speed predictions and classified the combined wind speed forecasting approaches. To further study the combined models, two combination models, the no negative constraint theory (NNCT) combination model and the artificial intelligence algorithm combination model, are proposed. The hourly average wind speed data of three wind turbines in the Chengde region of China are used to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed combination models, and the results show that the proposed combination models can always provide desirable forecasting results compared to the existing traditional combination models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Distributed generation (DG) units can provide approaches and methodologies for the utilization and development of renewable energy. Meanwhile, electricity pool (EP), as a mode which can adapt to China’s energy and power market, can effectively promote the market competition. After analyzing China’s energy and power market, this paper, combining characteristics of distributed generation units with electricity pool, proposes Base–Market–Assist (BMA) in the pool mode. BMA mode not only makes a rational division according to China energy resources’ endowment, but also utilizes agent operators to conduct operation management of distributed generation units, providing new methods for China renewable energy development in aspects of technology, market and policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The existing literatures mainly focus on the relationships between ICT and CO 2 emissions in developed countries from the perspective of technology, but little attention has been paid to China. Concerning regional differences in China, this paper investigates the impact of ICT industry on CO 2 emissions at the national and regional levels using the STIRPAT model and provincial panel data during the period 2000–2010. The results show that ICT industry contributes to reducing China’s CO 2 emissions and the impact of ICT industry on CO 2 emissions in the central region is greater than that in the eastern region, while that in the western region is insignificant. The findings not only contribute to advancing the existing literature, but also deserve special attention from policymakers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The electrolytic aluminium industry is a typical energy-intensive industry, and one of the six largest energy-consuming industries in China. The energy consumption of China’s electrolytic aluminium industry (CEAI) in 2011 accounted for 0.91% of China’s total energy consumption and 22.7% of the total energy consumption of the non-ferrous metal industry. In consideration of the bulk of energy used in the smelting process in the non-ferrous metal industry, CEAI assumes the corresponding obligation of energy conservation and emissions reduction. Using the co-integration method, the long-term equilibrium relationship among the energy consumption of CEAI, output, electricity price and average enterprise scale is obtained. Thereafter the Monte-Carlo simulation is used to forecast energy consumption and energy conservation potential of CEAI under different energy conservation scenarios, and conduct risk analysis. The research shows that increase in the price of electricity and enterprise scale is helpful to reducing the total energy consumption of CEAI. The future energy conservation potential of CEAI is large. According to the result of the analysis the energy conservation potential of CEAI in 2020 will reach 30.51 Mtce under the moderate energy conservation scenario and 49.93 Mtce under the advanced energy conservation scenario. Some corresponding policy suggestions are recommended in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental protection and climate change have become one of the most important issues of great concern. Consequently, improving energy efficiency and developing renewable energy have also become the fundamental energy policies of all countries around the world. China has put forward the ambitious goal to speed up the construction of the resource conserving and environmentally friendly society. In Copenhagen Global Warming Summit, held in November 2009, China made a solemn commitment: by 2020, the CO 2 emissions per unit of GDP (i.e. carbon intensity) will decrease by 40% to 45% compared with that in 2005. Therefore, increasing energy efficiency, reducing energy consumption and protecting environment will undoubtedly become the urgent task in China, hence energy saving and emission reduction prove to be the developing trend. The Energy Saving Power Generation Dispatching (ESPGD) Measures (trial) printed by National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) was required to carry out energy saving power generation dispatching, so as to maximize the environmental benefits which the renewable energy and other clean energy create, minimize the energy consumption and pollutant emissions, and promote the secure, efficient and clean electric power system. The implementation of ESPGD is facing enormous challenges both in technology and in regulations. How to realize the balance among energy conservation, environmental protection and economic efficiency under the premise of secure and stable system operation, and how to promote the effective implementation through the policy measures, are the key problems to be resolved urgently for China to thoroughly carry out ESPGD. This paper introduces the concept of ESPGD, elaborates the influences of ESPGD on the entire electric power industry, discusses the situation and comparison of ESPGD in the pilot provinces, and puts forward technical and policy suggestions for the effective implementation of ESPGD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Micro-grids have been developed for over two decades as building blocks for future smart grids. Micro-grids have appeared with the advantages such as control flexibility, easy connection of renewable resources, high efficiency and immunity to large area blackouts. Similar to other countries, development of micro-grids in China has gone through from the early stage of AC microgrids to the current varieties of AC, DC and hybrid AC/DC micro-girds based on their applications. Many technical problems have been solved and new problems are continuously appeared during the development process. This paper presents a past, today and future for development of micro-grids in China. The current status of micro-grids and renewable energy sources in China is presented first. The topologies of the micro-grids in China are then introduced and classified into three types. Different control techniques of the micro-grids are introduced. Finally, technical challenges and future prospect of micro-grids in China are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ground source heat pump (GSHP) facilitates the efficient utilization of renewable energy sources and energy conservation, and it is expected to be more prevalent in the future for the great potential to substitute the use of renewable energy for burning of fossil fuels. As we all know, groundwater heat pump (GWHP) and aquifer thermal energy storage (ATES) are typical forms in the area of GSHP and underground thermal energy storage (UTES) respectively. The effect of energy conservation plays an important role in the national energy strategy, but the groundwater environment has been affected and even damaged to some extent because of over-exploitation and unreasonable