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This research explores the practical advantages and potential applications of spray adhesives, focusing on testing their suitability for artwork mounting uses. Their solubility in common low-toxicity solvents (ethanol and acetone) was evaluated. Seven commercial spray adhesives from different commercial brands and compositions were applied on paper samples and subjected to different ageing conditions. The samples were then immersed in the solvent, and the degree of adhesive removal was measured. One of the most relevant conclusions is that commercial neoprene-based spray adhesives become brittle and fragile in a few weeks, which makes them unsuitable for both long-term and temporary applications in the heritage field. On the other hand, the solubility was high or very high in some cases: up to 98 % of adhesive removal was achieved in acetone wash. These tests and the convenience, cost and availability of spray adhesives suggest that some of them may be safely used in some scenarios such as temporary mountings or transport. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study conducted in March–April 2021 elucidated the acidification process of books using alkaline text paper and improved the method of pH measurement in a previous study from 2016. The pH was measured on various positions of Japanese books published in 2000–2020 using the same type of pH-indicator strip as used in 2016; however, a wetted pH-indicator strip was kept pressed to the text paper with fingers at approximately 5 kgf for 90 s to secure the transfer of water-extracted components for four times while a 250 g paperweight was mounted and kept for 60 s for two times in the 2016-study. This time, the pH was found to decrease faster in positions more readily exposed to outside air compared to the 2016-study. Immediately after publication of the book, the pH was approximately 7.8 in every position. The pH of the top edge corner and the surface near the top edge corner later decreased to a neutral pH 7.0 4–6 years and 7–9 years after publication, respectively. Approximately 20 years after publication, the centre of the page in the interior of the book also dropped to pH 7.1, suggesting that acidification steadily progressed, albeit slightly, even on alkaline paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The properties of handmade paper used for mounting and conservation of paintings and calligraphy on paper is crucial to the quality and lifespan of such objects. Mounting papers from China, Korea, and Japan vary greatly in performance due to different papermaking methods and fibre materials. In this study, eight types of handmade paper widely used in China, Korea, and Japan were selected for comprehensive comparative analysis investigating their pH as well as optical, mechanical, and ageing properties. The study showed that traditional hanji, improved hanji, and thin Mino paper made of pure kozo fibres performed best in terms of mechanical properties. Among the additives mixed with kozo fibres, clam shell powder was identified as a substance that improves pH and stability of optical properties. Xuan paper Mianliao was found to be a suitable material for mounting hand scrolls and hanging scrolls due to its softness and ageing properties. Traditional hanji, improved hanji, and thin Mino paper are less flexible than xuan paper Mianliao and are considered more suitable for uses other than for mounting scrolls. This study will provide a reference for improving the quality of handmade paper and a theoretical basis for the selection of such papers for the conservation of paintings and calligraphy on paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Paper nails constitute a unique and important structure in Chinese double-leaved books. This technique may have existed as early as the Southern Song Dynasty (A.D.1127–1279) when wrapped-back bindings developed. Creating and applying paper nails is a basic skill for conservators in China. Although paper nails have always been used, there is not much literature discussing their manufacture and application. This article details the use of single and double-ended nails in China, including how to make, attach, and remove them, and provides illustrative examples of the role of paper nails in thread binding, rough binding, wrapped-back binding, and "Jade Set in Gold" ("jinxiangyu", 金镶玉) binding. This work will be a reference for the conservation of Chinese double-leaved books and other documents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In this study, Kozo fibres were fibrillated using the stone wet milling method and the wet atomisation method both deriving from nanocellulose production processes. Kozo fibres with a high degree of external fibrillation were obtained by using the stone mill wet grinding method. Although fibres exhibited the same structure as untreated Kozo fibres, their bonding properties improved. Applying the wet atomisation method, fibrillated Kozo fibres with different degrees of fibrillation were obtained depending on the number of treatments. Fibrillated Kozo fibres can be used in conservation as an adhesive for lining and other stabilisation treatments and may in certain cases replace starch paste, which is susceptible to microbiological damage. Only Kozo fibres and water were used in both mechanical fibrillation methods; therefore, the resulting material can be considered a safe alternative to more traditional adhesives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clay minerals possess several properties such as ion exchange capability, alkaline pH, adsorptive, swelling, and plastic behaviour, most of which are governed by their interactions with water. They have the capacity to interact with soluble molecules, which is particularly interesting for art conservation treatments. For all these reasons clays deserve to be considered for green and sustainable paper conservation interventions. In this work two phyllosilicates with different properties, namely montmorillonite and sepiolite, were investigated for the removal of tidelines on artificially aged paper samples. Water exchange, cleaning efficiency, and pH were evaluated comparing the clays to gellan gum, a benchmark cleaning hydrogel. A pouch made with regenerated cellulose was used to avoid direct contact of the minerals with the paper. The water sorption capacity of the clays combined with the specific permeability of the cellulosic membrane allowed for a homogeneous and easy to control cleaning. The formation of new tidelines, an inherent risk to any local conservation treatment of paper, was avoided. As an example, sepiolite was used for the local cleaning of a paper-based artwork's multiple tidelines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Restaurator is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Restaurator is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Documents, reconstituted parchment, authenticity, dyed parchment, parchment binding, leather dyes, pastels Keywords: dyed parchment; parchment binding; documents; reconstituted parchment; leather dyes; pastels; authenticity; gefärbtes Pergament; Pergamenteinband; Urkunden; rekonstituiertes Pergament; Lederfarben; Pastellfarben; Authentizität EN dyed parchment parchment binding documents reconstituted parchment leather dyes pastels authenticity DE gefärbtes Pergament Pergamenteinband Urkunden rekonstituiertes Pergament Lederfarben Pastellfarben Authentizität 35 52 18 07/18/22 20220301 NES 220301 1 Historical Review Dyed parchment in codices and documents is a rare commodity in libraries and archives and consequently on conservators' work benches. 6.3 Dyeing the Pulp When dyeing hide powder suspensions, leather dyes are more suitable than pastel powder or natural pigments ([10]). 6 Descriptions of Colouring Techniques 6.1 Colouring with Pastels Pastels are pigment-based crayons that are usually applied in a dry manner. [Extracted from the article]

