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The objective was to evaluate the intake, digestibility, nitrogen balance, and metabolic profile of lactating goats fed diets containing detoxified castor cake (DCC) by alkaline solutions during 150 days of lactation. Twenty-four Saanen and Anglo Nubian goats, approximately 17 months old (first lactation) and body weights of 43±2.97 kg, were distributed in a completely randomized block design with eight replicates. Treatments consisted of three diets, one containing soybean meal (SM) and two others containing DCC, with calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2] and sodium hydroxide (NaOH). The diets significantly influenced the intake of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and total digestible nutrients (TDN). We observed a higher dry matter intake (DMI) in goats fed SM, similar to that of goats fed Ca(OH)2 DCC. Intake of nutrients followed the same trend as DMI. There was no significant effect of diets on digestibility of DM, CP, EE, and NDF; however, we observed a significant effect of diets on the levels of nitrogen intake (NI) and urinary nitrogen (UN). The goats fed SM consumed a larger quantity of nitrogen, but all had the same nitrogen balance, indicating that goats fed DCC were more efficient. The diets did not influence renal and hepatic parameters. Inclusion of castor cake in the diet of goats in confinement is an attractive option, considering that goats fed DCC present lower feed conversion, and its use does not cause hepatic and renal alterations, suggesting that SM can be completely replaced. Made available in DSpace on 2020-08-06T11:12:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CNPC-2020-Detoxified.pdf: 290436 bytes, checksum: 4f3829369886797800ab2ca579dc552e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2020

The objective of this study was to develop an equation to determine the apparent metabolizable energy (AME) and metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen balance (AMEn) using a physical-based classification of corn. A total of 5,055 samples were taken from bulk cargo trucks, over a five-year period. The parameters studied were the variables related to the physical characteristics of grains. The density of maize was evaluated, and AME and AMEn were calculated. The average value for AME was 3,375 kcal/kg, and two groups were formed of high quality and low quality for all samples. Stepwise regression analysis was then carried out using grain quality to estimate AME and AMEn, and the validation of the equations was carried out with 6,490 independent samples. The average value for density was 767.7 kg/m3. The multiple regressions used to estimate AME and AMEn as a function of humidity, density, and physical composition of corn kernels showed that moisture was included for AME, but not for AMEn. The equations presented high coefficients of determination (R2) for AME (0.994) and AMEn (0.987). The discriminant analyses correctly classified 98% of the high-quality samples and 96.69% of low-quality samples, so the error was smaller than the expected. The calculated equations were shown to be good at discriminating between samples of high and low quality of corn according to its physical composition, and the most important variables for separation between groups were damaged grain fraction, impurities, burnt, and soft. The correlation between calculated (independent samples) and estimated metabolizable energy and AMEn were, respectively, 0.9942 and 0.9859. The corn energy values can be estimated based on physical evaluation of the grain.

The objective of this study was to evaluate water, mineral, feed and nutrient voluntary intakes, in addition to dry matter and nutrient digestibility and the nitrogen balance of lambs fed three mineral supplements. The first treatment consisted of solid salt residue (SSR) from an aquaculture tank; the second contained SSR from desalination waste; and the third treatment was control, which corresponded to the supplementation of a commercial mineral supplement. The study lasted 20 days, the first 15 of which were used for animals to adapt to the pens and diets, and the last five days were used for data collection. Twenty-four castrated male lambs with a body weight of 19.72±2.52 kg were utilized in the experiment. The mineral supplements evaluated did not affect the intake and digestibility of the dry matter and nutrients, the water and mineral-salt intake or nitrogen balance. Mineral supplements produced from the SSR from aquaculture tanks and from the desalination waste did not reduce feed, nutrient and water intakes or nutrient digestibility, which suggests that these raw materials can be used in the elaboration of mineral mixtures for lambs.

Two experiments were carried out to evaluate the reduction of crude protein (CP) in diets supplemented with synthetic amino acids for piglets of 15 to 30 kg. In the performance assay (Exp I), 60 piglets with initial weight of 15.34±0.87 kg and final weight of 30.08±1.59 kg were distributed in a randomized block design with six replicates, five treatments and two animals per experimental unit. The treatments consisted of five diets in which the CP was reduced by 1.5 percentage points, resulting in low-protein diets (19.24, 17.74, 16.24, 14.74 and 13.24%), meeting the requirements of amino acids with inclusion of L-lysine, DL-methionine, L-threonine, L-tryptophan, L-valine and L-isoleucine. The average daily gain and feed conversion according to the Linear Response Plateau model (LRP) were estimated at 14.23 and 14.79% of CP, respectively. As the CP levels were reduced, there was an increase in the essential:non-essential amino acids ratio. The plasma urea concentration decreased linearly, indicating that there was a better use for amino acids with the CP reduction. In the nitrogen balance (Exp II), 30 crossbred barrow piglets with average weight of 21.69±4.46 kg were housed in metabolic cages, distributed in a completely randomized design with five treatments and six replicates, and the experimental unit consisted of a piglet. The biological protein value in the diets remained above the ideal (70%), in which the level of 13.24% CP corresponded to the highest value. There was no difference in levels of urea in blood and urine. Reduction of protein levels is efficient in decreasing the pollution effect in the excreta, with lower nitrogen excretion in feces and urine.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of protein and/or starch supplementation on the nutritional performance of cattle grazing on low-quality tropical forage. Five crossbred steers (Holstein × Gyr) with an average body weight (BW) of 397 kg that were fitted with ruminal and abomasal cannulae were used. The animals were kept in individual signal-grass (Bracharia decumbens) paddocks. Five treatments were evaluated: 1 - control (without supplementation); 2 - supplementation with 1 g of crude protein (CP) per kg of BW; 3 - supplementation with 2.5 g of starch per kg of BW; 4 - supplementation with CP and starch as described for treatments 2 and 3; and 5 - supplementation as described for treatment 4 but replacing the corn starch with a mixture of corn starch and nitrogenous compounds, thereby resulting in an energy supplement of 150 g CP/kg of dry matter. The experiment was performed according to a 5 × 5 Latin square design in a 2 × 2 + 1 factorial arrangement. The forage intake was not affected by any of the factors evaluated in this study. The production of microbial nitrogen in the rumen was not affected by nitrogen or starch supplementation. The apparent nitrogen balance was only increased when both starch and nitrogen were supplied. Supplementation with both starch and nitrogenous compounds for cattle grazing on low-quality tropical forage is characterized by an interactive metabolic effect that increases nitrogen accretion by the animals.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of sources of nitrogen on the intake and digestibility of nutrients and production and chemical composition of goat milk. Soybean meal (SBM), soybean meal + urea (SBM+U), cottonseed meal + urea (CM+U), cottonseed cake + urea (CC+U) and whole cottonseed + urea (WC+U) were used, representing the different sources of nitrogen in the diet. Ten crossbred goats were used (Alpine + Saanen), weighing on average 47.90±1.94 kg of body weight at 30 days of lactation, distributed in a double Latin square (5 × 5) with five treatments and five periods. There was influence of the different sources of nitrogen on the intakes of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and non-fiber carbohydrates (NFC) of animals, with the lowest values found in most of the variables studied for animals that received CC+U and WC+U. There was an effect of diets on the DM, OM, CP and NFC digestibility coefficients. The diet with sole addition of SBM presented the best result regarding the amount of milk produced, followed by animals fed SBM+U and CM+U and values of 2.05 kg/day; 1.92 kg/day; 1.73 kg/day; 1.47 kg/day; and 1.24 kg/day of milk for diets with SBM, SBM+U, CM+U, CC+U and WC+U, respectively. Milk composition was also changed, and the diet with WC+U showed higher percentages: 0.1208 and 0.0041 percent, for total solids and fat, respectively. There was no difference in nitrogen balance between treatments. The use of SBM+U and CM+U did not compromise the milk performance and characteristics, but the use of CC+U and WC+U is indicated in periods of low milk production.