utilization. This paper reviewed the development from GWHP to ATES worldwide, especially in China and surveyed the situation of groundwater utilization from GWHP. It shows that lack of cognitive ability, scientific constraints and reasonable utilization may bring catastrophic damage to the groundwater resource. Future work should aim at more research on basic problems during the demonstration of applications, such as thermal interaction between pumping and injecting wells, energy transport in the field of well, groundwater contamination, etc. In fact, the characteristics and performance of unsteady and transient heat transfer in the complex underground environment of multi-wells, and their control strategies of the GWHP and ATES systems have been also the most pressing problems. Their explorations and studies will strengthen the theoretical and practical understanding, and guide an orderly, healthy and sustainable development from GWHP to ATES technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Large-scale blackouts have occurred frequently throughout the world. The blackouts that have occurred in recent years not only seriously affect the lives of local residents, but they also cause substantial economic losses. In particular, as modern society increasingly depends on electricity, power outages occurring at any time may result in devastating consequences. Accordingly, identifying the reasons for blackouts and implementing proper restoration measures are of particular importance. This paper analyses the sphere of influence, the scale of the effects, the restoration measures and the causes of previous worldwide blackouts. Based on the findings, suggestions for the development of China׳s power industry are then offered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite reforms, China still largely applies the cost plus pricing mechanism for the energy sector. Government administrative energy pricing leads to energy price distortions, which could result in not only the excessive and wasteful energy consumption, but also environmental deterioration, thereby undermining energy conservation and emission abatement. Using fossil-fuel subsidies as a proxy for the level of energy price distortions, this paper estimates the subsidy of 22 Chinese departments during the period 2006–2010, and adopts the price-gap approach to analyze the impacts of subsidy removal on energy consumption and CO 2 emissions for the various sectors and energy types. The results demonstrate that removing energy subsidies would reduce energy consumption and emissions by 3.77% and 2.85%, respectively, but the effects vary across sectors. The transport, storage and post sector and the electricity, gas and water supply sector are much more affected by energy subsidies removal than other sectors. With respect to energy types, fuel oil and natural gas are sensitive to subsidies, indicating the magnitude of their consumption. This suggests that removing subsidies on these fuel types could significantly reduce CO 2 emissions. Finally, we comprehensively discuss relevant policy issues on energy price formation reform. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the rapid growing number of automobiles, new energy vehicle is becoming one of approaches to mitigate the dependence of the auto industry on petroleum so as to reduce pollutant emissions. The Chinese government has promulgated a number of policies from the perspectives of industrial development, development plans, demonstration projects, fiscal subsidies and tax incentives with an aim to promote the new energy vehicle industry. This paper presents a comprehensive and critical review of the policy framework for new energy vehicles. The analysis shows that electric vehicle has been assigned a top priority in the future development of the automobile industry in China. Policy guidance and planning has played a vital role to the growth of new energy vehicle industry. However, this industry faces significant challenges related to technologies, industrial chain and social factors. Some core technologies are still in its infancy. Similarly, the market share of new energy vehicles is very small in spite of the preferential policies. The construction of supporting facilities and infrastructures has to be accelerated in order to accommodate the growing demands. There is a long way to go for the industrialization and popularization of new energy vehicles in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China׳s wind power industry experienced rapid growth before 2009. However, the growing rate slowed down and the problem of wind curtailment was serious recent years. This paper focuses on the analysis of the turning point of China׳s wind power industry combing with life circle theory. With a panoramic view of status quo, based on the resource endowment, capacity development and future trends, we draw the following conclusions: (1) China׳s potential wind power reserves are still rich and the development of wind power industry will sustain growth for some period in the future. (2) As for market structure aspect, oligopolistic characteristic of China׳s wind power market is still obvious. The market share of China׳s wind power generation is not very high enough in the total generation market. (3) Turning point of China׳s wind power industry has not come yet and the slowing down of development speed at present is mainly caused by inappropriate government intervention. It is estimated the turning point of wind power industry will come around 2020. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a comparison of the changes in the energetic metabolic pattern of China and India, the two most populated countries in the world, with two economies undergoing an important economic transition. The comparison of the changes in the energetic metabolic pattern has the scope to characterize and explain a bifurcation in their evolutionary path in the recent years, using the Multi-Scale Integrated Analysis of Societal and Ecosystem Metabolism (MuSIASEM) approach. The analysis shows an impressive transformation of China׳s energy metabolism determined by the joining of the WTO in 2001. Since then, China became the largest factory of the world with a generalized capitalization of all sectors, especially the industrial sector, boosting economic labor productivity as well as total energy consumption. India, on the contrary, lags behind when considering these factors. Looking at changes in the household sector (energy metabolism associated with final consumption) in the case of China, the energetic metabolic rate (EMR) soared in the last decade, also thanks to a reduced growth of population, whereas in India it remained stagnant for the last 40 years. This analysis indicates a big challenge for India for the next decade. In the light of the data analyzed both countries will continue to require strong injections of technical capital requiring a continuous increase in their total energy consumption. When considering the size of these economies it is easy to guess that this may induce a dramatic increase in the price of energy, an event that at the moment will penalize much more the chance of a quick economic development of India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a non-radial Malmquist CO 2 emission performance index (NMCPI) for measuring dynamic changes in total-factor CO 2 emission performance over time. This index enables the consideration of non-radial slacks in the conventional