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Endeavouring to promote sustainability and citizens' well-being, and attempting to avoid or at least mitigate catastrophic climate change; the European Union adopted in 2019 the "Green Deal" as a new growth strategy, to thus become the first climate-neutral continent by 2050. As an intermediate 2030 target, it set the goals of at least 40% net reduction in greenhouse gas emissions, an increase to 32% share for renewable energy, and 32.5% increase in energy efficiency. Reaching these targets was estimated to require investments of euro260 billion/year till 2030, which is 1.94% of EU's annual gross domestic product in 2020. The aim of this paper is to introduce a perspective that attempts to analyse relationships between two exceptionally important and ambitious simul-taneous goals of the Green Deal: to achieve net-zero emissions by 2050, as well as the Sustainable Developments Goals, all based on the sustainability environmental, economic and social pillars. The study shows that the link between these two goals, including the cost-benefit effects for all citizens, should be made clearer. Without adequate understanding and monitoring of the consequences of each action, and quantitative indicators for the environmental, economic and social sustainability pillars, the attainment of the goals would be subject to high uncertainty. With ongoing global changes and problems within and surrounding the European Union, imple-mentation of the Green Deal without the noted adjustments poses a potential risk to sustainable development and to the European Union unity. Transition to climate neutrality can be sustainable only if supported by conviction and accord.

The natural thermal-mineral springs in the Raska region in Serbia have been known since the ancient period. Temperatures of these sources between 26 degrees C and 51 degrees C have allowed the use of water for balneology and recreational purposes. Research over the past 50 years have pointed to the existence of significant amounts of thermal-mineral waters that occur in different tectonic zones and faults in the Dinarides. Bearing in mind the properties of thermal-mineral waters the paper deals with possibilities of their use as a renewable resource. The paper analyses the way of use of waters in three spas and one spring for health and recreational purposes and presents the possibilities for improving the use of unused water. The results hint at the possibility of direct use of heat energy from TM sources and substitution of fossil fuels, expenses of living and work in local communities. Direct use of geothermal energy, especially during the colder period of the year, would reduce the expenses of heating of public institutions, services and private households. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Biogas is a sustainable and renewable energy source that can provide green energy, a better environment and new jobs. The aim of this paper is to present potentials for biogas production in the Republic of Serbia from different sources (agricultural crops directly provided for energy, livestock residues, municipal solid waste, slaughterhouse waste and wastewater from milk processing industry) and to analyze the current situation in this sector in Serbia. The barriers that limit the wider production of biogas are considered. Results have shown that there is a great potential for biogas production in Serbia. The yearly potentials were calculated as follows: biogas production potential from agricultural crops directly cultivated for energy is 0.85 Mega tons of oil equivalent (Mtoe); potential from livestock residues amounts to 94.13 ktoe; potential from municipal solid waste (MSW) is 49.72 ktoe; potential from slaughterhouse waste is 9.94 ktoe and potential from milk processing industry is 3.21 ktoe. The analysis of incentives, barriers and status of biogas technologies presented in this paper represents a contribution for the further improvement and analysis of the biogas sector in the Republic of Serbia.

Biodiesel, an alternate and ecologically acceptable substitute for the conventional fuel, is usually produced from a wide range of edible vegetable oils, which are normally used for human consumption and whose prices are expected to increase in the future. In this regard, reliable and low-cost raw materials have increasingly drawn interest for biodiesel production, such as by-products of the meat-processing industries or waste animal fats. This paper provides a review of the different methods employed for biodiesel production from waste animal fats employing transesterification reaction. The aim of this paper is to present the exploitation possibilities of waste animal fats as low-cost feedstocks for biodiesel production. Also, the various methods for treatment of waste animal fats such as chemical (homogeneous and heterogeneous) and enzyme catalysis as well as non-catalytic processes were considered with emphasis on the influence of the operating and reaction conditions on the process rate and the ester yield. In depth discussions were given to the process optimization, kinetics and possibilities for improvement of biodiesel production from waste animal.

