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Energy production in a safe and hazard free manner is one of the world׳s greatest concern. Since the inception of Kyoto Protocol, which was adopted in 1997 and entered into force in February 2005, countries have started to adopt different measures for emission reduction such as electricity generation from renewable energy sources; as the source is free from green house gas (GHG) or CO 2 emission. Legislations and financial incentives have been provided by some governments for encouragement and ensuring good returns to the investors in renewable energy sector. This paper analyzes how a 500 kWp solar photovoltaic (PV) system for electricity generation contributes significantly in the GHG emission reduction and also the potential impact of introducing CO 2 emission reduction cost in the solar PV electricity generation. The result shows that the emission reduction is of the order of hundreds of tons of CO 2 and CO 2 emission reduction cost has a positive impact on the cumulative cash flow of the system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an energy performance analysis of three different photovoltaic (PV) modules technologies under İzmit, Kocaeli weather conditions in Northwest of Turkey. Some comparative analyzes were conducted for showing solar energy potential of İzmit, Kocaeli. For this purpose, by using crystalline (c-Si), multi crystalline (mc-Si) and cadmium–telluride (Cd–Te) modules, three on-grid photovoltaic power systems (PPS) were installed on the rooftop of the Engineering Faculty at Kocaeli University. These PPSs were monitored from October, 2013 to December, 2014. In order to determine the energy performances of PV modules and PPSs, normalized energy of systems, performance ratios (PRs), mean array efficiencies (MAEs) and capacity factors (CFs) were calculated. The results show that due to the low dependency on weather changes, MAE of Cd–Te arrays result in higher value than that of the other arrays. Changes in PRs of c-Si and mc-Si arrays are lower than Cd–Te arrays within the measurement period and mean values of PRs are 83.8%, 82.05% and 89.76% for mc-Si, c-Si and Cd–Te arrays, respectively. Since Cd–Te array has the highest CF during all months, Cd–Te array can be accepted as more reliable array under İzmit climatic condition. On the other hand, one of the outcomes of this study is to reveal the solar energy potential of İzmit by on-site measurements. So, it is shown that contrary to measurement taken between 1985 and 2006 from 156 stations by General Directorate of Renewable Energy (GDRE) and Turkish State Meteorological Service (DMI), İzmit has more solar energy potential by rate of 23.79%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This paper deals with finding the optimum tilt angle of solar panels for solar energy applications. The optimization of tilt angles was performed using solar radiation data measured for eight big provinces in Turkey. The optimum angle for tilted surfaces varying from 0° to 90° in steps of 1° was calculated by searching for the values of which the daily total solar radiation was at a maximum for a specific period. It was found that the optimum tilt angle changed between 0° and 65° throughout the year in Turkey. It was seen that the optimum tilt angle reached a minimum of 0° in June and July and, the monthly average daily total radiation at this angle was generally at a maximum. In addition, the optimum tilt angle increased during the winter months and reached a maximum in December in all provinces. Likewise, general correlations were developed to estimate the optimum tilt angle of solar collectors used in Turkey and their accuracies were compared on the basis of statistical error tests of Mean Bias Error (MBE), Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), t-statistic (t-stat) and correlation coefficient (r). [Copyright &y& Elsevier]