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Copyright of Restaurator is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Keywords: calcium phytate; gelatine; parchment; iron gall ink corrosion; bathophenanthroline; ATR-FTIR spectroscopy; Calciumphytat; Gelatine; Pergament; Tintenfraß; Bathophenathrolin; ATR-FTIR-Spektroskopie EN calcium phytate gelatine parchment iron gall ink corrosion bathophenanthroline ATR-FTIR spectroscopy DE Calciumphytat Gelatine Pergament Tintenfraß Bathophenathrolin ATR-FTIR-Spektroskopie 73 92 20 07/18/22 20220301 NES 220301 1 Introduction Iron gall ink (IGI) corrosion on paper has long been recognised as an imminent threat to cultural heritage. These are relevant for the treatment of parchment for the following reasons: Phytic acid may react directly with free iron ions without having to exchange calcium ions as in the calcium phytate complex. Nevertheless, there are cases of parchment degradation by IGIs: [3] found in artificially aged parchment prepared with iron gall ink, in addition to the migration of sulphate ions, significant differences in the shrinkage temperature of up to 15.5 °C as well as clear signs of denaturation by ATR-FTIR analysis. After many decades of research in treating IGI corrosion on paper during the 20th century (for a comprehensive overview, see [26]), a method involving calcium phytate, the calcium salt of phytic acid, was introduced by [21], further developed and refined over subsequent years ([15]) and is now well-established for treatment of paper documents where it has proved effective in inhibiting both factors of IGI corrosion on paper. [Extracted from the article]

