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Aim: We aimed to observe the clinical practicing value of radial endobronchial ultrasonography evaluating airway wall thickness before and after bronchial thermoplasty., Methods: We selected two patients who received bronchial thermoplasty in our hospital. We measured the thickness of each segmental airway wall of each patient by radial endobronchial ultrasonography, and observed the difference before and after the therapy. All the treatments and measurement were performed by a designated bronchoscopist and the locations and depths of the ultrasound probe were relatively fixed, to reduce the operational error., Results: In both two patients, the mean thicknesses of all segmental airway walls was 4.9 ± 0.7 mm before the first session of BT; the mean thickness was 4.13 ± 0.92 mm before the second session; the mean thickness was 2.69 ± 0.68 mm before the third session; the mean thickness was 2.7 ± 0.5 mm in the follow-up measurement at six months after the BT treatment; all thicknesses of airway wall were significantly reduced comparing with those before treatment; all the thicknesses of the airway walls were stable without any tendency of thickening after six months. Although the airways in the right middle lobe of both two patients were not received BT, their thicknesses were also decreased comparing with those before the treatment; both upper lobes bronchus of both two patients were not activated in the first and second sessions, but their thicknesses were also decreased at the third measurement., Conclusion: Radial endobronchial ultrasonography is a simple and practical method to measure the thickness of patient's airway wall. Bronchial thermoplasty can effectively reduce the thickness of airway wall. It can reduce airway smooth muscle by direct activation and other possible more complicated mechanism, which need further research., Competing Interests: None to declare., (© 2022 The Authors.)

Bronchogenic cysts are rare congenital anomalies that they are usually diagnosed prenatally during the routine second trimester scan. We present such a rare case of bronchogenic cyst in a fetus. Our initial scan demonstrated a big cystic mass, which enlarged progressively causing shifting of the mediastinum and compression of the fetal heart. Consequent hydrops fetalis was treated with thoracoamniotic shunt and the pregnancy continued with no further complications. Pontnatal period, surgery and long term follow-up was uneventful., Competing Interests: All authors declare no conflict of interest., (© 2021 The Authors.)

A report a case of a 63 year old male diagnosed with lung cancer adenocarcinoma. The patient had a right paratracheal mass diagnosed with EBUS-TBNA 22G. The patient had surgery, however 7 days after the billau catheter was removed pneumothorax was diagnosed which did not resolved. Bronchoscopy reveled two minor fistulas in the interior wall of the trachea. An additional surgery was performed in order to add muscle patches on the exterior part of the trachea. Unfortunately additional stent placement was placed after a silicon stent since the muscle patches failed. We chose a metallic auto expandable stent since after three months of follow up a small metastatic lesion was observed in the liver. Stent placement is an option for these patients and the right stent has to be placed for each case., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflicts of interest., (© 2021 The Authors.)

A fifty year old male was diagnosed with bronchial HPV. He was treated with local interventional treatment argon plasma coagulation and subcutaneous injections bevacizumab. Spraying of the regions followed with a specially designed catheter with interferon-α (2b). Systematic treatment of esomeprazole was also administered. After six months the patient is disease free and on close follow-up., Competing Interests: All authors declare no conflict of interest., (© 2021 The Author(s).)

Bronchogenic cysts are rare congenital malformations which derive from primitive ventral foregut. They are usually observed in intrathoracically. A fifty year old male was admitted for the investigation of a three month chest pain. Computed tomography scan of the thorax revealed a lesion around the esophagus and left stem bronchus. Endobronchial ultrasound with convex probe and a 19G needle biopsy revealed a bronchogenic cystic which was removed with video assisted thoracic surgery. Initial radiologic assessment although was thought to be lung cancer because of the smoking habit it turned out to be benignancy. EBUS-TBNAB with 10G needle is safe and absolutely necessary for these lesions, as they take large samples., Competing Interests: None to declare., (© 2020 The Author(s).)

Nowadays we have novel therapies for advanced stage non-small cell lung cancer. Immunotherapy has been introduced in the market for several years and until now its administration is mostly based on the programmed death-ligand 1. First line treatment with immunotherapy can be administered alone if programmed death-ligand 1 expression is ≥ 50%. All therapies for advanced stage disease have advantages and disadvantages, immunotherapy until now has presented mild adverse effects when compared to chemotherapy. However; it is known to induce inflammatory response to different tissues within the body. In our case acute pneumothorax was induced after immunotherapy administration., Competing Interests: All authors declare no conflict of interest., (© 2020 The Author(s).)

Background: Solitary tracheobronchial papilloma (STBP) is a rare benign tumor. Human papilloma virus (HPV) infection is associated with dysplasia and a high risk of carcinoma., Case 1: Sixty five year old male with hemoptysis and with coilocytic atypia, indicating the presence of HPV., Case 2: Thirty two year old female with a polypoid villoglandular bronchial structure and no cytoplasmic or nuclear atypia but prominent microvilli., Discussion: Tissue sample is the best sample in order to determine and distinguish the two entities, local treatment should be considered as first option when possible., Competing Interests: None to declare., (© 2020 The Authors.)

Catamenial pneumothorax (CP) is considered to be the most common form of thoracic endometriosis syndrome, which also includes catamenial hemothorax, catamenial hemopneumothorax, catamenial hemoptysis, and endometriosis lung nodules. Diagnosis can be hinted by high recurrence rates of lung collapse in a woman of reproductive age with endometriosis. In our case we present a 41 year old woman at the time of the second incidence with a left pneumothorax and holes in the pericardium in the diaphragm location. Laparoscopic evaluation was performed along with video-assisted thoracoscopy and treatment was performed with both techniques., Competing Interests: None to declare., (© 2020 The Authors.)

Foreign body removal is a challenging procedure. Firstly we have to identify properly the foreign body and the position of the obstruction. Secondly we have to choose the proper removal equipment and finally the appropriate method of patient ventilation during the procedure. In our case report we present a challenging procedure with the removal of a metallic needle with minimum resources and equipment in a young girl in Djibouti, Africa., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest., (© 2019 The Authors.)

We report herein on two cases where high-risk osseous foreign bodies that incarcerated or penetrated the bronchial wall. The foreign bodies were unable to be removed via flexible bronchoscope (FB), with the foreign bodies close to the pulmonary artery and aortic artery. After preoperative evaluation and planning with the virtual bronchoscopic navigation (VBN) system, the airway foreign bodies were extracted effectively and safely using advanced therapeutic endoscopic technique by rigid bronchoscope (RB), thus avoiding the surgical thoracotomy., Competing Interests: None to declare., (© 2019 The Authors.)