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ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of wilting times and application of an enzymatic-bacterial inoculant on the fermentative profile and nutritional characteristics of BRS capiaçu grass silage in a semi-arid region. Four wilting times treatments (control, 6, 24, and 30 h), with or without the addition of an enzymatic-bacterial inoculant, were analyzed as a split-plot completely randomized design with eight replications. Parameters of the rumen degradability test were analyzed using a split-plot completely randomized block design with four replications. There was no interaction between wilting times and inoculant application on pH, ammoniacal nitrogen (NH3-N), and aerobic stability of BRS capiaçu silage. Aerobic stability was reduced by 1.2 h for every 1-h increase in wilting time. Inoculant application reduced the pH values by 2.59% and extended the aerobic stability of the silage by 19 h. There was a significant interaction of wilting times and inoculant application on the levels of malic, succinic, lactic, and acetic acids. Inoculant application increased the contents of dry matter, ash, crude protein, insoluble neutral detergent fiber, and total carbohydrates by 3.63, 6.13, 7.73, 6.39, and 9.97% compared with non-inoculated silages, respectively. Wilting times for up to 30 h and application of enzymatic-bacterial inoculant improves the fermentative profile and chemical composition and reduces dry matter losses of silage of BRS capiaçu grass harvested at 100 days of regrowth.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of quantitative feed restriction level on nutrient intake and digestibility, nitrogen balance, efficiency and feeding behavior, and productive performance of F1 Holstein × Zebu cows in late lactation. Sixty F1 Holstein × Zebu cows were used at the stage of late lactation (183.0±17.5 days of lactation) and with initial body weight (BW) of 499±30 kg. The experimental arrangement adopted was the completely randomized design, with five feed restriction levels (3.39, 2.75, 2.50, 2.25, and 2.00% of BW) and twelve cows as replicates for each treatment. The roughage:concentrate ratio was of 75:25 in the total dry matter of the diet. The restriction of dietary supply from 3.39 to 2.0% of BW linearly reduced dry matter intake by 51.74%. The restriction in diet supply linearly increased dry matter digestibility in 13.76%. For each 1% BW restriction in the diet supply for the animals, there was a linear reduction of 3 h in feeding time. Restriction in diet supply of crossbred cows from 3.39 to 2.0% of BW reduced milk production by 24.84%. For each 1% restriction on supply, 2.17 L of milk were not produced. Milk production corrected to 3.5% fat was not altered with the feed restriction. Final BW decreased 41 kg for each percentage unit of diet restriction. Feed efficiency increased 28.72% with feed restriction. For F1 Holstein × Zebu cows in the late lactation, the restriction of dietary supply up to 2.0% of body weight decreases nutrient intake, nitrogen balance, rumination time, and milk production; however, it improves nutrient digestibility and feed efficiency of the animals.

The objective of this study was to evaluate grazing management strategies of Brachiaria decumbens cv. Basilisk managed with different heights under continuous grazing with cattle. Two grazing management strategies were evaluated: maintenance of pasture with an average height of 25 cm throughout the experimental period and maintenance of pasture on the average of 15 cm in height during winter, up to 25 cm from the beginning of spring. The split-plot scheme and the randomized block design with four replications were adopted. The grazing management strategies corresponded to the primary factor, while the seasons (winter, spring and summer) corresponded to secondary factor. The reduction of the average sward height to 15 cm in the winter resulted, when compared with pasture maintained at 25 cm, in overall higher growth rates (95 kg/ha.day DM) and leaf blade (66.1 kg/ha.day DM), as well as higher rates of total accumulation (81.5 kg/ha.day DM) and leaf blade (52.6 kg/ha.day DM). The accumulated forage production (from winter to summer) was higher in the pasture lowered to 15 cm in winter (25.6 t/ha DM) compared with that managed with an average height of 25 cm (22.2 t/ha DM). Regarding the seasons of the year, in the winter, there were lower rates of overall growth (6.4 kg/ha.day DM), leaf blade (5.6 kg/ha.day DM) and pseudostem (0.8 kg/ha.day DM), and also lower total (-6.6 kg/ha.day DM) and leaf blade (-7.5 kg/ha.day DM) accumulation rates. In the spring there was a higher rate of leaf senescence (22.4 kg/ha.day DM). The accumulation of forage is incremented when the pasture of B. decumbens is lowered to 15 cm during the winter, and in the spring and summer, its average height is increased to 25 cm.