Biogas is a sustainable and renewable energy source that can provide green energy, a better environment and new jobs. The aim of this paper is to present potentials for biogas production in the Republic of Serbia from different sources (agricultural crops directly provided for energy, livestock residues, municipal solid waste, slaughterhouse waste and wastewater from milk processing industry) and to analyze the current situation in this sector in Serbia. The barriers that limit the wider production of biogas are considered. Results have shown that there is a great potential for biogas production in Serbia. The yearly potentials were calculated as follows: biogas production potential from agricultural crops directly cultivated for energy is 0.85 Mega tons of oil equivalent (Mtoe); potential from livestock residues amounts to 94.13 ktoe; potential from municipal solid waste (MSW) is 49.72 ktoe; potential from slaughterhouse waste is 9.94 ktoe and potential from milk processing industry is 3.21 ktoe. The analysis of incentives, barriers and status of biogas technologies presented in this paper represents a contribution for the further improvement and analysis of the biogas sector in the Republic of Serbia.

The paper focuses on the possibilities of generating electrical energy by means of PV solar plants of 1 MW in Serbia. Further on basic physical characteristics of solar cells made of monocryistalline silicon, CdTe and CIS solar cells and a description of the fixed PV solar plants, one-axis and dual-axis tracking PV solar plants are given. The paper proceeds to tackle the legislative frame concerning renewable sources of energy and the current state of the use of PV systems in Serbia, climate conditions and energy potential of the renewable sources in Serbia. Apart from PVGIS solar map of Serbia real meteorological data for 17 towns in Serbia are given. Based on PVGIS program, geographycal position and the results of PVGIS calculation of the yearly average values of the optimal panel inclination, solar irradiation on the horizontal, vertical and optimally inclined plane, ratio of diffuse to global solar irradiation and linke turbidity for some cities in Serbia are given. Total for year sum of global irradiation per square meter received by the modules of the fixed PV solar plants, optimally inclined one-axis and dual-axis tracking PV solar plants of 1 MW and total for year electricity production of different types of PV solar plant of 1 MW for 23 cities in Serbia obtained by PVGIS are given. Comparison of total for year electricity production of different types of PV solar plant of 1 MW with monocrystaline silicon, CdTe and CIS solar modules, respective, for 23 cities in Serbia is given. Calculations performed by PVGIS program have shown that irrespectable of the type of PV solar plants, most electrical energy in Serbia can be generated by means of PV solar plants with CdTe solar cells. Some practical data and considerations given in this paper can be used by a customer or company keen to invest in the PV sector in Serbia. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Construction and operation of plants that produce energy from renewable energy sources is the subject for discussion in all the countries that have accepted the sustainable development concept and Kyoto protocol as their own development direction. Enlargement of the renewable energy production is clearly an imperative, but only economically viable construction and operation can result in long-term sustainability, which is initially the goal when deciding upon such investments. In line with this goal, this paper presents the estimation of the economic viability of constructing and operating biogas electricity plant on the farm Vizelj in Serbia. The timeframe for this estimation is from 2011 until 2020. This paper also presents all parameters which are necessary for performing this estimation, respectively, analysis of revenues and expenditures, projection of economic and financial flow, ratio analysis, dynamic and static analysis, and analysis of sensitivity of the project, i.e. impact of the changes in prices and raw material on the overall performance of the project. The observed investment is predicted to be financed from the EBRD's credit line for renewable energy in Western Balkans, while the total investment is estimated at Euro 958,000.00. After the performed economic assessment, the conclusion is that the observed investment in biogas electricity plant is very acceptable and it can serve as a role model for similar investments in the region.