Malmquist CO 2 emission index (MCPI). The NMCPI is calculated based on a non-radial directional distance function derived by several data envelopment analysis (DEA) models. Furthermore, NMCPI could be decomposed into an efficiency change (EC) index and technological change (TC) index. A bootstrapping approach is conducted to introduce statistical inferences into the NMCPI and its decompositions. Based on the proposed indices, the dynamic CO 2 emission performance change and its decompositions of the Chinese regional transportation industry from 2002 to 2010 are investigated. The empirical results demonstrate that the total-factor carbon emission performance of the transportation industry as a whole decreased by 32.8% over the period, and this reduction was primarily caused by technological decline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this paper is to analyze the internal and external environment of hydrogen economy in China using strengths–weaknesses–opportunities–threats (SWOT) analytical method, and then to prioritize the strategies for promoting the development of hydrogen economy in China. After the key strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of the hydrogen economy in China were identified and nine effective strategies were proposed, a multi-criteria decision-making method by integrating goal programming and fuzzy theory has been developed for prioritizing these strategies, which can help the stakeholders/decision-makers to implement these strategies appropriately, The proposed method is not limited to China, and it is a generic method that can also be used to study the hydrogen economy of other regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Forestry biomass resource has many advantages, which makes it a significant new energy to substitute fossil energy as an important role of biomass resources. For the utilization of China׳s forestry biomass resources, this paper analyzed the possibilities of its development from the aspect of policy, resource endowment, market and technology, and discussed its development challenges from the aspect of policy, economy, society, technology and resource endowment. Forestry biomass resources are very abundant in China. It has made a significant breakthrough in forest biomass resource utilization, with great prospects. Although there are still some difficulties and challenges in the policy, resource endowment and other aspects, these challenges are not insurmountable. Therefore, forestry biomass resources should develop in a way with Chinese characteristics considering the national condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to investigate the relationship between renewable energy consumption and economic growth in China for the period 1977–2011. Autoregressive Distributed Lag approach (ARDL) to cointegration and Johansen cointegration techniques are employed by including intermittent variables namely carbon dioxide emissions and labor. We also employed Granger causality test in order to determine the direction of the causality among the variables. The results show that there is a bi-directional long term causality between renewable energy consumption and economic growth. This finding implies that growing economy in China is propitious for the development of renewable energy sector which in turn helps to boost economic growth. We also find that labor influences renewable energy consumption in the short term. However, there is no evidence of long or short run causality between carbon emissions and renewable energy consumption. This implies that actual level of renewable energy in China is still insignificant and not considerably exploited in order to contribute to the mitigation of carbon dioxide emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Renewable energy development is a major response to address the issues of climate change and energy security. The utilization of renewable resources, however, highly depends on the climate conditions, which may be impacted in the future due to global climate change. Based on literature analysis, this paper presents a general framework for renewable energy vulnerability assessment and applies grey cluster analysis method to demonstrate the features of vulnerability, and then employs the Simple Additive Weighting Approach to address the multiple-attribute decision problems of vulnerability assessment in China. The categorized results imply that the proposed index system is suitable for decision-making analysis and comparative analysis of renewable energy vulnerability to climate change in China. In terms of exposure part, the cluster results are complex and varied due to the unique combination of natural factors, social factors and the energy structure. In the sensitivity section, the results are presented on the distribution of areas rich in hydropower, wind power and solar energy potential. Moreover, the main results of this study are the higher renewable energy vulnerability of the poorer regions of China to climate change and the relative higher importance of adaptive capacity building in vulnerability management. Finally, policy recommendations on regional renewable energy vulnerability management are also made. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China is the global leader in terms of installed wind capacity. Further, wind energy development is expected for the next years and decades to meet the continuously increasing electricity demand and the need of using clean domestic energy. Since 2009 China is divided into four geographical regions, each assigned with a different benchmark on-grid tariff. Moreover the existing infrastructures are not equally developed throughout the country, making investment decisions more complicated and risky. The scope of this paper is to apply an innovative methodology and evaluate the attractiveness of each region for wind energy development, by taking into consideration all relevant investment risks, such as wind potential, wind curtailment, access to the grid and macroeconomic parameters. To this purpose a Monte Carlo simulation approach, integrated into a typical financial model, is implemented in each of the four regions, performing many hundreds of iterations, each characterized by a randomly selected set of the examined uncertain parameters. This approach intends to provide information to private investors doing a first exploratory research in the huge country׳s area in order to decide whether and where to invest, as well as to policy makers to help them assess critical policy parameters and investigate different scenarios of wind energy development. The evaluation of the current framework for wind energy development in China verifies that the existing system of feed-in tariffs in China is very effective for the balanced deployment of wind energy in the whole country. However, it is shown that the risk of curtailment and grid accessibility may significantly reduce the potential profitability of wind energy investments in all four regions. Priority for development of infrastructures should be given in isolated northern windy areas with high-accumulation of wind farms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, the energy structure with coal is given priority to in China. This situation would not change in a short time which results in massive CO 2 emissions and increased pressure to natural environment. Carbon capture and storage technology (known as CCS) is a carbon abatement technology that separates