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An 82‐year‐old man was presented to our hospital due to epigastric and right hypochondrial pain 17 weeks after the initiation of intravenous treatment with nivolumab for recurrent lung adenocarcinoma as multiple lung and sternal metastases. Urgent gastroscopy revealed macroscopic duodenitis such as severe erythema, oedema, black‐coloured erosions, and ulcers located throughout the second portion of the duodenum, which was confirmed by abdominal computed tomography as circumferential thickening of the duodenal wall. Those lesions were pathologically considered as non‐specific inflammation and spontaneously disappeared within a month, suggesting nivolumab‐induced immune‐related adverse events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 64-year-old man was referred to our hospital because of persistent dyspnoea for the past 1 month. He had recurrent brain anaplastic meningioma after two operations and irradiation. He suffered from right pleural effusion in the previous few months and was diagnosed with malignant mesothelioma via pleural biopsy 1 month prior to coming to our hospital. At his first visit to our hospital, thoracic computed tomography demonstrated rapidly developed large inhomogeneously enhancing pleural thickening up to 3 cm, which surrounded the right hemithorax, together with left-sided pleural effusion. After re-evaluation of the pathological specimens retrieved from the local hospital, he was finally diagnosed with pleural metastasis secondary to anaplastic meningioma (WHO classification, grade 3). Generally, brain meningiomas are believed to be benign and seldom metastasize to other organs. However, the present case clearly demonstrated the unique clinical presentation of anaplastic meningioma, also known as malignant meningioma, which mimicked the pathological and radiological findings of a malignant mesothelioma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 58‐year‐old man presented with a two‐month history of facial erythema and dry cough. Physical examination revealed typical cutaneous manifestations of dermatomyositis (DM), including heliotrope rash and shawl sign. A chest X‐ray revealed a 4‐cm mass in the right middle lung. After bronchoscopy and investigation of auto‐antibodies, he was diagnosed with co‐occurring transcriptional intermediary factor 1‐gamma (TIF1‐γ) positive DM and lung adenocarcinoma. He was administered oral prednisolone for subsequent muscle weakness, but developed TIF1‐γ positive DM‐associated oropharyngeal dysphagia complicated by spontaneous oesophageal rupture and died from progression of chemoresistant lung cancer. A 58‐year‐old man presented with a two‐month history of facial erythema and dry cough. After testing he was diagnosed with co‐occurring transcriptional intermediary factor 1‐gamma (TIF1‐γ) positive dermatomyositis (DM) and lung adenocarcinoma. He subsequently developed muscle weakness and was administered oral prednisolone but developed TIF1‐γ positive DM‐associated oropharyngeal dysphagia complicated by spontaneous oesophageal rupture. Despite treatment, he gradually deteriorated and died from progression of chemoresistant lung cancer six months later. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 62‐year‐old healthy man presented to our hospital due to a persistent fever of up to 38°C for one week. Thoracic computed tomography showed right pleural effusion with multiple large nodules up to 7 cm in diameter composed of numerous discrete small nodules like fireworks, the so‐called "cluster" signs. Some of the large nodules had a hyper‐dense portion centrally surrounded by partially discrete small nodules, not as densely assembled, suggestive of the "galaxy" sign. The repeated acid‐fast sputum smears and both bronchial washings were all negative for Mycobacterium tuberculosis, but the acid‐fast culture of sputum taken soon after the first bronchoscopy, and pleural fluid, turned out to be positive for M. tuberculosis at six weeks after admission. The present case clearly demonstrates that the "galaxy" and "cluster" signs are red herring signs of the low rates of isolating M. tuberculosis, which should be differentiated from pulmonary sarcoidosis. In this article, we present a unique case of active pulmonary tuberculosis, with multiple huge "cluster" signs like fireworks, together with multiple "galaxy" signs. The repeated acid‐fast sputum smears and both bronchial washings were all negative for Mycobacterium tuberculosis, but the acid‐fast culture of sputum taken soon after the first bronchoscopy, and pleural fluid, turned out to be positive for M. tuberculosis at six weeks after admission. The present case clearly demonstrates that the "galaxy" and "cluster" signs are red herring signs of the low rates of isolating M. tuberculosis, which should be differentiated from pulmonary sarcoidosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 17‐year‐old woman was referred to our hospital due to cough on exertion and right chest pain over the previous two months, together with bloody sputum over the previous week. Chest X‐ray demonstrated a nodule measuring 3 cm in diameter in the right middle lung field. On repeated bronchoscopy, the tumour was recognized as a rapidly growing intra‐bronchial protruded tumour at the orifice of the right B8. Based on a tentative diagnosis of lung cancer, right lower lobectomy was performed. She was diagnosed with mixed squamous cell and glandular papilloma of the bronchus without smoking history and human papillomavirus infection. Solitary endobronchial papillomas are rare but should be considered a differential diagnosis for solitary lung nodule with the potential to develop into carcinoma. Solitary endobronchial papillomas are extremely rare, accounting for only 0.38% of all lung tumours and approximately 7% of all benign epithelial and mesenchymal lung tumours. Here, we present an unexpected case of mixed papilloma in the youngest known patient to date who suffered from chest pain and bloody sputum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]