This study was conducted to evaluate the defoliation patterns on B. decumbens cv. Basilisk (signalgrass) tiller as a function of influence of feces deposited naturally by cattle. The signalgrass was managed with an average height of 25 cm, under continuous stocking and variable stocking rate. Interval and intensity of defoliation, grazing efficiency and forage loss were evaluated in two sites on pasture - one close and the other distant from feces. The completely randomized block design with three replications was adopted. The defoliation rate of the pasture site close to feces was 40% lower than at that distant from feces. This response pattern was similar to defoliation intensity of leaf blade. The leaf blade of the tiller close to feces also achieved lower de foliation (1.64) than that in the tiller distant from feces (3.97). The relative number of grazed leaf per tiller in the tillers distant from feces was approximately 185% higher than those close to feces. The grazing efficiency was lower in the local close to feces compared with that distant, unlike forage loss. The natural deposition of feces by cattle modifies the grazing and use patterns of B. decumbens under continuous stocking.

Este trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de identificar estratégias eficazes de manejo do pastejo de Brachiaria decumbens cv. Basilisk, sob lotação contínua, com base em avaliações das suas características morfogênicas e estruturais. Duas estratégias de manejo do pastejo foram estudadas: em uma, o pasto foi mantido com 25 cm de altura média durante todo o período experimental e, na outra, foi mantido em 15 cm de altura média durante o inverno, com aumento para 25 cm a partir do início da primavera. Adotou-se o delineamento de blocos casualizados em esquema de parcelas subdivididas com quatro repetições. Consideraram-se, como fator primário, as estratégias de manejo do pastejo, caracterizadas pelas alturas médias dos pastos durante as estações do ano (inverno, primavera e verão), e, como fator secundário, as estações. O rebaixamento do pasto para 15 cm no inverno resultou em maior taxa de aparecimento foliar (0,02 folha/perfilho.dia) e maior número de folhas vivas (4,5 folhas por perfilho) no inverno, mas provocou redução, no inverno, da duração de vida da folha (66 dias), da taxa de senescência foliar (0,22 cm/perfilho.dia) e dos comprimentos da lâmina foliar (11 cm) e pseudocolmo (15,2 cm) em relação ao pasto com 25 cm. Nesta estação, foram menores os valores observados para as taxas de aparecimento foliar (0,06 folha/perfilho.dia), alongamento foliar (0,110 cm/perfilho.dia) e alongamento de pseudocolmo (0,008 cm/perfilho.dia), número de folha viva (2,9 folhas por perfilho) e comprimentos da lâmina foliar (8,6 cm) e do pseudocolmo (13,5 cm). Por outro lado, a duração de vida da folha (139 dias) e o número de folhas mortas (2,0 folhas por perfilho) foram maiores. O maior valor de taxa de senescência foliar ocorreu na primavera (0,40 cm/perfilho.dia). O pasto de B. decumbens cv. Basilisk sob lotação contínua pode ser manejado de forma sazonal, com rebaixamento para 15 cm no início do inverno e posterior aumento para 25 cm no início da primavera.This study was conducted to identify effective strategies for grazing managing of Brachiaria decumbens cv. Basilisk, under continuous stocking, based on assessments of their morphogenetic and structural characteristics. Two strategies of grazing management were studied: in one, the grass was maintained with 25-cm mean height throughout the experimental period, and in the other, it was 15 cm during the winter, rising to 25 cm from the beginning of spring. The split-plot in randomized block design with four replications was adopted. The strategies of grazing management responded to primary factor, characterized by average heights of pastures during the seasons (winter, spring and summer). The seasons corresponded to secondary factor and consisted of measures over the experimental period. Pasture's lowering to 15 cm in the winter resulted in higher leaf appearance rate (0.02 leaves/tiller.day) and higher number of live leaves (4.5 leaves/tiller) in the winter. However, this management strategy lowered leaf lifespan (66 days), leaf senescence rate (0.22 cm/tiller.day), and length of leaf lamina (11 cm) and stem (15.2 cm) in winter months, in relation to pasture with 25 cm. During this season, rates of leaf appearance (0.06 leaves/tiller.day), leaf elongation (0.110 cm/tiller.day) stem elongation (0.008 cm/tiller.day), live leaves (2.9 leaves/tiller), length of leaf lamina (8.6 cm) and stem (13.5 cm) lowered. On the other hand, leaf lifespan (139 days) and number of dead leaves (2.0 leaves/tiller) were higher. The highest leaf senescence rate occurred in the spring (0.40 cm/tiller.day). The B. decumbens cv. Basilisk pasture under continuous stocking can be managed on a seasonal basis, with decrease to 15 cm in early winter, and further increase to 25 cm in early spring.