CO 2 from industrial production or energy conversion, transports to the storage site after compression, and injects to the deep underground to make long-term isolation from the atmosphere. This technology achieves zero emission during fossil energy extraction and conversion, so the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) regarded it as one of the effective methods reducing greenhouse gas emissions in 2005. First, based on the development status of CCS in China, in terms of policies, technology research and CCS projects are described. SWOT is an analysis method that analyses objects all-around from four main aspects of strength, weakness, opportunity and threat. By SWOT, this paper focuses on analyzing the development environment currently in order to find the main stimulatives and obstacles and confirm the feasibility of CCS development in China. Finally, recommendations are proposed addressing the problems and obstacles. The results show that CCS is an effective way to reduce future emissions in China, as with the huge market, and the general support by Chinese government and green groups. However, relevant departments should strengthen economic and policy support at the same time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developing biogas capacity is a key pillar in China’s rural sustainable development program. The very dynamic transition of the rural socio-economic platform on which the current biogas development strategy has been based will require significant adjustments in material, technology and supply. The changes of socio-economic status, the problems of resent state and prospects of rural biogas development in China, including fermentation material, fermentation technology, development model and comprehensive utilization of biogas, are discussed in this paper. The results of our analysis indicated the full use of straw as a raw material will be the direction of biogas development in China. Dry methane fermentation will become an important method in the large scale production of biogas from agricultural wastes. The central supply model is the future biogas development model in rural China. It is with broad market and great potential to produce commercial fertilizer from biogas residue. Using biogas to generate electricity has become a new and efficient way to use biogas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wind power industry has experienced swift development and gradually moved towards maturity in China. However some hiding issues have appeared and threatened its sustainable development. In this paper, we employ the supply chain framework to present a thorough and comprehensive review on China׳s wind power industry. First we identify key stakeholders along the supply chain and discuss their concerns. Then we summarize the evolution of related policies in both upstream and downstream of the supply chain. The concerns of stakeholders and the existing policies will help understand the progress and challenges of the industry in China. We find that inability of independent technique innovation, unordered and unbalanced pattern of wind farm development, de-motivation of power grid companies, incompatible technical codes of power grid operation, and neglected demand response are among the key issues. Policy recommendations are proposed to address these problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on data of China׳s power industry from 2005 to 2010, this research applies the SBM approach of the dynamic DEA model (one of the efficiency measurement methods that corresponds with economy–energy–environment trinity) to analyze the Energy-Efficiency-Dynamic Total Factor Productivity (ECDTFP 1 1 Energy-Efficiency-Dynamic Total Factor Productivity (ECDTFP), a total factor productivity which considering the influence of environment efficiency, energy efficiency and economic efficiency. In our paper, this ECDTFP are drawn from the DSBM model. ) of the power industry and the efficiency effect of changing investment structure on the industry. The results indicate that the introduction of foreign capital and the reform to lower the share of state investment are conducive to raise the ECDTFP in the power sector. In addition, it is important to focus on vital factors such as the production structure, the industry concentration and the regional technology investment intensity, which significantly affect the productivity of the power sector in future policies and reforms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, renewable energy plays a vital role in the sustainable development of a society. In China, renewable energy power has developed rapidly since the implementation of Renewable Energy Act. Through a series of specific incentive measures, especially subsidy policies, China's renewable energy power has made great achievements both in technology and application. Based on the state-of-the-art of renewable energy power, this paper comprehensively analyzed the costs and benefits of renewable energy power subsidy in China. The analysis results show the cost of renewable energy power subsidy was 0.248 CNY/kWh between 2006 and April 2011, which was distributed among different renewable energy power types (including wind power, biomass power, and solar PV power) or categories (including electricity price, accessing-grid projects, and public independent renewable energy power system). On the other hand, the renewable energy power subsidy also brings benefits to different aspects of the society. Specifically, the environmental benefit amounted to 17.88 billion CNY, and the benefits of guaranteeing energy security, advancing technology innovation and promoting economic development were also noteworthy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Smart grid is the direction of power system development and it has aroused wide attention. It is also the physical infrastructure to integrate renewable energy into the power system. In China power grid companies are the pioneer in developing smart grids. Propelled by strong demand, China has made encouraging progress in smart grid development, especially in the aspect of ultra-high voltage transmission system. However, in other aspects as distributed generation, microgrid and intelligent demand management etc., the progress is slow and limited. In this paper we analyze the policy, pilot projects, achievements and barriers of developing smart grids in China. We find that lack of a clear national strategy is one main institutional barrier. The current industrial structure of the electric power sector, or the vertical integration of power transmission with distribution and supply, is another institutional barrier. Finally we provide an outlook on smart grid development in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the research is to study consumers' attitudes towards biodiesel implementation in China. In the paper, authors analyzed the future trends of diesel demand and revealed the prospects of biodiesel in China. And a comprehensive survey has been conducted for 226 private diesel vehicle owners (drivers) in Beijing. The questionnaire survey method is used to collect information, including respondents' viewpoints on fuels selection, biodiesel quality, biodiesel price and related policies. Furthermore, authors applied Structured Equation Modeling (SEM) to analyze the collected data. The results indicate that the most important factor affecting consumers' selection of biodiesel is price. Other significant factors are policy, government incentives and biodiesel quality. Besides, the results also showed that policy and government incentives could affect the price and quality of biodiesel. These results give rise to serious consideration about consumers' preference for and awareness of biodiesel. The research findings will help government and corporations to understand the consumer's energy consumption behaviors and improve the further implementation for biodiesel in Beijing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