The objective was to evaluate protein turnover, nitrogen balance, feed energy partitioning, behavior patterns and plasma cortisol in Nellore (B. indicus) cattle with high and low residual feed intake (RFI = actual minus expected dry matter intake). Seventy-two Nellore steers (16 to 21 months-old, 334±19 kg initial body weight) were fed a feedlot diet for 70 days ad libitum. Daily dry matter intake (DMI) and average daily gain (ADG) were recorded individually and RFI was calculated. The 12 steers of lowest (Low-RFI, most efficient) RFI and the 12 ones of highest RFI (High-RFI, least efficient) were evaluated with respect to their behavior patterns and plasma cortisol concentration. Urine was collected for determination of daily 3-methylhistidine excretion (3MH) and myofibrillar protein breakdown rates. Urinary, gaseous and fecal energy losses were determined as well as the N retention and excretion. High-RFI steers tended to have shorter lying and idle periods and greater feeding time and plasma cortisol levels than low-RFI cattle. No RFI effects were seen for urine 3MH excretion and for rates of protein degradation and synthesis. No effects of efficiency class were observed for N excretion or N retention. No RFI effects were observed for dry matter digestibility, digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) content and DE/ME ratio. Methane energy losses were lower for low- compared with high-RFI steers. Protein turnover seems not to affect feed efficiency in Nellore steers. Improved RFI in Nellore steers is probably associated with lower degrees of activity and responsiveness to stress and lower losses of dietary energy as methane.

This experiment was conducted with the objective of evaluating cysteamine (CS) supplementation in broiler chick diets with different energy density patterns. A total of 980 chicks of the Cobb 500 strain at one day of age were allocated into 28 plots. A completely randomized design in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement, with 7 replications, was adopted. The factors under study were the supplementation (or absence) of cysteamine (60 mg/kg and 80 mg/kg of feed in the starter and growth/finishing phases, respectively) and two patterns of apparent metabolizable energy corrected by nitrogen balance (AMEn) in the diets. The energy levels (Mcal/kg of feed) practiced in pattern 1 were 3.00; 3.10; and 3.20, and for pattern 2, they were 3.05; 3.20; and 3.30 in the starter, growth and finishing phases, respectively. The diets were on the basis of corn and soybean meal with a feeding program with three diets. Feed intake, weight gain, feed conversion, feasibility and carcass yield were evaluated. There was no interaction between the CS supplementation and AME patterns in the diet upon the performance and/or carcass characteristic evaluated. Broilers fed the diet supplemented with CS presented improved feed conversion along the rearing cycle, but feed intake and weight gain were not affected by the supplementation of CS. The highest pattern of energy density (2) provided increased weigh gain in the starter phase of rearing and better feed conversion of the birds over the whole rearing period. The carcass yield was not influenced by the cysteamine supplementation and/or energy levels studied.

A digestibility trial with 16 to 21-day-old turkeys was conducted to study the effects of feed form and corn particle size on the coefficient of total intestinal tract apparent digestibility of dry matter (DM), nitrogen (N), ether extract (EE), aparent metabolizable energy (AME) and aparent metabolizable energy corrected by nitrogen balance (AMEn). A completely randomized experimental design in a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement - two feed forms (crumble and micropellet) and three average particle sizes of the corn (380, 606, 806 µm) - was applied. Three hundred and sixty 1-d-old B.U.T 9 male turkey poults were distributed into 36 cages, 6 replications of 10 birds, each one per treatment. Overall care of birds complied with welfare directive from the Universidade Federal do Parana. Feed form did not affect the coefficient of total intestinal tract apparent digestibility of DM, N or crude fat (CF); however, an increase in corn particle size improved the coefficient of total intestinal tract apparent digestibility of DM, N and CF. AME and AMEn were not affected by treatments. Feed form does not affect nutrient digestibility on young turkeys and grinding corn at an average particle size bigger than 380 µm improves nutrient digestibility.

The objective of the study was to evaluate the effects of bakery waste inclusion (0; 25; 50; 75 and 100%, DM basis) in proportion to corn meal in the energetic mixture of the concentrate on intake, digestibility, nitrogen balance and ruminal parameters in sheep. Five male lambs with body weight of 30 kg were used in a 5 × 5 Latin square design. Experimental diets were composed of concentrate and Tifton 85 (Cynodon spp.) hay in a 60:40 forage:concentrate ratio. The concentrate rations were composed of corn meal, soybean meal and bakery waste. The bakery waste:corn meal ratio corresponded to the inclusion of, approximately, 0, 7, 14, 22 and 30% (DM basis) of bakery waste in the diet. There was no effect of bakery waste inclusion on the intake and digestibility of nutrients, nor on nitrogen balance, pH values or concentrations of volatile fatty acids. However, the ammonia nitrogen concentration showed negative linear response in relation to the level of inclusion, in which each increase of 1% bakery waste promoted reduction of 0.11 mg/dL in the concentration of ammonia nitrogen. This fact may be related to the increase in ruminal availability of energy, which allows greater use of ammonia for microbial growth. Bakery waste can replace corn meal in concentrate rations for sheep.