Considering the necessity of improvement of Serbian energy production structure through higher participation of clean and renewable energy sources, the possibility of utilization of low enthalpy geothermal waters have been investigated. Energy potential of ground waters of modest temperature levels is usully neglected since it can not be used for direct heating purposes. Nevertheless, if the appropriate heat pump system is utilized, as described in the paper, the energy efficient and environmentally friendly heating could be achieved. From the environmental aspect particularly interesting would be the application of sub-geothermal heat pump in already existing high-temperature residential heating systems, as a complete substitution of old, low efficiency, highly polluting central heating of a building or a housing block. Besides environmental benefits of the proposed solution, obtained through shutting down the fossil fuel energy sources, paper investigates energetic efficiency of the model system, and discusses its economic justification. To achieve a full sustainability of the proposed heating system the environmental risks, especially deposition of utilized sub-geothermal water, need to be observed in detail.

Producing energy from renewable sources in Serbia is in its initial phase, and therefore this paper points towards the basic assumptions, potentials and institutional framework for the development of this activity in Serbia. Until recently, production and consumption of energy in Serbia was a social category, but the shift towards market economy together with the fact that Serbia has adopted Kyoto protocol, production of energy from renewable sources became a competitive and obligatory activity. Research shows that the current potentials for producing energy from renewable sources in Serbia are favorable. Besides this, the paper provides an overview of the existing institutional structure in the energy sector in Serbia, but also the short overview of the adequate legal acts. Researches that were done so far have proven that energy potentials of Serbia are insufficiently known and therefore authors will give an overview of the foreign investments in this sector and reveal the possibilities for further investing. Considering the existing know-how base and potentials for the production of equipment, geothermal energy and energy coming from biomass have been identified as priority renewable sources of energy. Producing energy from other renewable sources is also possible, but would require substantial foreign investments. As a final conclusion, the paper states that completely unused potentials for production of energy from renewable sources, together with adequately set institutional framework, would create great possibilities for foreign investments.

Although the issue of energy security stands high on the scale of the European Union's priorities, there has been no single accepted definition of energy security thus far. In light of the global economic crisis and political instability, the issue of energy security is directly linked to geopolitical and macroeconomic stability. This paper offers a new method of measuring energy security, which unlike the existing indicators of energy stability, in addition to economic and environmental indicators, also includes the political and social aspects within the composite indicator of country risk. The new Energy Security Index (ESI) is defined based on the application of Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Analysis of the values of a new ESI indicator shows that energy security is greatly influenced by GDP per capita, country risk, carbon intensity, energy intensity, final energy consumption per capita and electricity prices, while the least importance rests with the share of renewable sources in energy consumption and energy dependence. The values of the Index by country are stable over the entire observed period, but significant differences are noticeable between countries. The highest index values are reported in Luxembourg, Sweden, Finland and Denmark, and the lowest in Bulgaria, Romania, Estonia and Poland. With the aim of robustness check, the results of EU member states rankings were compared to country rankings based on the Energy Trilemma Index. Compared to country rankings based on the Energy Trilemma Index, three countries recorded the same rank (Denmark, Check Republic and Bulgaria), and the biggest deviation of 9 ranking position was reported by Luxembourg. The results of the research show that there is a statistically important difference in the value of energy security index between the observed groups of countries classified according to the level of macroeconomic stability.

Currently, there is no single accepted methodology for measuring energy security, while the prevailing scientific attitude is that energy security should be defined and quantified in a way to be able to follow rapid developments on the global economic and geopolitical scene. Considering the fact that the national economies represent an integral part of a dynamic international economy where external shocks (global financial and economic crisis, political conflicts, war, etc.) have the impact on energy prices and energy security in general, the paper proposes a new geo-economic concept of energy security. The new approach differs from the existing ones as regards the fact that, in addition to basic indicators, it takes into account sovereign credit rating as a measure of economic, financial and political stability - as one of the decisive factors which determines global energy trade and the ability of national economies to be stable and secure when it comes to energy. Determination and testing of Geo-economic Index of Energy Security was conducted by using the Principal Component Analysis in the European Union and in the selected countries of the world, over a period of ten years (2004-2013). The measured values of a newly proposed Geo-economic Index of Energy Security demonstrate significant deviations from the data obtained by using usual indicators of energy security. Observed individually, GDP per capita has the greatest impact on the change in final value of Geo-economic Index of Energy Security, while the impact of sovereign credit rating is slightly less. The study has shown that the least impact on energy security is exerted by energy dependence (which is traditionally used as a proxy indicator of energy security) and production of energy from renewable sources (which is defined by the EU policy as one of the methods for the improvement of energy security). Due to the results obtained, it is necessary to conduct further analysis of sovereign credit rating and