All recent analyses acknowledge that environmental resources are in short supply and that it is on them that "carrying capacity" calculations ought to be based. For the specific case of the Chinese society, which is undergoing an unprecedented period of continuous growth, it seems therefore mandatory to alleviate the conflict between high-speed development and available resources. This paper analyzes the variation of the natural resources input into China during years 2000-2007 using the exergy and extended exergy socio-economic metric. Fluxes of materials, labor, capital and environmental remediation expenses were quantified by a numeraire solidly rooted on a second-law metric, so that a new mode of ecological accounting that quantifies both the composition and the proportion of the extended exergy flows can shed light on the total available energy input into the Chinese society. Two new indicators, labor production efficiency and net pro-capite exergy resource input, are proposed to depict the contribution of economic, social and environmental aspects to the usual four production factors and to express the conversion results in transferring efficiency and quantity from material energy to economic output. "Social" extended exergy analysis, applied to each one of the seven sectors of the society, is suggested as an effective method to reveal the energy quality degradation in the resource conversion process at both national and sectoral levels. The comparison of social resource accounting among different societies by using these two indicators may provide useful additional information to evaluate the production conversion coefficients, to assess the environmental impacts and to diagnose possible ecological dysfunctions. In addition, the extended exergy analysis of the Chinese society is helpful in uncovering the long-term resource depletion and promoting efficiency of the resource transformation in the social-economic-environmental system, thus providing a holistic method and a systematic view for decision makers responsible for environmental management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Subsidies to fossil-fuel consumption have made China's energy system fragile and unsustainable. It is necessary for China to reform fossil-fuel subsidies and reflect the resource cost and environmental cost in energy prices. Considering the life-cycle external costs, this paper estimates the scale of fossil-fuel subsidy and the true cost of renewable energy in 2010 and evaluates impacts of increasing renewable energy subsidies and phasing out fossil fuel subsidies on macro-economy and energy system in China based on scenario analysis. Simulation results show that the negative impacts on economic growth can be reduced from 4.460% to 0.432%, if only 10% of fossil fuel subsidies were removed. Increasing subsidies for renewable energy has positive impacts on macroeconomic variables. Although the economic benefits per unit of subsidies for renewable energy are lower than those for fossil fuels by 0.06-0.19 CNY, the revenue gap can be narrowed by shifting more subsidies from fossil fuels to renewables. Increasing subsidies for renewable energy helps optimize China's energy system in three ways: the first is making energy consumption structure cleaner; the second is improving energy efficiency; and the third is addressing the problem of imbalanced distribution and consumption of energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In recent years, wind power industry has been flourishing and in China the focus has been gradually shifted from land-based to offshore wind farms. There are many advantages for offshore wind farms, such as abundant wind energy reserves, high utilization of the wind turbine capacity, not taking up land resources and so on. As wind turbine technology improves, offshore wind farms have been expanding quickly and are located further away from the onshore grid. The power transmission problem has become one of the key issues for restricting the development of offshore wind farms. For example, the technology of high voltage direct current transmission based on voltage source converter (VSC-HVDC), suitable for long-distance transmission of offshore wind energy, has become one of the current research focuses. This has resulted in higher requirements on the aspects of converter voltage level, system dynamic performance, and network power quality. The paper first discusses converter topology for offshore wind farm grid integration. Two VSC-HVDC projects for connecting offshore wind farms, which are located in Shanghai and Dalian of China, are presented in detail. Based on the two projects, the structure, control methods and application of modular multi-level converter are presented. The control strategies of VSC-HVDC are then discussed, focusing on double closed-loop vector control, direct power control, deadbeat control and the control methods for unbalanced grid voltage. This can provide good theoretical foundation for the grid integration of large offshore wind farms. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: As the largest developing country in the world, China creates a considerable quantity of municipal solid waste (MSW), which is one of the most serious urban pollution sources. Not only can MSW to energy contribute to a significant reduction in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions caused by landfills, but it can also generate clean energy to offset the increasing energy requirements. MSW to energy is a novel eco-friendly renewable energy resource and has attracted the attention of both national and local governments with various preferential policies. China׳s MSW to energy development has the characteristics of late starting, large scale and rapid growth, so it urgently needs to present how these policies exert influence on the prosperity of MSW to energy in view of latest situations. This paper initially illustrates the current status of MSW management in China. The application of landfill gas-fired and MSW incineration power generation is then analysed in detail. Meanwhile, the present situation of clean development mechanism (CDM) projects in MSW to energy is presented. In addition, a series of preferential policies and regulations to encourage the expansion of MSW to energy, especially MSW incineration, are offered. Finally, the market potential of MSW incineration power generation is analysed and reasonable suggestions are proposed. Owing to the demand for sustainable development, MSW incineration power generation is capable of significant growth and has tremendous market potential for investors in future decades with the support of the Chinese government. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Under a market environment framework, ancillary services are an important guarantee of a power system׳s smooth operation. This paper presents a comprehensive discussion of the issues related to China׳s ancillary services in the electric power market. First, the status of ancillary service development in China is introduced, and then specific issues are analysed in depth. Finally, feasible policy recommendations for the issues are proposed. This study has important and practical implications for the development of ancillary services in China. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Energy security, food security, and water security have become the three most prominent problems in human survival and sustainable development. The three are interrelated and directly affect each other; that is, there exists a nexus between, energy, food, and water (EFW). A scientific understanding and correct response to this is important for achieving the sustainable development of natural resources. This study uses quantitative analysis to estimate the Central China region's energy-food production water footprint (WF) and virtual trade water flow from 2001 to 2016. It proposes a Modified Water Stress Index (MWSI) associated with virtual water outflows and evaluates the pressure exerted by virtual water flowing out, along with the effect of trade on local water resources systems. The results indicate that the energy and food production WF and virtual trade water flow are on the rise, causing water stress in local and export areas. Based on the adjustment of industrial structure, optimization of production technology, and rational regionalization of ecological divisions, the paper makes comprehensive policy recommendations to ensure the region's sustainable development of water resources for the future. • Analyze energy and food virtual water flow from the 2001 to 2016. • Estimate the Central China region's energy-food production water footprint. • Proposes a Modified Water Stress Index associated with virtual water outflows. • The paper makes comprehensive water resources policy recommendations for the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change and global warming have become severe environmental issues of global concern, and many countries have promulgated renewable energy development planning to achieve the targets of carbon emission reduction and sustainable development. Accelerating the development of renewable energy technology innovation is one of the major measures to stimulate the utilization of renewable resources. This paper analyzes the impact of renewable energy technology innovation on carbon intensity in 30 Chinese provinces from 2000 to 2015. Using the recent panel estimation methods that take cross-section dependence and slope heterogeneity into account, the results show that for every 1% increase in the innovation level of renewable energy technology, carbon intensity was significantly reduced by 0.051%. Specifically, renewable energy technology innovation does not affect carbon intensity in the short term. But in the long term, the influences are negative and significant. Moreover, the environmental benefits are most evident in eastern China, while there is no significant influence on the western regions. Finally, this paper provides some policy implications to further discuss the impetus of renewable energy technology innovation. • Renewable energy technology innovation can significantly reduce carbon intensity. • The influences of renewable energy technology innovation will change over time. • There exist differences in the innovation effects in different Chinese regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Compressor is the crucial device for the present fuel cell system, reflected by the compressor's selection, performance, cost, and control. The review papers on compressor usually focus on its category and the pros and cons in commercial use. This paper reexamines the necessity of the air compression of fuel cell system and systematically reviews the compressor progress and application from criteria for air compression to compressor control. The leading six parts of this paper answer, respectively, that which kind of stack is suitable for compression, which compressors are commonly used in China market, what features should the compressor have for the fuel cell application, which phase is the current compressor in and will be in, how to effectively control the compressor. Of them, the analyzing model for the criteria to conduct compression is firstly proposed because it is a generalized method and independent of experimental data. Using the thermal dynamics to analyze the phase and possible ceiling of the compressor is another novelty (DOE or any other organizations will not give this ceiling and analysis). Finally, the compressor control at the angle of system efficiency improvement is firstly reviewed, as well. This paper is beneficial for the researchers to know the overall state of the compressor and is of guidance for them to design a more efficient and commercial fuel cell system. • Generalized data-free analysis model for criteria to compress air is firstly given. • Analyzing the phase and development ceiling of the compressor. • Comparison of technique similarity between fuel cell and inner combustion engine. • Compressor control at the angle of system efficiency promotion is firstly reviewed. • Sliding mode control and extremum seeking control are promising for compressors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes if solar photovoltaic technology is economically feasible enough to compete with coal-fired power in Chinese cities in the subsidy-free context. Considering this, this paper further investigates how profitable investing in solar PV projects is. This paper firstly analyzes to what degree local coal-fired power plants can be replaced by distributed solar power in 344 prefectural-level cities in China. Levelized Cost of Electricity of solar PV power and the local desulfurized coal benchmark price are used for simplified cost crossover math to identify the replacement risk of local coal-fired power plants. Four risk-levels and their corresponding cities are identified, i.e. deemed no cost-risk, potentially at cost-risk, at cost-risk, and substantially at cost-risk. As a whole, 85.17% of current coal-fired power plants from the investigated cities are under cost-risk. Levelized Profit of Electricity, Net Present Value, Internal Rate of Return, and Discounted Payback Period are calculated for each city, and grouped using K-means algorithm. The cities are clustered into four groups, i.e. high return, medium return, moderate return, and low return. The results show that 65.99% of all the cities could achieve a moderate or higher financial return. The cost-risk and investment profit results are mapped for a better understanding of the regional variation in China. • We use the cost crossover method to group 344 prefectural-level Chinese cities into four cost-risk levels. • We use the K-means clustering algorithm to group 344 prefectural-level Chinese cities into four investment-profit levels. • 85.17% of current coal-fired power plants from the investigated cities are generally under cost-risk. • 36.63% of them can be replaced by distributed solar PV projects. • Investing in 65.99% of the cities will achieve an IRR of higher than 8%, and a DPBP of less than 15 years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster has rekindled the world's attention to nuclear safety following the devastating nuclear accidents that occurred in the Three Mile Island and Chernobyl. As China continues to expand in nuclear power development, how it views and responds