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Throughout history, bookbinding incorporated advancements in techniques, usage of a wide range of materials, and application of imaginative designs. Lacquered bindings are just one of several technical breakthroughs attributed to Persian artisans. They consist of a sophisticated structure of numerous layers. This study explores each layer and their materials and methods, including motifs used from the Safavid to Qajar periods. Moreover, various treatments used for each layer during manufacture as well as various methods for preparing paper pasteboards, including marqaš, ṭalāyi, tah ṭalāyi, zarak, dūdī, and abrī have been investigated through literature research and reconstruction. The intricate layer combinations used in Persian lacquered bindings cause several simultaneous chemical processes. Chemical, physical, and biological degradation are significantly influenced by raw materials and the original manufacturing process. Separation of layers, softening, yellowing and loss of transparency, cracking, hazing, and pigment as well as metal corrosion brought on by internal and external deterioration factors including light, temperature, and relative humidity will also be covered in this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In traditional Chinese conservation of historic books and mounted scrolls, the preparation and use of paste is an important process step. The viscosity of the paste is a key factor to consider, taking into account various parameters such as conservation technique, paper condition, or paper thickness. This study aims to determine the viscosity variation of diluted and thick pastes used in traditional Chinese conservation techniques with a rotary viscometer. During conservation treatment, as the number of restored leaves increases, the viscosity of diluted paste tends to increase significantly. The study highlights the different requirements for viscosity depending on its use either in Chinese books or Chinese hanging scrolls and emphasizes the importance of monitoring and adjusting paste viscosity during the conservation process. The use of a rotary viscometer, along with the traditional finger test method, is a significant step forward in improving the accuracy and efficiency of determining paste viscosity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Two separate ways of applying formaldehyde to the sample pieces were tested: in the form of formaldehyde vapours, and by immersion. Collagenous material, leaf casting, formaldehyde, fibre suspension, parchment infills, Rekonstituiertes Pergament, Anfasern, Kaliumaluminiumsulfat, Fasersuspension, Pergamentergänzung, reconstituted parchment, potassium aluminium sulphate, Kollagen, Formaldehyd Since formaldehyde was available in a different concentration, 29.6 ml of the glutaraldehyde solution was used instead of the 40 ml of formaldehyde in the original recipe of Wouters et al. Keywords: reconstituted parchment; collagenous material; leaf casting; formaldehyde; potassium aluminium sulphate; fibre suspension; parchment infills; Rekonstituiertes Pergament; Kollagen; Anfasern; Formaldehyd; Kaliumaluminiumsulfat; Fasersuspension; Pergamentergänzung EN reconstituted parchment collagenous material leaf casting formaldehyde potassium aluminium sulphate fibre suspension parchment infills Rekonstituiertes Pergament Kollagen Anfasern Formaldehyd Kaliumaluminiumsulfat Fasersuspension Pergamentergänzung 53 71 19 07/18/22 20220301 NES 220301 1 Introduction In the conservation of paper, leaf casting is a widespread practice: An aqueous fibre suspension is used to fill in missing parts of paper; this can be done either by machine or by hand. [Extracted from the article]

Manuscripts are one of the most important cultural heritage objects that not only contain essential information, but also provide valuable insights into the social, cultural, and economic conditions of the era in which they were written. These materials are subject to degradation over time due to both internal and external factors. While ageing processes of pure cellulose or the effect of iron gall ink on cellulose have been studied extensively, there is little known about deterioration mechanisms in dyed paper. In this study, safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.), buckthorn (Rhamnus petiolaris Boiss), turmeric (Curcuma longa L.), and onion peel (Allium cepa L.) plants as well as cochineal insect (Dactylopius coccus Costa) extracts were used to dye Whatman filter papers. Samples were then subjected to accelerated ageing to determine the long-term effects of the dyes. Colour, pH, viscosity, and glycosidic bond breakage rates were measured before and after ageing. Onion peel dyed paper exhibited the highest rates of degradation, followed by buckthorn, cochineal, safflower, and turmeric-dyed paper. The alum and tannin content may have caused the degradation. The findings of this work may provide conservators with valuable scientific data on the effect of dyes on the degradation kinetics of cellulose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to equipment limitations in the early shooting of video files, and the damage and aging in the later file storage process, some historic video materials in video archives can easily suffer from defects such as poor action coherence. This paper proposes an intelligent enhanced repair method for archival videos. The method first obtains the frame rate of the input video, then calculates the dynamic coefficient of the video according to the frame rate and duration number, uses the artificial intelligence algorithm Super-SloMo technology to fix the problematic digital video to the required frame rate, improves the video's dynamic coefficient, and finally achieves the purpose of getting the enhanced repaired digital copies of the original video materials from video archives. This paper also proposes an intelligent enhanced repair prototype system based on the method. The experiment shows that the enhanced repair effect is effective and improves the clarity and coherence of the video. Users get more coherent copies of historic video materials. This solves the problem of the poor perception caused by the loss of frames, preserves the original information, and makes the information obtained from archival videos intuitive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Restaurator is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The purple dyes, inks, and pigments of the Vienna Genesis, the Codex Purpureus Petropolitanus, the Codex Sinopensis, and the Dagulf Psalter were analysed with Fibre Optics Reflectance Spectroscopy (FORS), spectrofluorimetry and µ-XRF and compared with reference material (Appendices 2 and 3). The shades of unaged and light aged parchment samples dyed with orchil resembled most of the tones of the Vienna Genesis (Figure 6). Based on a literature search and the results of the dye analysis ([3]) we selected orchil dyes (obtained from I Lasallia pustulata i and I Roccella tinctoria i species), folium (obtained from I Chrozophora tinctoria i fruit I s) i , and shellfish purple (obtained from I Hexaplex trunculus i snails I ). i The orchil dyes were applied by brush, cotton swab, and immersion in a bath. Keywords: parchment; orchil dye; Vienna Genesis; purple dyed parchment; Pergament; Flechtenfarbstoffe; Wiener Genesis; Purpurpergament EN parchment orchil dye Vienna Genesis purple dyed parchment DE Pergament Flechtenfarbstoffe Wiener Genesis Purpurpergament 3 33 31 07/18/22 20220301 NES 220301 1 Introduction The Vienna Genesis (Austrian National Library, Cod. theol. gr. 31) is an illuminated Greek manuscript written with silver ink on purple parchment. On the Vienna Genesis an orchil-based dye was identified as the main purple dye by Maria J. Melo and Maurizio Aceto with their respective teams ([2]). [Extracted from the article]