This study evaluated intake and apparent digestibility of the nutrients in the diet of Morada Nova sheep that received diets containing increasing levels of juazeiro hay in substitution of Tifton 85 bermudagrass hay (0, 33, 67 and 100%). Sixteen non castrated male sheep, weighing an average of 26.75 kg, were used, placed in individual metabolic cages and distributed in a completely randomized block design with four treatments and four replications. Intakes of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, ether extract, neutral detergent fiber, total carbohydrates, fibrous carbohydrates and non-fibrous carbohydrates and total digestible nutrients were not influenced by the addition of juazeiro hay to the diets, with mean values of 1,042.78 and 595.59 g/day of dry matter and neutral detergent fiber intake, respectively. Linear reduction was observed for digestibility of the dry matter, organic matter, neutral detergent fiber and fibrous carbohydrates. Quadratic reduction was observed for the acid detergent fiber digestibility coefficient. The digestibility coefficients of the crude protein, ether extract, total carbohydrates and fibrous carbohydrates were not significant. The nitrogen balance was not influenced and was positive for all the treatments. The inclusion of juazeiro hay did not influence nutrient intake or nitrogen balance, but reduced the digestibility coefficient of some diet components.

This experiment aimed to determine the metabolizable energy and the digestibility of detoxified castor meal and castor cake nutrients for broilers. A total of 180 Cobb-500TM broilers from 21 to 32 days of age was randomly distributed in three treatments with six replicates of 10 broilers - 5 males and 5 females. The experimental treatments were a reference-diet and two test-diets composed of 80% of reference-diet and 20% of detoxified castor cake or castor meal. The adaptation period ranged from 21 to 27 days of age and the total excreta collection period ranged from 28 to 32 days of age. The detoxified castor meal presented apparent metabolizable energy of 2,032 kcal/kg of natural matter, apparent metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen balance of 1,829 kcal/kg of natural matter and the digestibility coefficients of 57.8% dry matter, 68.4% crude protein, 10.5% crude fiber, 35.9% nitrogen free extract, 80.0% ether extract and 26.6% ash. In the detoxified castor cake, the apparent metabolizable energy content was 2,550 kcal/kg of natural matter, the nitrogen corrected apparent metabolizable energy balance was of 2,320 kcal/kg of natural matter and the digestibility coefficients of 60.6% for dry matter, 77.2% for crude protein, 14.0% for crude fiber, 45.7% for nitrogen free extract, 85.4% for ether extract and 28.2% for ash. The metabolizable energy and digestibility of nutrients in detoxified castor cake are higher than in the detoxified castor meal.

The objective of this study was to determine the chemical and energy composition of spirulina (Spirulina platensis), the nutrient metabolizability coefficients, and the values of apparent metabolizable energy (AME) and the apparent metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen balance (AMEn) in broilers. A digestibility trial was carried out by using total excreta collection method, with 90 Cobb 500 lineage chicks, with initial weight of 256 ± 5 g at 11 days of age. Birds were allotted in metabolic cages for 10 days, distributed in a completely randomized design, with three treatments and six repetitions with five birds each. Diets consisted on a reference-ration based on corn and soybean meal and two test diets, one containing spirulina (30%) and the other one with soybean meal (30%). Spiruline was superior to soybean meal for contents of dry matter (DM), gross energy (9.60%), crude protein (26.56%), ether extract (54.45%), mineral matter (42.77%), calcium (100%) and total phosphorus (130.77%) and also for most amino acids, except lysine, glutamate, histidine and proline. Nevertheless, spiruline presented lower values of gross fiber (83.95%), acid detergent fiber (85.12%) and neutral detergent fiber (6.15). The AME and AMEn values (kcal/kg of DM) were, respectively, 2,906 and 2,502 for the spirulina and 2,646 and 2,340 for the soybean meal and AMEn of spirulina was 6.92% higher than soybean meal. Objetivou-se determinar a composição química e energética da espirulina (Spirulina platensis), os coeficientes de metabolizabilidade dos nutrientes e os valores de energia metabolizável aparente (EMA) e aparente corrigida pelo balanço de nitrogênio (EMAn) em frangos de corte. Realizou-se um ensaio de digestibilidade utilizando-se a metodologia de coleta total de excretas com 90 pintos machos da linhagem Cobb 500, com peso inicial de 256 ± 5 g aos 11 dias de idade. As aves foram alojadas em gaiolas de metabolismo durante dez dias, distribuídas em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com três tratamentos e seis repetições, cada uma com cinco aves. As dietas consistiram de uma ração-referência formulada à base de milho e farelo de soja e duas rações-teste, uma contendo espirulina (30%) e outra com farelo de soja (30%). A espirulina foi superior ao farelo de soja quanto aos conteúdos de matéria seca, energia bruta (9,60%), proteína bruta (26,56%), extrato etéreo (54,45%), matéria mineral (42,77%), cálcio (100%) e fósforo total (130,77%) e também para a maioria dos aminoácidos, exceto lisina, glutamato, histidina e prolina. No entanto, apresentou menores valores de fibra bruta (83,95%), fibra em detergente ácido (85,12%) e fibra em detergente neutro (6,15%). Os valores de EMA e EMAn (kcal/kg de MS) foram, respectivamente, 2.906 e 2.502 para a espirulina e 2.646 e 2.340 para o farelo de soja, e a EMAn da espirulina foi 6,92% superior à do farelo de soja.

Os efeitos dietéticos de lisina digestível e zinco quelato para frangos de corte machos entre 22 e 42 dias de idade foram avaliados em dois ensaios experimentais. Adotou-se o delineamento inteiramente casualizado em arranjo fatorial 5 × 2, com cinco níveis de lisina (0,841; 0,876; 0,997; 1,022 e 1,030%) e dois de zinco (43 e 243 ppm). No primeiro ensaio, utilizaram-se 900 aves com peso médio inicial de 957,4 g distribuídas em parcelas experimentais de 30 aves e três repetições e, no segundo ensaio, 180 frangos com peso médio inicial de 866,22 g, divididos em parcelas de três aves e seis repetições. As características avaliadas foram desempenho, rendimento de cortes e composição corporal (1º ensaio), balanço de nitrogênio e digestibilidade aparente das dietas (2º ensaio). Houve interação entre os níveis de lisina e zinco para o ganho de peso, a conversão alimentar, a matéria seca ingerida e o balanço energético. Os rendimentos de peito, coxa e sobrecoxa tiveram aumentos lineares em resposta ao acréscimo no nível de lisina digestível na dieta. O melhor desempenho foi obtido com o nível de 0,997% de lisina digestível (ou 1,134% lisina total) e de 43 ppm de zinco. Para maior rendimento dos cortes, o nível de lisina digestível recomendável deve ser no mínimo 1,002% (ou 1,139% de lisina total), independentemente dos níveis de zinco quelato. A maior inclusão de zinco em dietas para frangos de corte dos 22 aos 42 dias de idade não melhora a utilização da lisina na dieta e aumenta a deposição de gordura corporal. The dietary effects of digestible lysine and chelate zinc for male broiler chickens from 22 to 42 days of age were evaluated in two experimental assays. A complete randomized block experimental design in a 5 × 2 factorial, with five lysine levels (0.841, 0.876, 0.997, 1.022 and 1.030%) and two levels of zinc (43 and 243 ppm) was used. In the first assay, it was used 900 birds with initial average weight 957.4 g distributed in experimental units with 30 birds and three replications and in the second assay, 180 broilers with initial average weight 866.22g split in plots with 3 birds and six replications were used. The characteristics evaluated were performance, cut yield and body composition (1st assay), nitrogen balance and apparent digestibility of diets (2nd assay). There was an interaction among levels of lysine and zinc for weight gain, feed conversion, ingested dry matter and energy balance. Yields of breast, thigh and drumstick had linear increases in response to increments in the level of digestible lysine in the diet. The best performance was obtained for level 0.997% of digestive lysine (or 1.134% total lysine) and level of 43 ppm zinc. For higher cut yields, the recommended level of digestible lysine has to be at least 1.002% (or 1.139% total lysine), regardless to the levels of chelate zinc. Greater inclusion of zinc in diets for broiler from 22 to 42 days of age does not improve the utilization of dietary lysine and increases body fat deposition.