to nuclear safety carries significant implications on its nuclear safety and security in the future. This paper examines the Chinese authorities' response to nuclear safety pre- and post-Fukushima, based on (1) a longitudinal big-data discourse analysis of the Chinese newspaper articles published during the period 2008–2017, and (2) an in-depth comprehensive review of nuclear safety performance and safety governance based on credential and publicly available documents and websites, both locally and internationally. Our assessment reveals that (i) China's concerns over nuclear safety and accident surged immediately following the Fukushima crisis. Increasing attention towards nuclear emergency response has been observed since 2014, (ii) China has displayed strengths in reactor design and safety operation, and (iii) its safety governance has been constrained by institutional fragmentation, inadequate transparency, inadequate safety professionals, lack of a strong safety culture, amid its ongoing plans to increase nuclear capacity three-fold by 2050. To improve nuclear safety, China may further strengthen its safety standards, safety management and monitoring, improve institutional arrangements, increase the ratio of safety professionals, intensify its safety culture and transparency, develop process-based safety regulations, and champion international collaboration to keep itself abreast of the latest international best practices. • China's concerns over nuclear safety surged after the Fukushima crisis. • China displayed strengths in reactor technology design and safety operation. • China can benefit from better safety management culture, institutional integration and and and regulatory design, etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an extensive review of experimental, numerical, and numerical-experimental studies focused on compiling different aspects that lead to improved PTSC performance using the different electronic base sources during the last four decades. Different applications and future research prospects have also been presented, guiding the researchers that focus on developing new working fluids, receiver configurations, applications, among other aspects for PTSC performance enhancement. Experimental studies reveal that the combination of nanofluids and turbulators leads to the best improvement in PTSC thermal efficiency, followed by the use of internal fins and nanofluids only. Numerical studies affirmed that fin inserts have a more significant influence on heat transfer than nanofluids, but its main drawback is that it has a cost increase of 5%. The dispersion of Cu and CuO in the base fluid showed a remarkable increase in the heat transfer coefficient than other nanoparticles. Therefore, they are the best options to improve the PTSC's performance. Numerical-experimental studies reveal that the tube with an internal annular porous combined with the nanofluid Al 2 O 3 /Synthetic oil showed the best increase in thermal efficiency with a value that varies from 8% to 15%. Electronic analysis of publications focused on improving the PTSC's performance shows that China participates with 25%, followed by India with 11%. The PTSC applications proved that it is ideal for electrical energy stability and less dependent on limited fossil fuel reserves. Furthermore, more experimental studies are required to mature nanofluids' application and new receiver tube configurations on an industrial scale. • Different ways to improve PTSC performance over the last 4 decades was reviewed. • Experimental and numerical studies to improve PTSC thermal performance are presented. • Nanofluids, PTSR, and numerical models are described with current challenges. • The use of nanofluids with turbulators is the best option to improve PTSC performance. • This review can help to identify the aspects to be considered in future developments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To mitigate the climate change and reduce energy consumption, the Chinese government has applied a variety of polices during the last two decades. Based on data from Industrial enterprises emission and pollution database (IEPED) and Annual Survey of Industrial Firms (ASIF), this study takes Energy Saving and Emission Reduction Plan (ESER) since 2006 as a policy shock to explore the impact of the ESER on industrial firms' energy consumption behavior. The result shows: Firstly, ESER encourages industrial firms to consume less coal, petroleum and natural gas on average. Secondly, by dividing the firms into several groups by the ownership structure, the firm size and the firm age, this paper finds different firms have different strategies in terms of changing their energy consumption to respond ESER. For example, public firms work harder on reducing coal and petroleum consumption per production while private firms prefer to use more natural gas per production. Thirdly, the dynamic effect analysis portrays that traditional fossil fuel intensity declines immediately after energy conversation policy, while the negative effect on industrial firms' natural gas intensity could occur with some delay. Lastly, in terms of total energy consumption, average coal and petroleum consumption of polluted industries and that of non-polluted industries have no difference after the policy. In addition, ESER only has a short-term effect on energy consumption. These results are helpful in understanding how to design an efficient environmental regulation system and protect the environment simultaneously. • This study explores the impacts of the Energy Saving and Emission Reduction Plan (ESER) on firms' energy consumption behavior based on industrial firm data. • ESER encourages firms to consume less traditional energy (coal and fossil fuels) and clean gas. For different firms, their energy intensity changes distinctively in response to ESER. • The dynamic effect analysis portrays that traditional fossil fuel intensity declines immediately after energy conversation policy, while the negative effect on clean gas intensity occur with some delay. • ESER has a short-term and lagged effect on total energy consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of the new energy vehicle (NEV) industry to alleviate the global energy shortage and environmental pollution has attracted much attention. An econometric model is established to investigate the influence of oil price on innovation in new energy vehicle technologies, based on the induced-innovation theory. Taking advantage of enterprise-level panel data, the method of individual-fixed effect estimation is employed to capture time-invariant enterprise attributes in the analysis. We found that oil price spurs innovation in NEV enterprise, when controlling the influences of other factors, which is consistent with the theoretical hypothesis. The effect is substantively significant and robust. Further study implies that increasing research and development expenditure is a channel to increase innovation for enterprises when oil prices raise. Our findings are helpful to policymakers who are trying to understand the heterogeneity effects of oil price on NEV innovation. This paper suggests that central government should provide relevant policies and incentives to deal with price shocks, and enterprises should also have long-term plans to promote continuous corporate innovation. • The innovation effect of oil price on the new energy vehicle industry is analyzed. • Oil price has a significant positive effect on