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The world’s rapid economic growth has contributed to the ever increasing demand for energy which results in the increase of fossil fuels usage. On the other hand, renewable energies, which are considered environmentally friendly, cannot replace the fossil fuels in the short term. For this, CO 2 capture and storage (CCS) technologies could work as transitional technology. To ensure a meaningful underground storage, well integrity is potentially the greatest challenge. On one hand, the injected CO 2 may cause severe corrosion to metallic tubulars and cement in the wellbore. Identification, quantification and mitigation of this corrosion are the key to achieve satisfactory well conditions. On the other hand, the mechanical integrity loss due to cyclic and thermal loading in the well life will also occur, so to investigate and evaluate well integrity is of paramount importance to ensure a safe operation and storage. This paper presents a definition of well integrity in the scope of CSEGR as well as the mechanisms of well integrity loss. Overview on corrosion issues of metallic and cement corrosion along with the remedial measures is discussed. Through a thorough literature review, well integrity criteria for new and old wells are introduced to provide a guidance for material selection for the usage in CSEGR. Moreover, in order to evaluate the integrity of operational and abandoned wells, this paper provides a review on the existing monitoring methods, as well as risk based methods such as FEPs analysis, Performance and Risk Management, CO 2 -PENS, and put forward a new concept of well integrity evaluation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The insatiable appetite for non-renewable fossil fuels in the past has resulted in a plethora of anthropogenic climate changes and pollution across the globe, causing serious threats to human beings and the environment. To avoid this contention, greater use of wind energy could be the solution for economic growth and sustainable environment, in the long run. This paper discusses the ways in which India has started the growth of wind energy and the country’s potential to expand its contribution to meet ever-increasing energy needs. The paper lucidly presents India’s progress to become the top five wind energy producers in the world. This paper also discusses the major achievements, programs, policy, and incentives for the installation of wind power in India. Opportunities and challenges have been discussed along with the ways to remove barriers to achieve higher growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the coming decades the energy sector will have to face three major transformations concerned with climate change, security of supply and energy poverty. The first two have been extensively analysed, but less attention has been paid to the third, even though it has a great influence on the lives of millions of people. This paper presents an overview on energy poverty, different ways of measuring it and its implications. According to the WHO, indoor pollution causes an estimated 1.3 million deaths per annum in low income countries associated with the use of biomass in inadequate cookstoves. Although energy poverty cannot be delinked from the broader, more complex problem of poverty in general, access to energy infrastructures would avoid its most serious consequences and would help to encourage autonomous development. According to the IEA, the cost of providing universal access to energy by 2030 would require annual investment of $35 billion, i.e. much less than the amount provided annually in subsidies to fossil fuels. Finally, the paper argues that energy and energy poverty need to be incorporated into the design of development strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The rapid depletion of fossil fuel reserves and environmental concerns with their combustion necessitate looking for alternative sources for long term sustainability of the world. These concerns also appear serious in developing countries who are striving for rapid economic growth. The net biomass growing potential on the global land surface is 10 times more than the global food, feed, fiber, and energy demands. This study investigates whether the developing countries have sufficient land resource to meet the projected energy demand towards 2035 by planting energy crops on surplus agricultural land after food and feed production. The annual yields of four commonly grown energy crops specifically jatropha, switchgrass, miscanthus, and willow have been used to make scenarios and estimate land requirements against each scenario. This paper first performs literature reviews on the availability of land resource, past and future trends in land use changes, demand of lands for food production, and potential expansion of croplands. The energy demands towards 2035 are compiled from energy scenarios derived by the International Energy Agency (IEA) and the British Petroleum (BP). This paper also reviewed bio-physiological characteristics of these energy crops to determine whether they are cultivable under tropical climatic conditions in developing regions. This paper found that projected energy demand through 2035 in developing regions could be provided by energy crops grown on a portion of surplus croplands or upgraded grasslands (27% and 22% respectively for miscanthus scenario). Sustainable land management practices, improved agricultural productivity, and adopting suitable energy crops cultivation can potentially supply increasing energy demands. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper analyzed the interactions among China’s economic growth and its energy consumption, air emissions and air environmental protection investment during 2000–2007. Conventional energy and emergy are applied to quantify energy consumption and emissions’ impact, respectively. The five indicators based on money, energy and emergy, including ratio of nonrenewable energy to renewable energy (RNR), energy use per unit GDP (EUPG), environmental cost per unit GDP (ECPG), impact of emissions per unit energy consumption (IEPEC), and environmental benefit per unit environmental protection investment (EBPEI), are presented to depict the relationships among economic growth and energy consumption and impact of air emissions and air environmental protection investment. The results show that energy consumption rapidly rises with China’s fast economic growth; however, energy efficiency and environmental loading intensity from energy consumption are reduced simultaneously but their improvements fall far behind economic growth rate. Impact of air emissions, mainly composed of impact of emissions on human health (especially dust), is slightly decreased. The performance of air environmental protection investment is obviously declined in the study period. Generally speaking, the conflict among economy, energy and air environment protection is slightly mitigated but still acute due to great dependence of China’s economy on fossil energy and inefficient environmental protection measures. Finally, this paper discusses the corresponding issues, and then puts forward some related suggestions. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Energy is a vital input for social and economic development of any nation. Currently the industrial sector is consuming about 37% of the world''s total delivered energy use for diverse activities in manufacturing, agriculture, mining, and construction. It was reported that global industrial energy consumption is estimated to grow from 5.129E+07GWh in 2006 to 7.198E+07GWh in 2030 for the next 25 years. Presently, fossil fuel based energy such as oil, coal, and natural gas are the major sources of energy for industrial activities. Over 80% of total industrial energy needs are met by fossil fuels. Burning fossil fuels produces carbon dioxide which is responsible for negative impacts to the environment. This paper aims at reviewing diverse types of fuels used in industries. It starts with reviewing world fuel consumption trends, world carbon dioxide emissions and fuel consumption trends in industry. Characteristics including fuels energy contents, density, composition, emissions factors and many others factors have also been reviewed. This paper also reflects the possibility of using alternative fuels in industries. It has been found that switching to alternative fuels can offer many social and economic advantages and will result in a positive impact on the environment. Moreover, many alternative fuels have been found to have good energy content those are comparable with fossil fuels. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The continuous growth in size, complexity and energy density of data centres due to the increasing demand for storage, networking and computation has become a worldwide energetic problem. The emergent awareness of the negative impact that the uncontrolled energy consumption has on natural environment, the predicted limitation of fossil fuels production in the upcoming decades and the growing associated costs have strongly influenced the energy systems engineering work in the last decades. Therefore, the implementation of well known and advanced energy efficiency measures to reduce data centres energy demand play an important role not only to a supportable growth but also to reduce its operational costs. The carbon footprint is greatly influenced by the energy sources used. Therefore, there have been recent efforts to exploit and reuse or combine green energy sources in data centres to lower brown energy consumption and CO 2 emissions. This paper presents a comprehensible overview of the current data centre infrastructure and summarizes a number of currently available energy efficiency strategies and renewable energy integration into data centres and its characterization using numerical models. Moreover it would be necessary to develop dynamic models and metrics for properly understand and quantify the energy consumption and the benefits of applying the incoming energy efficiency strategies and renewable energy sources in the data centres. Thus, the researches or investors will be able to compare with reliability the different data centre designs and choose the best option depending on the renewable energy sources and capital available. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Energy is a key indicator of the nation's overall economic as well as social development. Looking at the present energy demand scenario in Bangladesh, electricity demand has significantly increased over the past years. Most of the Bangladesh's power plants are heavily dependent on expensive imported fossil fuel energy resources. Thus, the power failure has become an acute problem for the country and adversely affects the socio-economic development of the country. Consequently, the shortage and constraint in availability of fossil fuels appeal to boost up the renewable energy sector in Bangladesh in order to bring down the gap between demand and supply. Hence, decisive steps to reform the power sector with a mandate to oversee these sectors urgently need to overcome current energy crisis facing in the country. In this paper, efforts have been made to summarize the availability, current status, strategies, perspectives, promotion policies, major achievements and future potential of energy options in Bangladesh. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Wind energy is one of the fastest growing sources of power generation in the world. While general public and political support for wind energy is often high, siting wind farms frequently raises concerns in local communities, and individual projects often fail because of effective public opposition. This paper presents the results of a postal and online survey questionnaire that explores public perceptions of wind energy in two of the most important states for wind development, Texas and Iowa. The goal is a better understanding of public reactions to large-scale wind developments as a prerequisite of more widespread use of renewable energy resources. We found a high level of public support for wind energy, with more than two-thirds of respondents being in favor of building more wind farms either in their community or within the U.S. as a whole. Given that the majority of respondents had a very high level of concern for the general environment, we also found that almost two-thirds of respondents counter-intuitively indicated that producing electricity using fossil fuels is not detrimental to the environment, and that they had little concern for global climate change. Our results suggest that arguing for more renewable sources of energy based on reducing our carbon footprint is less persuasive in these communities than simply approaching it from the perspective of wind being a clean and safe source of energy. More than two-thirds of respondents felt their county had benefited economically from the wind farms and that they were a source of job creation in the county. Support for wind power in these communities is associated far more with socioeconomic factors than foundational aesthetic or moral values, with wind farms perceived as the vehicle that will reverse economic decline. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The demand for petroleum has risen rapidly due to increasing industrialization and modernization of the world. This economic development has led to a huge demand for energy, where the major part of that energy is derived from fossil sources such as petroleum, coal and natural gas. However, the limited reserve of fossil fuel has drawn the attention of many researchers to look for alternative fuels which can be produced from renewable feedstock. Biodiesel has become more attractive because of its environmental benefits and it is obtained from renewable resources. There are four primary methods to make biodiesel: blending, microemulsion, pyrolysis and transesterification. The most commonly used method is the transesterification of triglycerides (vegetable oil and animal fats) with alcohol in the presence of a catalyst. There is a growing interest in using Jatropha curcas L. oil as the feedstock for biodiesel production because it is non-edible and thus does not compromise the edible oils, which are mainly used for food consumption. Non-edible oils are not suitable for human consumption because of the presence of toxic components. Further, J. curcas L. seed has a high content of oil and the biodiesel produced has similar properties to that of petroleum-based diesel. In this paper, an attempt has been made to review the different approaches and techniques used to generate biodiesel from Jatropha curcas oil. The main factors affecting the biodiesel yield, for example the molar ratio of alcohol to oil, catalyst concentration, reaction temperature and reaction time are discussed. Lastly, the environmental considerations and economic aspects of biodiesel are also addressed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Over the last decade, Turkish electricity demand has increased more than 8% per annum as a result of economic development. Being one of the renewable energy sources par excellence, non-exhaustible, non-polluting and economically more attractive than other renewable sources, hydropower has turned out to be an important contributor to the future energy mix of the country. This paper deals with hydropower policies to meet increasing electricity demand for sustainable energy development in Turkey. Turkey has a total gross hydropower potential of 433TWh/year and 140TWh/year of this capacity can be used economically, corresponding to the second largest economic potential in Europe. Currently only 35% of economic hydro potential of the country is utilized. After completion of hydropower plants under construction, this figure will increase to 49%. It is obvious that even after the construction of all projects there will still be a huge hydro potential in Turkey. Besides, Turkey is a poor country in terms of fossil fuels (oil, natural gas, coal and so on) and has no nuclear power plant in operation, which strengthens the role of hydro energy among other alternatives. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The aim of this paper is to point out the importance of renewable energy as a key way for resolving the Turkey''s energy-related challenges. As a consequence of economic and social development, Turkey''s energy consumption has risen dramatically over the past three decades. At present, fossil fuels account for more than 90% of the total energy consumption in the country. Turkey has no large oil and natural gas reserves and it import nearly all of these fossil fuels. Turkey''s current energy mix is not likely to support development of sustainable energy. The energy mix shows a relatively small contribution from renewable energy sources in the country. They have the potential to make a large contribution to Turkey''s sustainable and independent energy future. In particular they can help to reach the environmental goals of Turkey and to increase the security of energy supply by reducing the dependence on imported-fuel supplies. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]