This paper deals with biodiesel production from corn oil as a feedstock via the transesterification and esterification reactions. To date, corn oil has not been considered a viable biodiesel feedstock because of its high edible value and relatively high price, but some industrial corn processing co-products, such as corn germ and dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS), have potential for this application after the extraction of corn distillers oil (CDO). Here, after brief discussion of the issues related to corn botany, cultivation, and use, as well as the corn germ and oil composition, properties and use, the methods of corn processing for germ and DDGS recovery are presented. In addition, the mechanical and solvent extraction techniques for oil recovery from whole ground corn kernels, germs, and DDGS are considered. Furthermore, biodiesel production from corn oil, waste frying corn oil, and CDO is critically analyzed. It is expected that further investigation will be directed toward developing simpler, more effective and energy-saving technologies for biodiesel production from corn oil-based feedstocks, especially from CDO. The integration of biodiesel production directly into corn-based ethanol production will advance the overall economy of industrial plants. Furthermore, the fuel properties, performances and exhaust gas emissions of corn-based biodiesel and its blends with diesel fuel are discussed, taking into account the biodiesel quality standards. Finally, issues related to the environmental and socio-economic impacts of corn-based biodiesel production and use are also tackled.

The main objective of this paper is to define a new energy security indicator with the long-term sustainability and to test it in a sample of 28 European Union countries for the period 1990-2012, as well as to determine the level of impact of six different indicators on energy security. The previous methodologies for measuring of energy security have been mainly focused on security of supply, while not taking into account environmental indicators and the social component. The newly proposed indicator, Energy Security Index, differs from the existing measuring methods precisely in a way that it includes environmental and social aspects. Energy Security Index recorded a decline in values in most countries in the period 1990-2000. In the period 20002008, the values became positive, and after 2008 some countries reported again gradual deterioration. The Index value varies by year, and the biggest positive changes were recorded in the case of the Netherlands, Slovenia and Spain. The four economically strongest EU countries (the United Kingdom, France, Germany and Italy) recorded significantly less fluctuations in energy security over 23 years, compared to other countries. The data for France and Denmark show that an increased share of energy from nuclear and renewable sources can compensate even increased energy import dependence. The assessment of impact of individual indicators on Energy Security Index was conducted by using Principal Component Analysis and showed that Energy Intensity, GDP per capita and Carbon Intensity have the greatest impact. The countries of the former Eastern Bloc are facing particuldr challenges of energy security, which is primarily related to the rapid economic growth and, at the same time, a high degree of dependence on import of energy generating products. In terms of energy security, the most stable transition was reported in Hungary and Poland.

Modeling of transport phenomena in materials with porous bed features requires thermophysical properties, such as porosity, permeability and thermal conductivity be known. The paper presents experimental data obtained in the course of investigation focused on analysis of stagnant thermal conductivity of biomass. Experiments were conducted using a custom designed and constructed experimental setup and implementing original experimental procedure. Results obtained enabled stagnant thermal conductivity of biomass to be determined for different biomass porosity values. Analysis of the experimental data enabled functional dependence of stagnant thermal conductivity on porosity to be determined, with porosity varied in a range 0.50-0.85. Results obtained indicate that reduced bed porosity, down to the value of 0.65, causes stagnant thermal conductivity of the bed to be reduced. Further porosity reduction, below the value of 0.65, results in increased stagnant thermal conductivity of the bed. Experimental procedure developed shall be useful for gathering experimental data on different materials planned to be analyzed when examining transport phenomena occurring during combustion of biomass bales. In addition, data to be acquired shall be helpful in modeling the transport phenomena associated with combustion in porous beds.