Submitted by Guilherme Lemeszenski (guilherme@nead.unesp.br) on 2013-08-22T19:07:39Z No. of bitstreams: 1 S1516-35982010001000026.pdf: 50933 bytes, checksum: 30b2792282b2a6a1a5be7ba9fbc8114f (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2013-08-22T19:07:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 S1516-35982010001000026.pdf: 50933 bytes, checksum: 30b2792282b2a6a1a5be7ba9fbc8114f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-10-01 Made available in DSpace on 2013-09-30T20:12:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S1516-35982010001000026.pdf: 50933 bytes, checksum: 30b2792282b2a6a1a5be7ba9fbc8114f (MD5) S1516-35982010001000026.pdf.txt: 34972 bytes, checksum: 16fc32b7c5dd883228d63fa47d9a2771 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-10-01 Submitted by Vitor Silverio Rodrigues (vitorsrodrigues@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2014-05-20T15:18:18Z No. of bitstreams: 2 S1516-35982010001000026.pdf: 50933 bytes, checksum: 30b2792282b2a6a1a5be7ba9fbc8114f (MD5) S1516-35982010001000026.pdf.txt: 34972 bytes, checksum: 16fc32b7c5dd883228d63fa47d9a2771 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-20T15:18:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S1516-35982010001000026.pdf: 50933 bytes, checksum: 30b2792282b2a6a1a5be7ba9fbc8114f (MD5) S1516-35982010001000026.pdf.txt: 34972 bytes, checksum: 16fc32b7c5dd883228d63fa47d9a2771 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-10-01 Objetivou-se avaliar o valor nutritivo de silagens de capim-elefante contendo subproduto do processamento do urucum. Vinte ovinos machos, não-castrados, foram distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com cinco dietas (0; 4; 8; 12 e 16% de subproduto de urucum na silagem) e quatro repetições, e utilizados para estimar o consumo, a digestibilidade aparente de nutrientes, o teor de nutrientes digestíveis totais e o balanço de nitrogênio. A adição de subproduto de urucum elevou os consumos de matéria seca (MS), matéria orgânica (MO), proteína bruta (PB), fibra em detergente neutro (FDN), fibra em detergente ácido (FDA), extrato etéreo (EE), carboidratos não-fibrosos (CNF), carboidratos totais e nutrientes digestíveis totais (NDT), tanto em relação ao peso vivo (%PV) quanto em relação ao peso metabólico (g kg-1PV0,75). As digestibilidades de MS (55,95%), MO (58,19%), PB (45,34%), FDN (52,79%), FDA (45,79%), EE (34,96%) e CNF (99,86%) não foram influenciadas pela adição de subproduto de urucum. A inclusão de subproduto de urucum na silagem de capim-elefante promoveu aumento na digestibilidade dos carboidratos totais, no teor de NDT e no balanço de nitrogênio. A adição de subproduto de urucum em níveis de até 16% da matéria natural na ensilagem de capim-elefante melhora o consumo de nutrientes e o balanço de nitrogênio. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the nutritional value of elephant-grass silages containing annato byproduct. Twenty intact rams were distributed in a complete randomized block design with five diets (0; 4; 8; 12 and 16% annato byproduct in the silage) and four replications and used to estimate the intake, apparent nutrient digestibility, content of total digestible nutrients and nitrogen balance. The addition of annato byproduct raised the intakes of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), ether extract (EE), total carbohydrates (TC), non-fibrous carbohydrates (NFC) and total digestible nutrients (TDN), in body weight (%BW) and in metabolic weight (g kg-1BW0.75). The digestibilities of DM (55.95%), OM (58.19%), CP (45.34%), NDF (52.79%), ADF (45.79%), EE (34.96%) and NFC (99.86%) were not influenced by the addition of annato byproduct. The inclusion of annato byproduct in elephant-grass silage increased digestibility of total carbohydrates, the TDN content and the nitrogen balance. The aditions of annato byproduct at levels up to 16% of the elephant grass silage natural matter improves nutrient intake and nitrogen balance. UNESP UNESP

Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da substituição do concentrado pelo resíduo úmido de cervejaria sobre o consumo e a digestibilidade dos nutrientes em cabras. Foram utilizadas cinco cabras mestiças Boer x Saanen e cinco cabras Saanen distribuídas em dois quadrados latinos 5 x 5. As dietas foram compostas de 40% de feno de capim-tifton e os 60% restantes foram compostos de 0, 25, 50, 75 ou 100% de resíduo úmido de cervejaria em substituição ao concentrado. Os consumos de matéria seca (MS), matéria orgânica (MO), proteína bruta (PB), extrato etéreo (EE), carboidratos totais (CT), nutrientes digestíveis totais (NDT) e fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) ajustaram-se ao modelo quadrático, de modo que os maiores valores foram observados para as dietas sem resíduo úmido de cervejaria e com 25% desse resíduo. Os níveis de resíduo úmido de cervejaria tiveram efeito linear decrescente na digestibilidade aparente de matéria seca, matéria orgânica e carboidratos totais e efeito quadrática na digestibilidade da proteína bruta. O resíduo úmido de cervejaria pode ser utilizado em níveis de até 25% como substituto ao concentrado em dietas para cabras no final da lactação. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of replacing concentrate by wet brewer grain on the intake and digestibility of nutrients in goats. It was used five Boer x Saanen crossbreed goats and five Saanen goats randomly distributed in two 5 x 5 latin squares. The diets were composed of 40% of Tifton hay and the other 60% were composed of 0, 25, 50, 75 or 100% of wet brewer grain replacing the concentrate. The intake of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), total carbohydrates (TC), total digestible nutrients (TDN) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) were fitted to the quadratic model so the highest values were observed for diets without wet brewer grain and with 25% of this residue. The levels of wet brewer grain had a decreasing linear effect on apparent digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, and total carbohydrates and a quadratic effect on crude protein digestibility. Wet brewer grain can be used in levels up to 25% as a substitute to concentrate in diets for goats at the end of lactation.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the nutritive value of elephant grass silages with increasing levels of dried mango by-product (DMB). Five addition levels were studied (0, 4, 8, 12 and 16%) using 20 rams, in a randomized complete design with five treatments (addition levels) and four replications. Dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), ether extract (EE), total carbohydrates (TC), non-fibrous carbohydrates (NFC) intake and digestibility were evaluated, as well as the total digestible nutrients (TDN) and the silage nitrogen balance (NB). Mango by-product addition did not influence the DM, CP and TC intakes, the TDN level or the OM, CT and NFC digestibilities. On the other hand, DMB addition reduced the NDF and the ADF intakes, as well as the DM, CP, NDF and ADF digestibilities, and the NB of the silages. There was also a increasing linear effect of DMB addition on the EE and NFC intakes, and on EE digestibility. The elephant grass silage with DMB by-product may not be used as a single feed to ruminants because it reduces the NDF and the ADF intakes and the DM, CP, NDF and ADF digestibilities, as well as the nitrogen balance. Esta pesquisa foi realizada objetivando avaliar o valor nutritivo de silagens de capim-elefante contendo níveis crescentes de subproduto do processamento de manga desidratado. Foram estudados cinco níveis de adição (0,0; 4,0; 8,0; 12 e 16,0%) utilizando-se 20 ovinos, machos não-castrados, em delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado com cinco tratamentos (níveis de adição) e quatro repetições. Foram avaliados os consumos e as digestibilidades aparentes dos nutrientes, além do valor de nutrientes digestíveis totais (NDT) e do balanço de nitrogênio das silagens. A adição de resíduo do processamento de manga não influenciou os consumos de MS, PB, carboidratos totais e NDT nem as digestibilidades de matéria orgânica (MO), carboidratos totais (CT) e carboidratos não-fibrosos (CNF) e o teor de NDT das silagens. A inclusão do resíduo na ensilagem de capim-elefante ocasionou reduções nos consumos de FDN e FDA; na digestibilidade da MS, PB, FDN e FDA e no balanço de nitrogênio. A inclusão do subproduto promoveu também efeito linear crescente nos consumos de EE e CNF e na digestibilidade do EE das silagens. A silagem de capim-elefante com subproduto do processamento de manga não deve ser utilizada como única fonte de alimento para ruminantes, pois reduz os consumos de FDN e FDA e as digestibilidades da MS, PB, FDN e FDA, além do balanço de nitrogênio.

Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da associação de palma forrageira ao bagaço de cana-de-açúcar e à uréia sobre o balanço de compostos nitrogenados e a produção de proteína microbiana em novilhas leiteiras recebendo ou não suplemento. Foram utilizadas 25 novilhas da raça Girolando, com peso vivo médio inicial de 227 kg, confinadas, distribuídas em delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso, estabelecidos de acordo com o peso dos animais. A ração controle (sem suplemento) foi composta de 64,0% de palma forrageira, 30,0% de bagaço de cana-de-açúcar, 4,0% de mistura uréia:sulfato de amônio (9:1) e 2,0% de mistura mineral, com base na matéria seca (MS), e as rações experimentais, de 57,0% de palma forrageira, 26,0% de bagaço de cana-de-açúcar, 3,5% de mistura uréia:sulfato de amônio, 1,8% de mistura mineral e 11,7% de suplemento (0,5% do PV dos animais). Os suplementos testados foram: farelo de trigo, farelo de soja, farelo de algodão ou caroço de algodão. O balanço de nitrogênio não foi influenciado pelas dietas e apresentou valor médio de 49,3 g/dia. A suplementação com farelo de algodão ou com farelo de soja aumentou a excreção de nitrogênio na urina, a concentração de uréia e nitrogênio uréico no plasma e a excreção urinária de uréia e nitrogênio uréico. A associação da palma forrageira ao bagaço de cana-de-açúcar e à uréia, sem o uso de suplementos, permite eficiência de síntese microbiana de 105 gPBmic/kg de NDT consumido. A suplementação com caroço de algodão proporciona maior excreção urinária de alantoína e derivados de purina e melhor eficiência de síntese microbiana, portanto, é a mais indicada nestas condições. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of association of forage cactus to sugar cane bagasse and urea on nitrogenous compounds balance and microbial protein synthesis in milk heifers supplemented or not. Twenty-five Holstein-Gir crossbred heifers with average of 227 kg of LW were used, kept in feedlot system and assigned to a randomized block design, established in accordance with the weight of animals. The control ration was composed of 64.0% of forage cactus, 30.0% of sugar cane bagasse, 4.0% of urea:ammonium sulphate mixture (9:1) and 2.0% of mineral mixture, in DM basis. The heifers were supplemented based on the live weight (0.5% of the LW). The supplements had characterized the treatments, together with the control treatment. The tested supplements were: wheat meal, soybean meal, cottonseed meal or whole cottonseed. The proportion of ingredients in experimental rations for supplemented animals was: 57.0% of forage cactus, 26.0% of sugar cane bagasse, 3.5% of urea:ammonium sulphate mixture, 1.8% of mineral mixture and 11.7% of supplement. The nitrogen balance was not influenced by treatments, presenting average value of 49.3 g/day. The cottonseed meal or soybean meal supplementation increased the nitrogen urinary excretion, the urea concentration and urea nitrogen in the serum and the urea urinary excretion and urea nitrogen. The association of forage cactus to sugar cane bagasse and urea, without the use of supplements allowed microbial synthesis efficiency of 105.0 gCPmic/kg of consumed TDN. The whole cottonseed supplementation provided greater alantoin and purine derivatives urinary excretion and better microbial synthesis efficiency, being, therefore, the most indicated in such conditions.

