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With the decline in the intensity of subsidy policies, technological progress has become a critical factor in promoting the renewable energy industry's sustainable development. This paper estimates the direction and extent of biased technological progress in China's renewable energy industry from 2009 to 2018. On this basis, by constructing an accounting model for the growth rate of total factor productivity (TFP), this paper empirically analyzes the effects of different factors on TFP growth. The research results indicate that: (1) The TFP of China's renewable energy industry has dropped by 4.60% annually, and the growth of industrial output mainly relied on factor input rather than technological progress. (2) The technological progress and factor allocation of China's renewable energy industry generally show a bias towards the capital. At different stages of the industry's development, it presents different degrees of bias. (3) Technological progress is biased towards capital factor with a lower growth rate of factor efficiency, which hinders the growth of TFP in the renewable energy industry. • This paper reveals the driving mechanism for the development of China's renewable energy industry. • The technological progress and factor allocation of China's renewable energy industry are biased towards the capital. • Capital inefficiency is the fundamental reason for the reduction of TFP in the renewable energy industry. • Improving the level of independent R&D is the key to achieving China's renewable energy industry's sustainable development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Motivated by the increasing concerns over environmental challenges such as global warming and exhaustion of fossil-fuel reserves, the renewable energy industry has become the most sought-after source of electrical energy production worldwide. In this context, wind energy conversion systems (WECS) are one of the most dominant and fastest-growing technologies, playing an increasingly vital role in renewable power generation. To meet this growing demand and mitigate the vulnerability of WECS to various sets of internal/external faults, the cost-effectiveness and efficient power production of WECS must be ensured, which highlights the critical role of the control system. This topic has been intensively studied in the literature, and many control approaches have been developed to deal with the simultaneous enhancement of efficiency and reliability of WECS. However, sliding mode control (SMC) has proved its reliable and superior performance among most control strategies due to its inherent robustness to parametric uncertainties and disturbances and ease of design and implementation. Accordingly, this paper provides a comprehensive survey of existing literature on the application of SMC and its emerging modifications to address different control design problems for WECS. • An explicit modeling of wind energy conversion systems (WECS). • A comprehensive survey of existing literature on SMC designs for WECS. • A survey of the different variants of SMC designs for WECS. • A review of existing chattering mitigation techniques in SMC designs for WECS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]