The subject of this paper is to identify the most suitable location for the installation of solar panel power plant in the Municipality of Knjaevac (East Serbia). Digital elevation model (DEM) of the area of interest was constructed using Geomedia Pro Grid module. The potential insolation of municipality was determined using the obtained DEM for the summer and winter solstice which represents longest and shortest day in a year (June 21st and December 21st, 2015), which allowed calculating the mean annual potential insolation. Six classes of land use were identified using multispectral analysis of Landsat 8 satellite images. Three best locations for the solar panel installation were identified by multi-criteria AHP analysis using mean potential insolation, mean cloudiness for corresponding months, mean temperature, grade and aspect, land use classes and simplicity of availability of the locations. The obtained data indicate that the use of solar radiation in KnjaMvac municipality is economically feasible as a supplementary source of energy.

The present paper is an overview of the recent progress in the development of various CaO-based catalysts suitable for biodiesel production. The mechanism, kinetics and optimization of transesterification reaction over these catalysts are first considered. Then, the practical application of CaO-based catalysts is discussed with a special stress on leaching and reusability of these catalysts. Also, various continuous reactor systems currently in use for biodiesel production are appraised. In addition to it, purification of crude biodiesel and the ecological aspects of using CaO-based catalysts are considered. Finally, the potentials of CaO-based catalysts for heterogeneous catalysis for biodiesel production are emphasized to assess the future perspectives of their use. This review might help in selecting suitable CaO-based catalysts and the optimum reaction conditions for biodiesel production.

Welding is the principal industrial process used for joining metals, but at the same time, it's the significant source of toxic fumes and gases emission. With the advent of new types of welding procedures and consumables, the number of welders exposed to welding fumes is growing constantly in spite of the mechanisation and automation of the process. Having in mind that, in some cases, toxic fumes and gases can be over the respective limits for toxic substances, one of the most important requirements for chosen welding procedure is its harmlessness to the environment. The health aspects associated with welding are complex and the industry is continuing its research to evaluate the effects of the welder's exposure to typical constituents of welding fumes and gases, as well as its impact on what concerns climatic changes. The aim of this paper is to estimate the influence of the type of filler material on the emission of toxic substances, and to show the potential hazards. In order to determine that effect, microalloyed steel has been welded using two different filler materials (metal cored wire and self-shielded wire). The concentrations of emitted total dust, CO2, CO, SO, Mn, Ni, Al, Cr, Cr(VI), Ca and P were measured. By comparing results for both filler materials, it was established that the special attention must be paid to the high concentration of manganese and CO in metal cored wire, as well as high concentrations of phosphorus and aluminum in self-shielded wire. Also, conducted experimental measurements of emission of certain elements did not show higher toxicity of self-shielded wire compare to metal cored wire, what is in the contrast with previous studies.

In this paper the harmonization of new wind turbine rotor blades development is given as well as the analysis of behavior by verification testing for a wind turbine rotor blade of composite materials. The design, fabrication, the status of wind energy standards and the analysis of behavior by full-scale verification testing for wind turbine rotor blades of composite laminated materials is given, too. The experimental methodology of static, vibratory and fatigue tests for the wind turbine rotor blade of composite laminated materials is presented. These verification tests were performed after the rotor blade development had been completed. The development of the rotor blade was performed using the PC computer with the CATIA designing system and the Gerber Garment cutter system. The blade was fabricated from composite laminated materials. The contour of airfoil was formed by a continuous structural pocket and a fiberglass skin.

For commercial application, the ester product of alkali-catalyzed transesterification of vegetable oil or animal fats should be refined after glycerol separation by settling to fulfill the biodiesel standard specifications. This crude biodiesel, after neutralization and methanol removal, should be further cleaned by either one of the following methods: wet washing, dry washing, membrane extraction or using ion liquids. This paper presents a review on the traditional (wet and dry washing) and novel (membrane separation technology and usage of ion liquids) methods of crude biodiesel purification. It also provides a comparison of crude biodiesel purification methods. Each method has its advantages and disadvantages, which should be carefully analyzed when choosing the proper one for refining crude biodiesel.

