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Recently China's wind power industry is challenged by many problems such as wind power integration and wind curtailment, which seriously hinders the development of onshore wind power. Since China's policy has a direct and significant influence on wind power industry, it is vital to analyze and evaluate published policies. This paper explores in detail 134 China's onshore wind power policies from 2005 to 2015 so as to provide analytical support for future formulation and implementation of wind power policy. Based on policy summary from equipment manufacturing industry, wind farms and power grid industry, this paper evaluates the policies from the perspective of overall plan, support policy and policy implementation using fitting method, game theory and empirical analysis. The results indicate that China's wind policy is gradually becoming perfected, for example, there are more reasonable objectives and improved support policies. However, many problems remain to be solved, like unreasonable planning, imperfect support policies, immature trading systems and uncoordinated actions among interest related parties. Furthermore, combined with international experiences, suggestions on improving China's wind power policy are proposed from seven aspects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Since 2005, there has been dramatic progress in China''s wind power industry. The annual growth rate of newly constructed capacity reached a miracle of 105% and the total installed capacity has increased from 1.27GW in 2005 to 44.73GW in 2010, which has exceeded the target of China''s energy long-term planning for 2020. During the 11th Five-Year-Plan (FYP), the Chinese government has issued a series of polices to promote and regulate the development of wind power industry, which is the underlying force driving its rapid development. This paper is a systematical review on the current status and policies of wind power industry in China. Firstly the current status including achievements and shortcomings is presented, and then the relevant polices and regulations released during the period of 11th FYP are reviewed. Meanwhile, the main approaches of the policies and regulations in promoting the development of wind power industry are discussed and the issues of the current policies are analyzed. Finally, the paper concludes on the perspectives of wind power policies in China. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

As a renewable energy, wind power has been improving energy structures and assisting in the maintenance of strategic energy security. Based on provincial level panel data from 2000 to 2018, this paper developed models to evaluate the effects of different policies on newly installed wind power capacity and investigated the market reform influences on wind development in eight spot market pilots. It was found that on a national level, while the pricing and government guideline policies significantly promoted wind power growth, present market reforms were having an opposite effect. The results also suggested that from a resource endowment heterogeneity perspective, there was a significant difference in the wind capacity promotion policy performances. Additionally, of the eight spot market pilots, market designs had led to a significant reduction in new wind power installations in Gansu and Inner Mongolia, and no significant wind power development effects were found in the other pilots. Based on the research results, a discussion on policy use and suggestions on policy improvements are given. • Effectiveness of different representative wind power policies are examined. • The panel models are developed using data that covers 30 provinces over 2000–2018. • Policy effectiveness varies by policy types and wind resource levels. • The current market designs show little impact on wind power development. • Implications on policy use and improvement suggestions are given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wind power generation has increased rapidly in China over the last decade. In this paper the authors present an extensive survey on the status and development of wind power generation in China. The wind resource distributions in China are presented and assessed, and the 10 GW-scale wind power generation bases are introduced in details. The domestic research status of main components of WP system is then elaborated, followed by an evaluation of the wind power equipment manufacturers. Finally, the outlook for the development of the wind power utilization in China is presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As wind power resources are abundant, China’s wind power industry has entered a period of rapid growth since 2005, and constantly facing new challenges at the same time. In this paper, the general situation of China’s wind power resource and wind power industry development are introduced. On this basis, future development potential and target of wind power industry are analyzed combining with the recent introduction of the policy and the “Twelfth Five-Year Plan”. The main obstacles prevailing in the development such as grid integration, price mechanism, industry standard system, and supporting policies are discussed. In addition, strategy advice for promoting the further development of China’s wind power is proposed. In general, the development prospect of China’s wind power industry will be even brighter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China is the global leader in terms of installed wind capacity. Further, wind energy development is expected for the next years and decades to meet the continuously increasing electricity demand and the need of using clean domestic energy. Since 2009 China is divided into four geographical regions, each assigned with a different benchmark on-grid tariff. Moreover the existing infrastructures are not equally developed throughout the country, making investment decisions more complicated and risky. The scope of this paper is to apply an innovative methodology and evaluate the attractiveness of each region for wind energy development, by taking into consideration all relevant investment risks, such as wind potential, wind curtailment, access to the grid and macroeconomic parameters. To this purpose a Monte Carlo simulation approach, integrated into a typical financial model, is implemented in each of the four regions, performing many hundreds of iterations, each characterized by a randomly selected set of the examined uncertain parameters. This approach intends to provide information to private investors doing a first exploratory