2.2 Nanoparticle Formulations and Application Procedure Nanoparticle formulations were designed and synthesised by the partners involved in the NANOforArt project and comprised calcium hydroxide or calcium carbonate nanoparticles dispersed in propan-2-ol or cyclohexane ([2]; [26], [27]; [32]). In Figure 3, the plot of elastic modulus ( I E' i ) versus RH is presented for control untreated, and nanoparticle treated samples as measured by Controlled Environment Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA-RH). Similar nanoparticle formulations were also applied on leather showing the same positive effects: accelerated thermal ageing proved to induce more damage to untreated leather sample compared to CaCO SB 3 sb -treated sample and aged treated sample ([2]; [26]). Keywords: parchment; conservation treatment; alkaline nanoparticles; pH adjustment; Pergament; konservatorische Behandlung; alkalische Nanopartikel; pH-Einstellung EN parchment conservation treatment alkaline nanoparticles pH adjustment DE Pergament konservatorische Behandlung alkalische Nanopartikel pH-Einstellung 143 158 16 07/18/22 20220301 NES 220301 1 Introduction Materials and practices used in the past for the conservation treatment of parchment have been proven to lead to unwanted alterations and major changes ([19]; [10]). [Extracted from the article]

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Copyright of Restaurator is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Keywords: Late Antique manuscripts; Late Antique parchment; parchment-making; parchment conservation; epidermis; belly button repair; Vienna Dioscorides; visual analyses; Spätantike Handschriften; spätantikes Pergament; Pergamentherstellung; Pergamentkonservierung; Epidermis; Bauchnabel-Reparatur; Wiener Dioskurides; visuelle Analysen EN Late Antique manuscripts Late Antique parchment parchment-making parchment conservation epidermis belly button repair Vienna Dioscorides visual analyses DE Spätantike Handschriften spätantikes Pergament Pergamentherstellung Pergamentkonservierung Epidermis Bauchnabel-Reparatur Wiener Dioskurides visuelle Analysen 93 110 18 07/18/22 20220301 NES 220301 1 Introduction Most of us are familiar with fine parchment used for written and often opulently decorated medieval manuscripts, for example the famous Bible of king Wenceslaus IV from 1390 (Austrian National Library, Cod. 2759-2764) written in Prague on skilfully prepared calf parchment. Late Antique parchment, Late Antique manuscripts, parchment-making, epidermis, belly button repair, Vienna Dioscorides, visual analyses, parchment conservation (c) Epidermis patch completely covered by the illumination on the hair side of the parchment, folio 2v (d) Identical epidermis patch seen from the flesh side of the parchment, folio 2r. 3.3 Epidermis Patches in Late Byzantine and Greek Manuscripts Parchment of later Byzantine and especially Greek manuscripts from the 10th - 13th centuries differs from the quality of the parchment used in early Byzantine manuscripts, but also shows certain similar characteristics. [Extracted from the article]

Non-Invasive Physico-Chemical and Biological Analysis of Parchment Manuscripts - An Overview. [Extracted from the article]

Investigating the Properties of Folded Parchment - A Preliminary Study. [Extracted from the article]

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Copyright of Restaurator is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)