corporate innovation. • Vehicle manufacturer innovation is more sensitive to oil price and fluctuation. • Innovation is reflected in the acquisition of utility model and design patents. • Oil price affects patent acquisition by affecting R&D expenditure and investment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As it is the world's top exporter of goods and a carbon emitter, a reduction in China's embodied carbon emissions in exports (ECEE) can help reduce its total carbon emissions. In the post-2008 financial crisis era, the adjustment of the industrial structure has emerged as a powerful tool for reducing carbon emissions. However, it is unclear whether changes in China's production structure have reduced its ECEE and how production substitution affects this reduction. This paper proposes an approach based on a three-tier structural decomposition analysis (SDA) to evaluate the effects of production substitution on China's ECEE from 1997 to 2017. The results indicate that production substitution led to a reduction in China's ECEE whereas changes in production levels increased them. Furthermore, from 1997 to 2017, intra-group production substitution increased China's ECEE while inter-group production substitution reduced it. In the context of inter-group production substitution, the substitution of energy-intensive production with non-energy-intensive production is key to reducing China's ECEE. These findings provide a deeper understanding for how changes in the industrial structure and production substitution affect China's ECEE. • The effect of production substitution on China's ECEE is explored. • A three-tier SDA approach is developed to evaluate the effects of production substitution on China's ECEE. • Intra-group production substitution increased China's ECEE while inter-group production substitution reduced it. • Substitution of energy-intensive production by non-energy-intensive production is the key factor in reducing China's ECEE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon Capture Utilization and Storage (CCUS) technology is an essential component to decarbonize society and reach carbon neutrality. Its success depends on not only technological advances but also people's reaction to it. This study applied traditional content analysis to uncover the CCUS reporting landscape and employed the Socio-Political Evaluation of Energy Deployment (SPEED) framework to explore how different aspects of the CCUS value chain were discussed in Chinese newspapers. A total of 492 news items from November 21st 2002 to May 8th 2021 were identified and analyzed. Results showed that news coverage of CCUS technology in China started in 2005. The media explained the nature and sources of carbon dioxide (CO 2), framed CCUS by various terms, for example, " greengen " and " a clean energy technology ", as well as demonstrated various tones in CCUS. The analysis found 71.3% (N = 351) of newsletters took an affirmative stance towards CCUS. It was also revealed that environmental frames appeared in almost every article, while much less attention was paid to other issues. Moreover, this research demonstrated that CCUS-related policies were driving media coverage closely year by year. However, current news presentations were inadequate due to technical misperceptions and a lack of comprehensive coverage. Therefore, this research proposed a science-for-the-community communication strategy that involved several key factors such as policy guidance, newspaper functions at different levels, journalist training, direct engagement of the public as well as student education. • This paper pioneered to investigate Chinese newspaper coverage of CCUS technology. • The frequency of CCUS inclusion in newspapers was somehow affected by policies in China. • CCUS reporting revolved its emission reduction potential, and CCUS influences on health and safety issues were limited framed. • The current CCUS reporting landscape had misperceptions and lacked comprehensive coverage of the value chain. • A science-for-the-community communication strategy that can make media communication effective was proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Planning a portfolio that includes different power generation technologies is an important method to ensure expected value and to reduce risks for the project investment of electric-power enterprises. This paper evaluates the optimal investment portfolio strategies implemented by electric power enterprises by using real option and portfolio optimization methods. The real options method is used to generate investment values and their distribution. These serve as the input variables of the portfolio optimization model. The portfolio optimization model is built based on the conditional value at risk. The optimal investment is analyzed by considering four policy scenarios: different expected investment values, the phase-out of subsidies, tightened carbon reduction standards, and different initial renewable energy certificate prices. A case study is conducted to analyze the investment decision of an electric power enterprise in China. The results show the optimal investment portfolio strategy, the investment value, and the conditional value at risk. The optimal decision for ensuring a relatively high expected value while reducing risks is to increase the share of solar PV power generation and wind power generation in current conditions. Tightened carbon reduction standards and higher renewable energy certificates prices are conductive to increase the investment value, reduce the risk of loss and increase the share of renewable energy power generation. In contrast, the phase-out of the subsidies had the opposite effect. The methodology and results can provide a reference for investors to guide the formulation of the optimal investment decision and for the government to optimize the policy effect. • Evaluate the investment portfolio strategies of power enterprises under multiple-policy scenarios of renewable energy. • Use the real option and portfolio optimization method. • Show the optimal investment portfolio strategy, the investment value, and the conditional value at risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Biogas technology has brought benefits to health, the environment, the economy and energy conservation. Vast biomass resources, including organic waste, have the potential for use as feedstock for biogas production in China. This paper presents the development status of biogas application in China. The goal was to provide quantitative information about biogas use, from villages to large cities, to assess the major characteristics of biogas application. Analysis of the opportunities and constraints of the different biogas applications provided the basis for policies for the development of biogas plants and for the adjustment of the scale of biogas development to match local requirements. Based on the characteristics of different biogas plants and geographic regions, a fuzzy analytic hierarchy process model was used to provide a suitability evaluation for development of the regional biogas industry. Results from this model could provide decision support for development strategies for regional distribution plans and the scale of biogas system construction. The findings can also aid further research on balancing energy supply and demand, energy policy formation, and the regional eco-environment development in China. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]