Objetivou-se estabelecer estratégias de manejo do pastejo, sob lotação contínua, que otimizem o padrão natural de perfilhamento da Brachiaria decumbens cv. Basilisk. Duas estratégias de manejo do pastejo foram estudadas: em uma, o pasto foi mantido com 25 cm de altura média durante todo o período experimental; e na outra foi mantido em 15 cm de altura média durante o inverno, com aumento para 25 cm a partir do início da primavera. Adotou-se o esquema de parcelas subdivididas em delineamento em blocos casualizados com quatro repetições. Consideraram-se como fator primário as estratégias de manejo do pastejo, caracterizadas pelas alturas médias em que os pastos foram mantidos durante as estações do ano (inverno, primavera e verão) e, como fator secundário, as medidas ao longo do período experimental. A taxa de aparecimento de perfilho (4,7%), a taxa de mortalidade (4,7%) e o índice de estabilidade (0,998) foram menores no inverno. Nesta estação, contudo, a taxa de sobrevivência de perfilho foi maior (95,3%). Em comparação aos pastos mantidos com 25 cm, aqueles manejados com 15 cm de altura média no inverno apresentaram maiores taxas de aparecimento de perfilho (34,2%) e índice de estabilidade (1,065). O florescimento do capim-braquiária ocorreu apenas no verão e com pouca intensidade (0,5%). A otimização da renovação de perfilhos no pasto de B. decumbens cv. Basilisk sob lotação contínua ocorre com seu rebaixamento para 15 cm no início do inverno e seu posterior aumento para 25 cm no início da primavera.The experiment was conducted to establish management strategies of grazing under continuous stocking that optimize the natural pattern of tillering of Brachiaria decumbens cv. Basilisk. Two strategies of grazing management were studied: in one, the grass was maintained with 25-cm mean height throughout the experimental period, and in the other, 15-cm mean height during the winter, rising to 25 cm from beginning of spring. The split-plot in randomized block design with four replications was adopted. The strategies of grazing management corresponded to primary factor, characterized by average heights of pastures during the seasons of the year (winter, spring and summer). The seasons corresponded to secondary factor and consisted of measures over experimental period. The rates of tillers appearance (4.7%), death (4.7%) and stability index (0.998) were lower in winter. During this season, however, the tiller survival rate was higher (95.3%). Compared with pastures maintained at 25 cm, those managed with 15 cm in winter had higher tiller appearance rate (34.2%) and stability index (1.065). The signalgrass flowering occurred only in the summer and with low intensity (0.5%). Optimization for renewal of tillers in B. decumbens cv. Basilisk pasture under continuous stocking occurs with its decrease to 15 cm at the beginning of winter and subsequent increase to 25 cm in early spring.