The synthesis of biodiesel under elevated pressure and temperature could be promising technology which could result in sustainable biodiesel production, from renewable and waste streams like waste oil or used frying oil, thereby having no impact on biodiversity and the environment. This paper is comprehensive review of biodiesel synthesis from waste oil under elevated pressure and temperature: the supercritical or subcritical conditions of alcohol, with or without the use of heterogeneous catalyst. The review compromises the thermodynamic data, phase equilibria, phase composition and distribution during reaction, kinetic parameters and kinetic modeling, are presented. This type of data is necessary for process design and optimization. Process economics is analyzed and the impact of different production parameters (feedstock type, process parameters as temperature, pressure and alcohol to oil ratio, and different technology) is summarized and discussed.

For commercial application, the ester product of alkali-catalyzed transesterification of vegetable oil or animal fats should be refined after glycerol separation by settling to fulfill the biodiesel standard specifications. This crude biodiesel, after neutralization and methanol removal, should be further cleaned by either one of the following methods: wet washing, dry washing, membrane extraction or using ion liquids. This paper presents a review on the traditional (wet and dry washing) and novel (membrane separation technology and usage of ion liquids) methods of crude biodiesel purification. It also provides a comparison of crude biodiesel purification methods. Each method has its advantages and disadvantages, which should be carefully analyzed when choosing the proper one for refining crude biodiesel.

For commercial application, the ester product of alkali-catalyzed transesterification of vegetable oil or animal fats should be refined after glycerol separation by settling to fulfill the biodiesel standard specifications. This crude biodiesel, after neutralization and methanol removal, should be further cleaned by either one of the following methods: wet washing, dry washing, membrane extraction or using ion liquids. This paper presents a review on the traditional (wet and dry washing) and novel (membrane separation technology and usage of ion liquids) methods of crude biodiesel purification. It also provides a comparison of crude biodiesel purification methods. Each method has its advantages and disadvantages, which should be carefully analyzed when choosing the proper one for refining crude biodiesel.

The synthesis of biodiesel under elevated pressure and temperature could be promising technology which could result in sustainable biodiesel production, from renewable and waste streams like waste oil or used frying oil, thereby having no impact on biodiversity and the environment. This paper is comprehensive review of biodiesel synthesis from waste oil under elevated pressure and temperature: the supercritical or subcritical conditions of alcohol, with or without the use of heterogeneous catalyst. The review compromises the thermodynamic data, phase equilibria, phase composition and distribution during reaction, kinetic parameters and kinetic modeling, are presented. This type of data is necessary for process design and optimization. Process economics is analyzed and the impact of different production parameters (feedstock type, process parameters as temperature, pressure and alcohol to oil ratio, and different technology) is summarized and discussed.

Over the centuries, energy has been supplied by wood, coal, oil and natural gas, as well as by uranium. All these energy sources are limited and create pollution problems. This has led countries to focus on a sustainable and cleaner energy sources. Wind energy is rapidly emerging as one of the most cost-effective forms of renewable energy with very significant increases in annual installed capacity around the world. In this paper, authors have tried to review the current state of wind power utilization in Ethiopia. First, a brief overview is given on the Ethiopian electric power sector in order to gain insight into the main energy sources of the country and installed electric power capacities. Wind energy potential and current energy policy in Ethiopia were discussed respectively in the subsequent sections. Finally, short reviews of the ongoing and planned wind energy together with other renewable energy projects are given. Ethiopia, a country that relies on hydroelectric plants for the bulk of its power, is now developing significant wind energy capacities. Lack of reliable wind data covering the entire country has been one of the reasons for limited application of wind energy in Ethiopia, but recently studies have shown that Ethiopia has substantial potential to generate electricity from wind, geothermal and hydropower. Considering the substantial wind resource in the country, the government has committed itself to generate power from wind plants by constructing eight wind farms with total capacities of 1116 MW together with a number of hydropower plants over the five year Growth and Transformation Plan (GTP) period from 2011 to 2015. This development of wind power is a part of the current energy sector policy of the country that aims at a five-fold increase in renewable energy production by the end of 2015.

