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Abstract: Hydro power generation is the oldest generation and provides the largest contribution among the renewable energy types of generation. In distribution system, most of the distributed generation (DG) is small scale hydro generation of which utilizes the natural flowing water of the river. This generation requires governor and excitation control unit to control and sustain the power generation when subjected to any changes of load behavior. More advanced control strategy is critically expected when considering the recent interest in distribution system to perform islanding operation of DG. Many of the literature have clearly highlighted this issue, but only a few have discussed on the islanding operation of small hydro generation. This paper therefore reviews this topic and relates the discussion with the controller designed for other type of turbines interfaced with synchronous generator. To strengthen the knowledge on islanding operation, the background of islanding is also presented in this paper. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The Network Reconfiguration technique is a method which helps mitigate power losses from distribution systems. However, the reconfiguration technique can only do this up to a certain point. Further power loss reduction may be realized via the application of Distributed Generation (DG). However, the integration of DG into the distribution system at a non-optimal location may result in increased power losses and voltage fluctuations. Therefore, a strategy for the selection of optimal placement and sizing of the DG needs to be developed and at the same time ensure optimal configuration. Many heuristic and artificial intelligence methods have been proposed in the literature for optimal distribution network reconfiguration, DGs sizing, and location. This paper reviews some of the more recent methods for distribution network reconfiguration, DG placement, and sizing that are intended to minimize power losses and improve the voltage profile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Renewable Energy Sources (RESs) particularly photovoltaic (PV) and wind are becoming important sources for power generation. Frequently varying output of PV and wind caused by clouds movement, weather condition and wind speed make them an intermittent and unreliable sources when connected to grid. Connecting intermittent sources to grid introduces challenges in various technical aspects such as power quality, protection, generation dispatch control and reliability. In this context , leveling intermittent source׳s output is necessary inorder to maintain grid׳s stability. This paper is aimed at bringing out the latest comprehensive literature review on problems associated when the intermittent PV is connected to grid and the methods of smoothing the output power fluctuation from PV. This paper also briefly discusses control strategy built for battery energy storage pertaining to this issue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Voltage control is an important method for regulating the feeder voltages in a distribution network. Various voltage control methods are used by distribution network operators (DNOs) in order to maintain the network voltages to be within an acceptable voltage level. Traditionally, on-load tap changer (OLTC) and automatic voltage control (AVC) relays are often employed in regulating the network voltages. However, the traditional voltage control techniques are no longer suitable when renewable energy (RE) sources are connected to the network because of the possibility of bidirectional power flows. The presence of reverse power flow will affect the feeder voltage profiles and influence the voltage control scheme practiced in the distribution system. This paper presents an overview on the various OLTC voltage control schemes which are used to control the voltage in distribution networks containing RE sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]