Objetivou-se avaliar as características morfogênicas e estruturais e o acúmulo de forragem em pastos de Brachiaria decumbens (capim-braquiária) de acordo com a localização das fezes de bovinos. Foram avaliadas duas áreas da pastagem: próxima e distante das fezes. O delineamento foi em blocos casualizados, com três repetições. Foram marcados perfilhos no pasto para avaliação do comprimento de folhas e colmos. O aparecimento e a morte de folhas também foram registrados. A taxa de alongamento de colmo foi 80% maior e a taxa de alongamento foliar 23% maior nos perfilhos das áreas próximas das fezes. O filocrono também foi maior nos perfilhos (8,5 dias) das áreas próximas às fezes em comparação àqueles de áreas distantes (7,7 dias). Não houve efeito da localização das fezes sobre a taxa de senescência foliar (0,39 cm/perfilho.dia) e a duração de vida da folha (38 dias). O comprimento final da lâmina foliar foi 25% maior nos perfilhos localizados próximos às fezes. O número de folhas com desfolhação (1,3 folhas) foi menor nas áreas próximas às fezes, contrariamente ao número de folhas mortas (2,8 folhas). O comprimento do pseudocolmo aumentou 73% com a proximidade das fezes. Os números de perfilhos vegetativos, mortos e total foram maiores nas áreas distantes das fezes. Maior taxa de crescimento total do capim-braquiária também ocorreu nas áreas próximas às fezes. A deposição de fezes bovinas modifica as características morfogênicas e a estrutura do pasto de B. decumbens. Nas regiões próximas às fezes, o fluxo de tecidos é mais intenso e o acúmulo de forragem é maior.The objective of this study is to evaluate morphogenetic and structural characteristics as well as forage accumulation on Brachiaria decumbens pastures according to the site of cattle feces. It was evaluated two grazing areas: near and far from the droppings. The design used was a random block design, with three replicates. Tillers were tagged on the pasture for evaluation of length of the leaves and stems. Leaf appearance and death were also recorded. Stem elongation rate was 80% higher and leaf elongation rate was 23% higher for the tillers near the dropping areas. Phyllochron was also higher for tillers (8.5 days) in sites close to the feces in comparison to those from the distant areas (7.7 days). There was no effect of dropping localization on leaf senescence rate (0.39 cm/tiller.day) and leaf life span (38 days). Final leaf blade length was 25% higher for tillers near the droppings. The number of defoliating leaves (1.3 leaf) was lower in areas near the droppings, contrary to the number of dead leaves (2.8 leaves). Pseudostem length increased 73% as it was closer to the droppings. Number of dead and total vegetative tiller was higher in areas far from the droppings. Higher total growth rate of B. decumbens also occurred in sites close to the droppings. Cattle droppings change the morphogenetic characteristics and structure of B. decumbens pasture. In areas close to the feces, the tissue flow is more intense and forage accumulation is higher.

O experimento foi conduzido com o objetivo de avaliar a influência das variações naturais da altura da planta no mesmo pasto sobre as características morfogênicas e estruturais da Brachiaria decumbens cv. Basilisk manejada sob lotação contínua com bovinos. Foram avaliadas quatro alturas de plantas (10, 20, 30 e 40 cm) no mesmo pasto manejado com altura média de 25 cm. Adotou-se o delineamento em blocos ao acaso com duas repetições. A taxa de aparecimento foliar do capim-braquiária foi influenciada linear e negativamente pelas alturas das plantas no mesmo pasto. Os perfilhos presentes nos locais com maior altura apresentaram maior filocrono (9,3 dias). A maior altura das plantas no mesmo pasto promoveu maiores taxas de senescência foliar e de alongamento de pseudocolmo no perfilho. A duração de vida da folha (37,8 dias) e a taxa de alongamento foliar (1,3 cm/perfilho.dia) não foram influenciadas pela altura da planta. Os números de folhas vivas (4,36) e mortas (2,15) também não foram modificados pela altura da planta. Já a maior altura das plantas resultou em aumento linear de 69% no número de folhas com desfolhação. Os comprimentos do pseudocolmo e da lâmina foliar responderam linear e positivamente ao aumento na altura da planta no mesmo pasto. A variação natural na altura da planta no mesmo pasto altera as características morfogênicas e estruturais do capim-braquiária. Existe variabilidade espacial da vegetação em pastos de Brachiaria decumbens cv. Basilisk manejados sob lotação contínua com bovinos.The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the influence of natural variation of heights of plants on the same pasture on the morphogenic and structural characteristics of Brachiaria decumbens cv. Basilisk managed under continuous stocking with cattle. Four plant heights (10, 20, 30 and 40 cm) were evaluated on the same pasture managed at an average height of 25 cm. It was used a randomized block design with two replications. Leaf appearance rate of signalgrass was linearly and negatively influenced by heights of the plants on the same pasture. The tillers on the same sites with the highest heights showed greater phyllochron (9.3 days). The higher plant heights on the same pasture promoted both higher leaf senescence and pseudoculm elongation rates for the tillers. Leaf lifespan (37.8 days) and leaf elongation rate (1.3 cm/tillers.day) were not influenced by the plant height. The number of green (4.36) and dead (2.15) leaves was not changed by the plants height either. However, the higher height of plants resulted in a linear increase of 69% on the number of leaves showing defoliation. Pseudoculm and leaf blade lengths responded linearly and positively to the increase in the plants height on the same pasture. The natural height variance of plants found on the same pasture changes the morphogenetic and structural characteristics of signalgrass. There is spatial variability of the vegetation on Brachiaria decumbens cv. Basilisk pastures managed under continuous stocking with bovine.