The growth of the renewable energy sector in the world in the first decade of the twenty-first century was rapid. Wind energy sector was one of the fastest growing renewable energy technologies. In this paper, authors have tried to review the current state of wind power utilization in Serbia as one of the most penetrating RES technologies in the world. The brief overview of electric power sector in Serbia was given in order to describe the environment for emerging wind energy sector development. Sufficient wind energy resources were identified in several regions of the country. Current energy policy in Serbia was reviewed in terms of the regulations that have to be followed in order to meet the requirements for RES power plants, i.e. wind power plant construction. In subsequent section short reviews of wind energy projects which are in their initial phases are provided. The wind energy sector in Serbia is emerging despite the difficulties faced by the investors, regulatory bodies and other shareholders, in the course of the past several years. There is an urgent need of a broader transfer of specific knowledge and technologies related to wind farms and wind turbines in order to speed up the current wind energy sector development.

Serbian government has recently introduced the system of feed-in tariffs for electricity generated from renewable sources. The proposed feed-in tariff for photovoltaic electricity is set to 0.23 (sic)/kWh paid for 12 years, with the PV electricity produced after the first 12 years being sold at the grid electricity market price for the rest of the plant lifetime. Although such FIT could have been justified by the small, average retail grid electricity price of just 0.054 (sic)/kWh for Serbian households, the investment appraisal of a real case of 2.82 kWp PV power plant in two Serbian cities of Zlatibor and Negotin, clearly illustrates that the proposed FIT framework is not sufficient to attract investments into PV in Serbia. In the second part of the paper, we have analyzed alternative, more reasonable feed-in tarrif frameworks, with the goal of selecting those able to sustain the PV adoption and diffusion in Serbia.

Bioethanol accounts for the majority of biofuel use worldwide, either as a fuel or a gasoline enhancer. In Serbia, the industrial production of bioethanol still relies on conventional feedstocks containing starch and sugar such as corn, wheat and molasses. In order to improve the economy of bioethanol production and to avoid the competition of the feedstock utilization for food and energy, several production approaches based on crop selection, process integration and waste utilization were considered in this paper. Particular attention was put on utilization of non conventional crops such as triticale and damaged crops not appropriate for food consumption. Potential of lignocellulosic biomass for the production of second generation ethanol in Serbia was also considered as well as the utilization of stillage as a main by-product. The investigated approaches can significantly improve the economy of bioethanol production and contribute to solve serious environmental problems.

Bioethanol accounts for the majority of biofuel use worldwide, either as a fuel or a gasoline enhancer. In Serbia, the industrial production of bioethanol still relies on conventional feedstocks containing starch and sugar such as corn, wheat and molasses. In order to improve the economy of bioethanol production and to avoid the competition of the feedstock utilization for food and energy, several production approaches based on crop selection, process integration and waste utilization were considered in this paper. Particular attention was put on utilization of non conventional crops such as triticale and damaged crops not appropriate for food consumption. Potential of lignocellulosic biomass for the production of second generation ethanol in Serbia was also considered as well as the utilization of stillage as a main by-product. The investigated approaches can significantly improve the economy of bioethanol production and contribute to solve serious environmental problems.

Serbian government has recently introduced the system of feed-in tariffs for electricity generated from renewable sources. The proposed feed-in tariff for photovoltaic electricity is set to 0.23 (sic)/kWh paid for 12 years, with the PV electricity produced after the first 12 years being sold at the grid electricity market price for the rest of the plant lifetime. Although such FIT could have been justified by the small, average retail grid electricity price of just 0.054 (sic)/kWh for Serbian households, the investment appraisal of a real case of 2.82 kWp PV power plant in two Serbian cities of Zlatibor and Negotin, clearly illustrates that the proposed FIT framework is not sufficient to attract investments into PV in Serbia. In the second part of the paper, we have analyzed alternative, more reasonable feed-in tarrif frameworks, with the goal of selecting those able to sustain the PV adoption and diffusion in Serbia.