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Background: Klebsiella pneumoniae can be defined as one of the clinically relevant pathogens that is a common cause of community-acquired and hospital-acquired urinary tract infections (UTI). Objective: The current study was conducted to investigate most common members of 5 classes of efflux pumps among K. Pneumonia isolates. Methodology: K. Pneumonia isolates was diagnosed on EMB and confirmed by tyrB gene. Antibiotic susceptibility test has been done based on the CLSI-2019. Efflux pumps genes were examined via PCR. Results: All isolates were high resist to ceftazidime, Amoxicillin, cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, Cefixime, cefepime, streptomycin and trimethoprime. Moderate resistance were showed to nitrofurantion, Aztreonam, Kanamycin, Cefoxitin, Gentamycine and Tobramycine. Low resistance was exhibited to Ciprofloxacine, Azithromycin, Doxycycline, piperacillin, Nalidixic acid, Imipenem and Amikacine. High sensitivity were exploited to Levofloxacine, ofloxacine, Meropenem and Netilamicin Concern antibiotic resistance patterns PDR, XDR and MDR), the results revealed that (10%) isolates were non-MDR while MDR compile (90%). Results of molecular investigation of efflux pumps in K pneumonia revealed that, AcrAB-TolC, AcrAD-TolC and AcrFE-TolC genes, EmrAB-TolC, EmrD and MdfA, EmrE, YnfA and TehA, MacAB-TolC and MdlAB-TolC, MdtK and DinF) genes were investigated for K. pneumoniae. Results of biofilm formation revealed that 100% were biofilm former (40% weak biofilm, 44% moderate and 16% strong biofilm former). Conclusion: The study concludes that, all efflux pumps may be highly associated with resistance to penicillins and cephalosporins and moderately with streptomycin, trimethoprime, nitrofuraniton, Aztreonam, Kanamycin. Additionally, biofilm formation was highly related to presence of studied pumps.

Genital mycoplasmas are opportunistic pathogens that may cause complications during pregnancy. The resistance of mycoplasmas to routine antimicrobials is widespread and increasing. We aimed to investigate the antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of mycoplasmas and to detect a possible link between the diagnosis of mycoplasmas and the cessation of pregnancy. The detection and antimicrobial susceptibilities of Mycoplasma hominis and Ureaplasma urealyticum were evaluated using the Mycoplasma IES Plus Kit. This study was performed with 56 patients who had abnormal vaginal discharge and who attended an antenatal clinic at the Al Hilla General Teaching Hospital in Babylon Province, Iraq. The groups were divided as follows: 35 patients had a spontaneous abortion, and 21 patients had a pregnancy that went to full-term. Mycoplasmas were detected in 89.3% (50/56) of patients. Of these women infected with M. hominis and/or U. urealyticum, 62.5% (35/56) had a spontaneous abortion, and 26.8% (15/56) delivered a live foetus. The susceptibility rates of M. hominis and U. urealyticum to clindamycin were 20% and 13%, respectively. Mixed isolates (M. hominis and U. urealyticum) had a higher resistance to most of the antibacterial agents in comparison to the resistance of either M. hominis or U. urealyticum alone. To prevent complications during pregnancy, the data on local antimicrobial susceptibility patterns needs to be updated; this will assist the decision-making groups in choosing the best treatment strategies for patients with these infections.