Dois experimentos foram conduzidos para estudar o efeito de cinco relações treonina:lisina digestíveis (TL) sobre o balanço de nitrogênio em suínos em crescimento e de cinco níveis de energia líquida (EL) sobre o desempenho de suínos em crescimento-terminação. No primeiro experimento, foram utilizados 15 suínos machos castrados com peso inicial de 37,0 ± 2,6 kg, híbridos comerciais de média a alta deposição de tecido magro, distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com cinco tratamentos (relações treonina:lisina digestíveis de 0,574; 0,624; 0,673; 0,722 e 0,772 em rações formuladas com baixo nível de proteína, 14,7%) e três repetições. A TL influenciou de forma quadrática a proteína bruta absorvida (PBA) e o nitrogênio da uréia plasmática (NUP), os quais apresentaram melhores resultados com a TL de 0,658 (média do PBA e NUP). No segundo experimento, foram estudados cinco níveis de EL em rações com a relação TL de 0,658. Utilizaram-se 40 suínos (20 machos castrados e 20 fêmeas) com 30,2 ± 1,3 kg, de características semelhantes às dos utilizados no experimento para balanço de nitrogênio, distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 5 × 2, composto de cinco níveis de energia líquida (2.410; 2.450; 2.490; 2.530 ou 2.570 kcal/kg) e dois sexos, com um animal por baia. Na fase de terminação e no período total, o aumento nos níveis de EL ocasionou redução do consumo diário de ração (CDR), melhora da conversão alimentar (CA) e acréscimo na deposição de gordura. A relação TL de 0,658 melhora a retenção de nitrogênio e níveis crescentes de energia líquida diminuem o CDR e melhoram a CA, mas podem aumentar a deposição de gordura em suínos. Two experiments were carried out to evaluate the effect of five digestible threonine:lysine ratios (TL) on the nitrogen balance of growing pigs and five levels of net energy (NE) on growing-finishing pigs performance. In the first experiment, 15 high-lean commercial crossbred barrows, with initial weight of 37.0 ± 2.6 kg, were allotted to a completely randomized design, with five diets (digestible threonine:lysine ratio of 0.574, 0.624, 0.673, 0.722, and 0.772, in low protein diets, 14.7%) and three replications. Absorbed crude protein (ACP) and plasma urea nitrogen (PUN) showed a quadratic effect and the best threonine:digestible lysine ratio was 0.658 (mean of ACP and PUN). In the second experiment, five EL dietary levels were evaluated with digestible threonine:lysine ratio of 0.658. Forty pigs (20 barrows and 20 gilts) with 30.2 ± 1.3 kg were allotted to a completely randomized design, as a 5 × 2 factorial arrangement, composed of five levels of NE (2.410, 2.450, 2.490, 2.530, or 2.570 Mcal/kg) and two sexes, with one animal per cage. In the finishing phase and total period, increasing NE levels reduced feed intake (FI), improved feed:gain ratio (FGR) and increased fat deposition. Digestible threonine:lysine ratio of 0.658 improves nitrogen retention and the increasing net energy levels decrease FI and improve FGR, but may increase fat deposition in pigs.

Este trabalho foi realizado para determinar o valor nutricional do milheto e avaliar sua utilização como alimento energético em rações para frangos de corte de 1 a 21 dias de idade. Foram realizados dois experimentos: no primeiro, foram determinados os teores de matéria seca (88,53%), energia bruta (3.604 kcal/kg), energia metabolizável aparente corrigida (2.656 kcal/kg), proteína bruta (12,71%), fibra bruta (5,40%), extrato etéreo (3,10%), cálcio (0,029%) e fósforo (0,31%) e, no segundo experimento, foi determinado o desempenho produtivo dos frangos no período de 1 a 21 dias de idade alimentados com rações contendo 0; 10; 20; 30 ou 40% de milheto. Utilizou-se delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 5 × 2, composto de cinco níveis de milheto e dois sexos, com quatro repetições de 20 aves por unidade experimental. Os parâmetros analisados foram o consumo de ração, o ganho de peso e a conversão alimentar. O desempenho dos frangos alimentados com as rações com maiores níveis de milheto foi significativamente melhor, o que pode estar relacionado ao aumento do nível de óleo na dieta. A inclusão de milheto é recomendável em níveis de até 20% em rações para frangos de corte de 1 a 21 dias de idade. This research was carried out to determine the nutritional value of pearl millet, and to evaluate their utilization as energetic source in broiler diets from 1 to 21 days old. Two experiment were conducted: in the first, the chemical composition (dry matter, crude protein, ether extract, calcium and phosphorus) and gross energy, apparent metabolizable energy corrected by nitrogen balance were determined. In the second experiment, the performance of broilers from 1 to 21 days old fed diets with 0, 10, 20, 30 and 40% of pearl millet were determined. A completely randomized design, in a 5 × 2 factorial arrangement (level of millet and sex), with four replicates and 20 birds per experimental unit, was used. The determined values of chemical composition were: dry matter (88.53%), gross energy (3,604 kcal/kg), crude protein (12.71%), crude fiber (5.40%), ether extract (3.10%), calcium (0.029%) and phosphorus (0.31%) and, in the second experiment, apparent metabolizable energy corrected by nitrogen balance (2,656 kcal/kg). The analyzed traits were: feed intake, weight gain and feed/gain ratio. The performance of broilers fed rations with higher levels pearl millet was better, which could be related to the increase of oil level in diet. The inclusion of pearl millet up to 20% is recommended in the rations for broilers from 1 to 21 days old.