research in the huge country׳s area in order to decide whether and where to invest, as well as to policy makers to help them assess critical policy parameters and investigate different scenarios of wind energy development. The evaluation of the current framework for wind energy development in China verifies that the existing system of feed-in tariffs in China is very effective for the balanced deployment of wind energy in the whole country. However, it is shown that the risk of curtailment and grid accessibility may significantly reduce the potential profitability of wind energy investments in all four regions. Priority for development of infrastructures should be given in isolated northern windy areas with high-accumulation of wind farms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wind power industry has experienced swift development and gradually moved towards maturity in China. However some hiding issues have appeared and threatened its sustainable development. In this paper, we employ the supply chain framework to present a thorough and comprehensive review on China׳s wind power industry. First we identify key stakeholders along the supply chain and discuss their concerns. Then we summarize the evolution of related policies in both upstream and downstream of the supply chain. The concerns of stakeholders and the existing policies will help understand the progress and challenges of the industry in China. We find that inability of independent technique innovation, unordered and unbalanced pattern of wind farm development, de-motivation of power grid companies, incompatible technical codes of power grid operation, and neglected demand response are among the key issues. Policy recommendations are proposed to address these problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Wind power is one of the world׳s major renewable energy sources, and its utilization provides an important contribution in helping solve the energy problems of many countries. After nearly 40 years of development, China׳s wind power industry now not only manufactures its own massive six MW turbines but also has the largest capacity in the world with a national output of 50millionMWh in 2010 and set to rise by eight times of that amount by 2020. This paper investigates this development route by analyzing relevant academic literature, statistics, laws and regulations, policies and research and industry reports. The main drivers of the development in the industry are identified as technologies, turbines, wind farm construction, pricing mechanism and government support systems, each of which is also divided into different stages with distinctive features. A systematic review of these aspects provides academics and practitioners with a better understanding of the history of the wind power industry in China and reasons for its rapid development with a view to enhancing progress in wind power development both in China and the world generally. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In addition to providing a review of electricity generation developments in China, this paper features the development of a framework for understanding the socio-political economy influencing electricity market development. It documents and presents a critical evaluation of the social, technological, economic and political forces which influence electricity generation policy in China. The analysis provides insight into why China's electricity generation shopping basket is being filled with both coal and CO2-reduced electricity generation technologies. It concludes that installed capacity of hydro power, wind power, nuclear power and solar PV power will outpace government projections due to inter alia a proclivity on the part of the Chinese government to set conservative (and achievable) targets, waning apathy toward pollution associated with coal-fired power, progressive improvements in grid connection and resilience, increased economic viability of these alternative energy sources and government support for these industries as strategic commercial sectors. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The wind power industry is a complex industry involving many different types of enterprises from diverse fields loosely working together to form both internal and external associations. As a complicated system it is necessary to detect the location of the various industry components, their operation characteristics and the various relationships between the many sectors of the wind power industry. Using the general industry chain theory, this paper develops a wind power industry chain model and examines the operation mechanisms of the industry. This leads to the establishment of three perspectives for the wind power industry, these are the supply chain model, the technology chain model and the value chain model that respectively reflect the supply–demand relationship, technology transfer and value creation of wind power related industries. The models can be used to analyze: the resources distribution, the supply and demand and production relationships amongst related enterprises, the relevant technology systems and the value increase process of the wind power industry. Using China's wind power industry as an example, this study uses: (1) the supply chain to analyze the construction, equipment supply and the on-grid connection of wind power; (2) the technology chain to evaluate the technical status of China's wind power industry from the perspective of the level of technology, the source of the technology and the technology standard; and (3) the value chain to analyze the value distribution of China's wind power industry. The results suggest that over capacity, lack of core technology and an incomplete follow up service system are the major obstacles to China's wind power industry development. The models form an effective tool to analyze and evaluate the development status of the wind power industry in different countries, and support the concept of formulating a sustainable development strategy. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: With policy encouragement and capital investments, China's wind power has been enjoying a tremendous development for years. China has now become a global leader in terms of wind power capacity, with a total of 52.58 gigawatts of wind power connected to power grid. However, the overwhelming majority of accumulated and added installment is now embarrassing China's wind power by grid connectivity and power curtailment problems. In this paper, we provide a systematical review of China's wind power industry in the past six years, analyze the existing problems behind the remarkable statistics, examine the underlying causes for the problems, propose method for China's future wind power development. In order to have a profound understanding for the problems of China's wind power, we give a deeper look into three typical overcapacity regions. On that basis, we suggest that government should develop distributed wind power in the east, rather than continue constructing wind farms in the “three-N region”. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: China is facing a number of challenges such as electricity supply shortages, excessive consumption of fossil fuels and environmental pollution. As a renewable energy, wind power plays a vital role in mitigating these issues. With its unique geographical location and rich resources, China has produced a wind power industry that has achieved rapid growth. However, the complex Chinese market environment presents significant challenges to the industry. This research has adopted a strength, weakness, opportunity and threat analysis approach to examine both the internal and external factors that affect the competitiveness of the wind power industry in China. An extensive and critical review of a wide range of literature (including academic papers, industry reports, statistical data, relevant regulations and policy documents) was conducted. As a result, 19 factors were identified. These factors form part of an integrated framework that provides a useful tool for both policy makers and industry to gain a better understanding of what affects the sustainable development of the wind power industry in China. The results also provide a useful reference for foreign firms that intend to explore the Chinese wind power market. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Even though China''s wind power industry has experienced a rapid growth since the beginning of this century, the utilization of wind power is still worrisome. In 2010, about 30% of China''s total installed capacity could not get access to the grid. And about 10% of China''s total wind power generation was curtailed. The problem of wind power curtailment is more prominent in Northeast-China region. The main particularity of Northeast China Grid is as follows: during the long heating period in winter, combined heat and power thermal plants need to modify the turbine generator''s output to meet the heating demand and thus the thermal power peak regulation capacity is reduced, as a result the barriers of wind power consumption are increased. This paper provides a new perspective of the constraints on the effective utilization of wind power in the Northeast China Grid. We argue that there are two categories of constrained factors: structural factor and operational factor. The former includes grid structure, wind source structure, power source structure, and market structure. The latter includes power price mechanism, dispatch mode arrangement, wind power integration codes, and wind power forecast. At last, we make policy recommendations: promote the coordination between wind farm investment and grid construction, strengthen interprovincial power trade mechanism, implement flexible pricing mechanisms as well as improve current dispatch mode, etc. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Wind energy, as a reliable, natural and renewable electrical power supply, produces no emissions and so it is an excellent alternative to conventional, more heavily polluting fuels in the long term based on the worldwide concern about the environment and energy supply. Wind energy resources in China are affluent, but its distribution are uneven, centralized, and far from both the utility and the high electricity demand markets. This made China''s onshore wind power development have such characteristics as large scale, high centralization and far transmission, which is different with that in Europe, where the characteristics are even distribution, decentralized. In past two decades, considering the economic, technical and environmental benefits of wind power, China has given priority to its development. Besides the dramatic growth of large scale grid-connected wind power, household-scale wind power has been used most successfully in remote rural regions in China. Therefore, the development of wind power will be of great importance to alleviate the energy crisis and environmental pollution resulting from the rapid economic growth of China in the future. In this paper, the current development of wind energy utilization in China is investigated, and some critical barriers are discussed. Finally, the perspective of wind energy utilization is presented, where focuses are placed on seven wind power bases. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: With support from the Chinese government, the Chinese wind power generation industry is experiencing rapid development. The quick growth of the wind power generation industry has promoted the development of the Chinese wind turbine manufacturing industry. Similarly, the quantity and the productivity of the local Chinese Wind Turbine Manufacturers (WTMs) have also undergone a quick and significant expansion. This is resulting in an increase in competition amongst the WTMs in China. Being relatively new, this creates a fertile environment for local Chinese WTMs that is ripe for study and analysis. Based on the niche theory of industrial ecosystem and enterprise, this paper investigates the Chinese wind turbine manufacturing industry, and proposes a wind turbine manufacturing industry ecosystem model and a WTMs’ ecological niche evaluation index system (WENEIS). Use is made of a catastrophe theory model evaluation method to evaluate the ecological niche status of the 6 main local Chinese WTMs selected and a spider diagram is established to compare the status of the different enterprises’ ecological niche. The proposed WENEIS aids WTMs in finding the competitive advantage and disadvantage factors for their development, as well as providing a valuable reference for the WTMs to improve their business environment and to formulate their competitive strategy in the future. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Climate change and limited primary energy resources require indigenous renewable electricity generation options to change the current coal-dominated power source matrix in China. The wind power is such a solution for the above challenges, and it still has large space for improvement in China. In this paper several critical factors related to Chinese wind power were studied in details, including the wind resources, the wind turbine industry and the policies from the Chinese government. Based on the study, the perspective of wind power in China was discussed. With outstanding advantages, the offshore wind power has a bright future in China, so its main characteristics are discussed. Based on the discussions, suggestions were given to improve the development of Chinese wind power, and the government''s further measures are also recommended. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper examines the current situation of wind industry development, evaluates the potentials of GHG mitigation and identifies the key determinants of scaling up wind power deployment in China. China has doubled its wind capacity every year for the past 4 years, the total installed capacity reached 12 Gigawatts (GW) and surpassed the 10-GW target 2 years ahead of schedule in the national plan for renewable energy development ,and would reach 100–120GW by 2020 according to the government’s new energy plan. It may become the biggest wind power generation and wind turbines manufacturing country of the world in the next years if the abundant wind resources and enormous domestic market can be harnessed with appropriate policies and efficient technology. The recent positive move in vigorous development of wind power in China implies that the total installed capacity will far exceed the targets of the government’s 2007 renewable energy plan. However, the prosperous Chinese wind market has also revealed some worrisome signals and weakness , such as low capacity factor and frequent outage of wind farms, inadequate grid infrastructure, long distance transmission, low quality of turbines, adverse price bidding, nepotism in wind farm developer selection process and regulatory uncertainty and policy inconsistency which all conspire to hinder effective power generation in the massively new installed wind capacities. A coherent policy framework is required for creating enabling environment for accelerating wind energy penetration and state-of-art technology deployment in the country. It is argued that institutional, financial and technical capacity will need to be cemented to exploit the huge potentials of wind resources to meet the rapidly growing demand for electricity in China in the coming decades with minimised environmental implications. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Wind power in China registered a record level of expansion recently, and has doubled its total capacity every year since 2004. Many experts believe that China will be central to the future of the global wind energy market. Consequently, the growth pattern of wind power in China may be crucial to the further development of the global wind market. This paper firstly presented an overview of wind energy potential in China and reviewed the national wind power development course in detail. Based on the installed wind capacity in China over the past 18 years and the technical potential of wind energy resources, the growth pattern was modeled in this study for the purpose of prospect analysis, in order to obtain projections concerning the development potential. The future perspectives of wind energy development in China are predicted and analyzed. This study provides a comprehensive overview of the current status of wind power in China and some insights into the prospects of China''s wind power market, which is emerging as a new superpower in the global wind industry. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

In order to mitigate global climate change and air pollution, the Chinese government has assigned high priority to expanding low-carbon power generation in China. Recent studies have shown that wind power is one of the most promising renewable energy option in China. Although many studies have estimated the generation potential of onshore wind power, their results vary widely from 1783 TWh to 39,000 TWh. Therefore, we examine the different assumptions in these papers and identify three main factors influencing the results. The three influencing factors are: weather data set, land utilisation factor, and wind turbine configuration. For our model-based analysis, we define a reference scenario which is used to compare the results. Our analysis shows using a different weather data set increases the generation potential to roughly 35,000 TWh. This is 54% higher than the generation potential of the reference scenario. The land utilisation factor also has a large influence, ranging between −10% and −51%. The studies' assumptions and data should be subjected to careful scrutiny, as the calculated wind power potentials are widely used to develop decarbonisation strategies for the energy system. • Study results on wind power potentials in China vary from 1783 TWh to 39,000 TWh • Influencing factors: weather data set, land utilisation, and wind turbine configuration. • Model-based sensitivity analysis with nine scenario settings. • Chosen weather data set has the highest impact on the calculated results with a variation of 54%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China has the world's largest photovoltaic (PV) market, and its cumulative PV installation capacity reached more than 200 GW in 2019. However, a large gap remains to achieve the ambitious target of 1200 GW of wind and solar power installation capacity by 2030. Are there sufficient solar resources, and where should the PV modules be installed? There are no clear answers to these questions. This paper aims to identify the availability and feasibility of developing distributed solar PV (DSPV) systems in China's cities. The results show that China has many DSPV resources, but they are unevenly distributed. The potential for DSPV systems is greatest in eastern and southern China, areas of relatively low solar radiation. Furthermore, the difference in the potential of DSPV development among cities requires targeted policies for different geographical areas. Similarly, the difference in DSPV generation to satisfy the electricity demand in various sectors requires political and industrial efforts to address the mismatch between solar PV power generation capacity, electricity demand, and solar radiation in different regions. • The first study to calculate distributed solar PV (DSPV) potential at city level in China. • China has many DSPV resources, but they are unevenly distributed. • The DSPV resources such as industrial parks, public facilities and rooftops of buildings have been neglected. • Contribute to the decision-making process of the DSPV development by providing a quantitative, city-specific analysis of DSPV power generation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]