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Electrical energy becomes necessary for human being. Generation of electrical energy mostly depends on fossils fuel, they are limited in nature and also responsible for environmental pollution. Renewable energy resources provides a better alternative for future,In comparison to conventional energy resources economical aspect is a major issue of renewable energy sources with the feasibility and efficiency. These limitations are tried to overcome by deployment hybrid renewable energy resources. There are certain criteria to analyze and implement the sized, optimized and cost efficient system. This paper focus on hybrid energy systems based on solar photovoltaic (PV) and wind resources. This paper shed lights on various parameters of economic feasibility, sizing strategies with logical advancements to enhance their utilization, future prospects, and their arrangement. Strategies to develop an effective storage system is also presented here.A brief review on developments in optimization techniques, reliability index and cost analyzing techniques for hybrid renewable energy systems are also presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today solar power is still dominantly presented to be expensive source of electricity. However, the profitability of solar and other electricity generation technologies is typically evaluated with the Levelized Cost of Electricity (LCOE) approach. This paper questions the traditional investment evaluation logics of power production (LCOE) in the interesting case of rooftop PVs and based on customer value generation logics presents a new approach for evaluating the profitability of rooftop PV investments. The approach recognizes the value that PVs produce to real estate owners and utilize basic real estate investment models to evaluate the profitability of PVs. The results imply that, if PVs are considered as a part of the underlying property, rooftop PV systems are already today profitable in many European cities and can provide substantial returns on investment for property owners. More interestingly, the results imply that rooftop PV investments are most profitable in the dense urban cores instead of more remote (industrial) locations, and thus the current trend of urbanization seems to further strengthen the profitability of rooftop solar power. This paper points out that spatial locations drive the economic analysis of real estate, and thus it is likely that it will drive the economic analysis of decentralized on-site energy investments as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poor air quality from coal combustion adversely impacts human health including mortality and morbidity effects on respiratory, cardiovascular, nervous, urinary, and digestive systems. However, the continued use of coal are no longer necessary to provide for society's electrical needs because of advances in solar photovoltaic (PV) technology. In order to inform health policy this paper reviews the data for quantifying the lives saved by a replacement of U.S. coal-fired electricity with solar PV systems. First the geospatial correlation with coal fired power plants and mortality is determined for the U.S. at the state level. Then, current life cycle mortality rates due to coal combustion are calculated and current energy generation data is collated. Deaths/kWh/year of coal and PV are calculated, and the results showed that 51,999 American lives/year could be saved by transitioning from coal to PV-powered electrical generation in the U.S. To accomplish this, 755 GW of U.S. PV installations are needed. The first costs for the approach was found to be roughly $1.45 trillion. Over the 25 year warranty on the PV modules the first cost per life saved is approximately $1.1 million, which is comparable to the value of a human life used in other studies. However, as the solar electricity has value, the cost per life is determined while including the revenue of the solar electric generation using a sensitivity analysis on the value of the electricity. These results found that for most estimations of the value, saving a life by offsetting coal with PV actually saved money as well, in some cases several million dollars per life. It is concluded that it is profitable to save lives in the U.S. with the substitution of coal-fired electricity with solar power and that the conversion is a substantial health and environmental benefit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Solar energy, at the present time is considered as an important source in electricity generation. Electricity from the solar energy can be generated using solar photovoltaic (PV) modules. The maximization of solar power extracted from a PV module is of special concern as its efficiency is very low. The output power of a PV module is highly dependent on the geographical location and weather conditions such as solar irradiation, shading and temperature. To obtain maximum power from PV module, photovoltaic power system usually requires maximum power point tracking (MPPT) controller. In this paper, an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) based maximum power point tracker for PV module has been presented. To extract maximum power, a DC–DC boost converter is connected between the PV module and the load. The duty cycle of DC–DC boost converter is modified with the help of the ANFIS reference model, so that maximum power is transferred to load. Due to the complexity of the tracker mechanism and non-linear nature of photovoltaic system, the artificial intelligence based technique, especially the ANFIS method, is used in this paper. In order to observe the maximum available power of PV module, the ANFIS reference model directly takes in operating temperature and irradiance level as input. The response of proposed ANFIS based control system shows accuracy and fast response. The simulation result reveals that the maximum power point is tracked satisfactorily for varying irradiance and temperature of PV module. Simulation results are provided to validate the concept. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This paper presents and analyzes Qatar's long-term solar resource potential to assess the power generation prospects of diverse solar plants in the country. Solar resource potential is obtained by applying kriging techniques to satellite-derived data to produce maps of monthly and yearly averages of global horizontal and direct normal irradiation. This analysis is based on eleven years of hourly satellite-derived solar radiation data calculated through a modified version of the Heliosat-3 model, where the satellite estimations have been improved and adapted to site using bias removal methods through a comparison with ground radiometric measurements. Solar resource data are then used in combination with local meteorological data as input to the System Advisor Model (SAM) in TMY3 format to simulate the solar plant operational prospects of various concentrating solar systems (CSP) and photovoltaic (PV) reference plants over eleven years. The ensuing simulation results show that parabolic troughs, molten salt tower plant with large thermal storage systems, and large grid-connected PV systems offer the best solutions in terms of interannual variability and long-term stability of the electricity produced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The photovoltaics industry has made steady progress over the past 40 years toward increasing solar cell and module efficiencies while incrementally lowering the initial installed cost of photovoltaic systems. These two factors dominate in lowering the cost of solar electric energy (in ¢/(kW-h)) as it approaches parity in cost with electric energy produced conventionally using coal, nuclear, or natural gas. An interesting question regards whether there is a relationship that describes the evolution of photovoltaics Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) similar to Moore's Law characterization of microelectronics evolution of transistor size and density. With some caveats, we believe a similar PV relationship can be defined; the purpose of this paper is to propose and discuss a basis for this relationship. To achieve parity the installed cost of PV systems needs to be reduced by 50% from approximately $600/m2 to $300/m2 with a concurrent increase in c-Si module efficiency to 24% AM1.5. The trajectories in time needed to drive a technology roadmap for lowering the installed cost and for increasing the module efficiency to achieve parity are discussed. Also, a new methodology for calculating LCOE for PV systems is proposed and discussed in Appendix. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: One standard that is used to compare different energy generation technologies or systems is the levelized cost of energy (LCOE). The relatively high LCOE of photovoltaics (PV) is an obstacle to adopting it as a major electricity source for terrestrial applications. In a conventional PV system, the cost of the module contributes approximately half of the expense and the other costs are together summarized as balance of system (BOS). A large portion of the BOS is not related to the peak power of the system, but can be either proportional to or independent of the total installation area. Across different PV systems with the same installation area, this part of BOS ($/W) is directly dependent on the module efficiency. Therefore, the LCOE is affected by the module efficiency even if the module price ($/W) remains the same. In this paper, we compare the LCOE across PV systems with equal installation areas but with modules of different efficiencies installed with fixed tilt, 1-axis tracking or 2-axis tracking. We conclude that: (1) at a given module price in $/W, more efficient PV modules lead to lower LCOE systems; (2) when meeting an LCOE goal, the PV module efficiency has a lower limit that cannot be offset by module price; and (3) both 1-axis and 2-axis tracking installations provide lower LCOEs than fixed tilt installations. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The Republic of Turkey, located in Southeastern Europe and Southwestern Asia (that portion of Turkey west of the Bosporus is geographically part of Europe). Nowadays, Turkey with its young population and growing energy demand per person, its fast growing urbanization, and its economic development, has been one of the fast growing electrical energy markets of the world for the last two decades. Unfortunately, Turkey''s energy is largely dependent on foreign countries and the country''s energy is imported spending billions of dollars each year. On the other hand, the effects on global and environmental air quality of pollutants released into the atmosphere from fossil fuels in electric power plants provide strong arguments for the development of renewable energy resources. Solar energy is one of the best available among renewable energy sources. There are possess many advantages of solar energy such as relativity, viability, silent, non-polluting, little maintenance, suitable for remote site application, not require any fuel and independent from electricity network. Turkey has advanced a great deal in the generation of electricity from solar energy because of much higher solar energy potential than lots of developed countries on solar energy applications. This study is taken into account that overview of the photovoltaic technology status and perspective in Turkey and the contains of photovoltaic power systems utilization and potential status in the world, energy consumption and demand in Turkey, geographic description of the solar energy in Turkey, PV industry current and potential status in Turkey, solar energy legislation framework in Turkey, R&D status of photovoltaic industry in Turkey, future strategy of PV industry in Turkey, current and future status photovoltaic power systems economics in the world. Also, this paper on the basis of this subjects is analyzed the SWOT of Turkey''s photovoltaic industry, its advantages, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Flat plate photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) solar collector produces both thermal energy and electricity simultaneously. This paper presents the state-of-the-art on flat plate PV/T collector classification, design and performance evaluation of water, air and combination of water and/or air based. This review also covers the future development of flat plate PV/T solar collector on building integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) and building integrated photovoltaic/thermal (BIPVT) applications. Different designs feature and performance of flat plate PV/T solar collectors have been compared and discussed. Future research and development (R&D) works have been elaborated. The tube and sheet design is the simplest and easiest to be manufactured, even though, the efficiency is 2% lower compared to other types of collectors such as, channel, free flow and two-absorber. It is clear from the review that for both air and water based PV/T solar collectors, the important key factors that influenced the efficiency of the system are the area where the collector covered, the number of passes and the gap between the absorber collector and solar cells. From the literature review, it is obvious that the flat plate PV/T solar collector is an alternative promising system for low-energy applications in residential, industrial and commercial buildings. Other possible areas for the future works of BIPVT are also mentioned. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Norway is a major renewable energy developer in Europe, mainly through its development of hydropower. Research has shown that solar energy also has potential in Norway, however, the cumulative installed photovoltaic capacity was only 120 MW at the end of 2019, representing 4.1% of the total electricity generation. Hence, this paper aims to investigate the main barriers to diffusing photovoltaics for residential buildings from the public sector, private sector, and the people's perspectives in Norway. Furthermore, it analyzes solar development, policies, and models in different countries, and proposes a potential model and solutions to overcome barriers. The results show that the high initial costs of photovoltaics and limited information and awareness of the possible benefits are the main barriers for the people. For the private sector, limited funding and few pilot projects to learn from, as well as risk uncertainty are the main barriers. The main concern in the public sector is the low application of existing incentives. Public-private-people partnerships (PPPP) have a big potential to overcome these barriers by dividing the high initial costs into more affordable sums, facilitating the information flow among different sectors, and involving all three sectors to create new incentives. In addition, Norway is well-suited for PPPP, as the citizens pay much attention to sustainable development, and there is already a close collaboration between the public and private sectors in the energy sector. Finally, three concrete solutions using PPPP are proposed: design a co-investment solution, provide information sharing platforms, and create new incentives. • Barriers to diffusing PV in Norway from people, public, and private are identified. • The main barriers are few pilot cases and low electricity prices due to hydropower. • Public-private-people partnerships have potential to overcome identified barriers. • Co-investment, information sharing, and new incentives with PPPP are proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]