Submitted by Guilherme Lemeszenski (guilherme@nead.unesp.br) on 2013-08-22T19:07:05Z No. of bitstreams: 1 S1516-35982007000400009.pdf: 43201 bytes, checksum: 2c5bb5050ab1f251beab8cd0dff658f7 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2013-08-22T19:07:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 S1516-35982007000400009.pdf: 43201 bytes, checksum: 2c5bb5050ab1f251beab8cd0dff658f7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-08-01 Made available in DSpace on 2013-09-30T20:11:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S1516-35982007000400009.pdf: 43201 bytes, checksum: 2c5bb5050ab1f251beab8cd0dff658f7 (MD5) S1516-35982007000400009.pdf.txt: 23996 bytes, checksum: f5e2a5a479446e3f5e3ca4cd2051aecc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-08-01 Submitted by Vitor Silverio Rodrigues (vitorsrodrigues@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2014-05-20T13:18:13Z No. of bitstreams: 2 S1516-35982007000400009.pdf: 43201 bytes, checksum: 2c5bb5050ab1f251beab8cd0dff658f7 (MD5) S1516-35982007000400009.pdf.txt: 23996 bytes, checksum: f5e2a5a479446e3f5e3ca4cd2051aecc (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-20T13:18:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S1516-35982007000400009.pdf: 43201 bytes, checksum: 2c5bb5050ab1f251beab8cd0dff658f7 (MD5) S1516-35982007000400009.pdf.txt: 23996 bytes, checksum: f5e2a5a479446e3f5e3ca4cd2051aecc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-08-01 Um experimento foi conduzido para determinação dos valores de energia metabolizável aparente (EMA) e energia metabolizável aparente corrigida pelo balanço de nitrogênio (EMAn) e da composição química dos fenos de feijão-bravo (FFB), jureminha (FJ) e maniçoba (FM) para uso na alimentação de aves. Duzentos e oitenta pintos com 17 dias de idade foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em sete tratamentos, em esquema fatorial 3 x 2 + 1 (três tipos de feno x dois níveis de substituição da dieta-referência + dieta-referência), com quatro repetições de dez aves. Os níveis de EMA e EMAn dos fenos de jureminha, feijão-bravo e maniçoba foram 3.205 e 2.911, 2.990 e 2.648, 2.728 e 2.419, determinados com 15% de substituição da dieta-referência pelo alimento e 2.678 e 2.371, 2.875 e 2.523, 2.277 e 1.956 com substituição de 30%, respectivamente, e evidenciaram influência do nível de substituição da dieta-referência sobre os valores de EMA e EMAn das dietas. Os valores de EMA e EMAn, para aves, dos fenos de jureminha e feijão-bravo são superiores aos do feno de maniçoba. An experiment was carried out to determine the apparent metabolizable energy (AME), apparent metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen balance (AMEn) and chemical composition of bravo bean hay (HBB), jureminha hay (HJ) and maniçoba hay (HM) for use in birds feeding. Two hundred and eighty, 17 days old broiler chicks were distributed according to a completely randomized design, into seven treatments organized in a factorial arrangement 3 x 2 + 1 (three hay types x two levels of substitution of the reference diet + reference diet), with four repetitions of 10 birds each. The contents of AME and AMEn of jureminha, bravo bean and maniçoba hays were 3.205 and 2.911, 2.990 and 2.648, 2.728 and 2.419, respectively, when the ingredients test substituted 15% of the reference diet, and 2.678 and 2.371, 2.875 and 2.523, 2.277 and 1.956, respectively, when the ingredients test substituted 30% of the reference diet. Therefore, the level of substitution of the reference diet by the ingredient test affects AME and AMEn. Jureminha and bravo bean hays presented higher AME and AMEn values than maniçoba hay for bird feeding. Departamento de Zootecnia, Centro de Ciências Agrárias (CCA), Universidade Federal da Paraíba (UFPB), Areia, PB, Brasil Departamento de Zootecnia, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias (FCAV), Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Jaboticabal, SP, Brasil Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Lavras (UFLA), Lavras, MG, Brasil CCA, Universidade Federal do Paraíba (UFPB) Departamento de Agropecuária, CFT, Universidade Federal do Paraíba (UFPB) Departamento de Zootecnia, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias (FCAV), Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Jaboticabal, SP, Brasil

Submitted by Guilherme Lemeszenski (guilherme@nead.unesp.br) on 2013-08-22T19:07:06Z No. of bitstreams: 1 S1516-35982007000500021.pdf: 64678 bytes, checksum: baf1ad3f9ccdc2523ff5078f09bd13af (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2013-08-22T19:07:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 S1516-35982007000500021.pdf: 64678 bytes, checksum: baf1ad3f9ccdc2523ff5078f09bd13af (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-08-01 Made available in DSpace on 2013-09-30T18:02:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S1516-35982007000500021.pdf: 64678 bytes, checksum: baf1ad3f9ccdc2523ff5078f09bd13af (MD5) S1516-35982007000500021.pdf.txt: 39895 bytes, checksum: 375f33f3ed090cd488b71b78b5c66928 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-08-01 Submitted by Vitor Silverio Rodrigues (vitorsrodrigues@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2014-05-20T13:18:51Z No. of bitstreams: 2 S1516-35982007000500021.pdf: 64678 bytes, checksum: baf1ad3f9ccdc2523ff5078f09bd13af (MD5) S1516-35982007000500021.pdf.txt: 39895 bytes, checksum: 375f33f3ed090cd488b71b78b5c66928 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-20T13:18:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S1516-35982007000500021.pdf: 64678 bytes, checksum: baf1ad3f9ccdc2523ff5078f09bd13af (MD5) S1516-35982007000500021.pdf.txt: 39895 bytes, checksum: 375f33f3ed090cd488b71b78b5c66928 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-08-01 Foram utilizados 36 cordeiros 7/8 Ile de France 1/8 Ideal (18 machos e 18 fêmeas) com peso corporal inicial de 17,90 ± 1,27 kg alimentados com as dietas: controle; SRPAD - com 8% de silagem de resíduo do processamento de tilápia (Oreochromis niloticus); e SRPAM - com 8% de silagem de resíduo do processamento de peixe-sapo (Lophius gastrophisus). As silagens de resíduos de peixes substituíram parcialmente o farelo de soja e, como volumoso, utilizou-se silagem de milho (40%). Os cordeiros foram mantidos em baias individuais, com controle do alimento fornecido e das sobras e pesagem a cada 14 dias até atingirem 32 kg, quando foram realizadas as medidas biométricas. Paralelamente, foram realizados ensaios de digestibilidade e de metabolismo utilizando-se 12 cordeiras 7/8 Ile de France 1/8 Ideal para determinação dos coeficientes de digestibilidade da MS, MO, PB, EE, FDN e CT e do balanço de nitrogênio das dietas experimentais. O consumo de MS e o ganho médio diário não foram influenciados pelas dietas e pelo sexo e apresentaram médias de 891,83 e 240,26 g/dia, respectivamente. Entretanto, a conversão alimentar dos cordeiros alimentados com as dietas com SRPAM foi pior (4,04) em relação à daqueles alimentados com as dietas controle (3,81) e com SRPAD (3,47). Os cordeiros apresentaram maior comprimento corporal (60,09 cm) e altura do anterior (56,11 cm) em comparação às cordeiras (58,03 e 54,75 cm, respectivamente). Cordeiros alimentados com dietas contendo SRPAD tiveram maior ingestão de EE e melhor coeficiente de digestibilidade do EE (90,39%), enquanto aqueles alimentados com a dieta controle apresentaram o menor coeficiente de digestibilidade da FDN (59,20%). A substituição parcial do farelo de soja por silagem de resíduos de peixes mostrou-se como boa alternativa protéica na alimentação de cordeiros. Thirty six 7/8 Ile de France 1/8 Polwarth (18 males and 18 females) lambs averaging 17.90 ± 1.27 kg of body weigh (BW) were randomly assigned to one of the following three diets: 1) control diet; 2) SRPAD - 8% freshwater fish (Oreochromis niloticus) residue silage; or 3) SRPAM - 8% sea fish (Lophius gastrophisus) residue silage. The fish residue silages partially replaced soybean meal in the diet; corn silage (40% DM basis) was used as the sole forage source. Animals were feed-restricted and maintained in individual stalls; lambs were weighted every 14 days until they reached 32 kg of BW when biometrical measurements were taken. Twelve 7/8 Ile de France 1/8 Polwarth female lambs were used for determination of nutrient digestibility and nitrogen balance. Dry matter intake and average daily weight were not affected by diet and gender averaging 891.83 and 240.26 g/day, respectively. However, lambs that received SRPAM had greater feed conversion (4.04) than those fed the control diet (3.81) and SRPAD (3.47). Male lambs showed greater body length (60.09 cm) and forelimb height (56.11 cm) than the female counterparts. Intake and digestibility (90.39%) of EE was highest in lambs fed SRPAD while NDF digestibility (59.20%) was lowest in those fed the control diet. It can be concluded that fish residue silage can partially replace soybean meal in the diet. Universidade Estadual de Maringá (UEM) Programa de Pós-graduação em Zootecnia Unesp Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias Departamento de Zootecnia Instituto de Pesca Unesp FCAV Unesp Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia Unesp Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias Departamento de Zootecnia Unesp FCAV Unesp Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia

Avaliou-se a influência de duas fontes de carboidrato (casca de soja e milho em grão) e de dois níveis (40 e 70%) de volumoso nas dietas sobre a digestibilidade dos nutrientes, o balanço de nitrogênio e o fluxo portal de nutrientes em ovinos. Foram utilizados quatro ovinos Corriedale (45 kg PV) com três cateteres implantados (veia e artéria mesentérica e veia porta), distribuídos em delineamento quadrado latino. A digestibilidade dos nutrientes foi obtida utilizando-se a técnica de coleta total de fezes e urina e o fluxo portal de nutrientes pelo princípio de Fick. A digestibilidade da MS das dietas contendo milho (66,7%) foi maior que daquelas contendo casca de soja (60,9%). A ingestão (789,7 g/dia), a digestão (444,2 g/dia) e a digestibilidade (56,2%) da FDN foram maiores para as dietas contendo casca de soja como fonte de carboidrato. As dietas contendo milho proporcionaram maior ingestão e digestão do EE. Houve efeito da interação fonte de carboidrato ´ proporção de volumoso sobre a ingestão e a digestão dos CNF. Os valores de ingestão e digestão nas dietas com milho foram maiores na menor proporção de volumoso, mas, naquelas com casca de soja, não foram influenciados pelas proporções de volumoso estudadas. O teor de NDT foi maior para as dietas contendo milho. Dietas com 40% de volumoso resultaram em menores perdas fecais e urinárias e em maiores digestibilidade e retenção de nitrogênio. As concentrações portal e arterial de glicose foram maiores para dietas contendo milho e para aquelas contendo 40% de volumoso. As concentrações portal de amônia e uréia, assim como a diferença venosa-arterial e o fluxo portal de amônia, foram menores para dietas com 40% de volumoso. Four Corriedale wethers averaging 45 kg of body weight were randomly assigned to a 4 x 4 Latin square to evaluate the effects of two carbohydrate sources (soybean hulls and corn grain) and two dietary forage levels (40 and 70%) on nutrient digestibility, N balance, and portal nutrient flux. Animals were fitted with catheters in the mesenteric and portal veins and in the mesenteric artery. Digestibility of nutrients and N balance were determined by total collection of feces and urine. Portal plasma flow was measured by continuous infusion of P-aminohippurate, and net nutrient flux calculated as the difference between venous and arterial concentration times blood flow. Dry matter digestibility and intake and digestion of ether extract were greater on corn than on soybean hulls diets while the opposite was observed for intake (789.7 g/d), digestion (444.2 g/d), and digestibility (56.2%) of NDF. There was a significant interaction between carbohydrate sources and dietary forage levels for intake and digestion of NFC; corn and lower forage diets resulted in greater intake and digestion of NFC whereas no effect of forage level was observed on soybean hulls diets. Energy concentration expressed as TDN was higher for corn diets. Diets with 40% forage showed improved N utilization because of the reduced excretion of N in urine and feces and increased N digestibility and retention. Portal and arterial glucose concentrations were higher on animals fed corn and 40% forage diets. Portal ammonia and urea concentration, venous-arterial difference and portal ammonia flux were all lower on diets with 40% forage.

Submitted by Guilherme Lemeszenski (guilherme@nead.unesp.br) on 2013-08-22T19:06:45Z No. of bitstreams: 1 S1516-35982005000200038.pdf: 57090 bytes, checksum: 99462dc5f65aedd8d3ef623261211c6e (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2013-08-22T19:06:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 S1516-35982005000200038.pdf: 57090 bytes, checksum: 99462dc5f65aedd8d3ef623261211c6e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-04-01 Made available in DSpace on 2013-09-30T18:03:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S1516-35982005000200038.pdf: 57090 bytes, checksum: 99462dc5f65aedd8d3ef623261211c6e (MD5) S1516-35982005000200038.pdf.txt: 62788 bytes, checksum: 4fcc1cb52ebacbb04c6bde4a73f3613c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-04-01 Submitted by Vitor Silverio Rodrigues (vitorsrodrigues@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2014-05-20T13:19:02Z No. of bitstreams: 2 S1516-35982005000200038.pdf: 57090 bytes, checksum: 99462dc5f65aedd8d3ef623261211c6e (MD5) S1516-35982005000200038.pdf.txt: 62788 bytes, checksum: 4fcc1cb52ebacbb04c6bde4a73f3613c (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-20T13:19:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S1516-35982005000200038.pdf: 57090 bytes, checksum: 99462dc5f65aedd8d3ef623261211c6e (MD5) S1516-35982005000200038.pdf.txt: 62788 bytes, checksum: 4fcc1cb52ebacbb04c6bde4a73f3613c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-04-01 Avaliaram-se o consumo alimentar, a digestibilidade parcial e total e o balanço de nitrogênio, em novilhos confinados. Foram utilizados três novilhos de corte cruzados, canulados no rúmen e no duodeno, distribuídos em dois delineamentos em quadrado latino 3 x 3. As dietas experimentais foram constituídas de 60% de silagem de milho, tendo como fonte de proteína o farelo de girassol e, como fonte de energia, o milho (MI). O milho foi substituído parcialmente pela casca de soja (CS) ou pelo farelo de gérmen de milho (FGM). Quatro indicadores internos (lignina e FDA, FDN e lignina indigestíveis) foram submetidos a 144 horas de digestão in vitro, para estimativa da digestibilidade parcial e total das dietas. Houve maior ingestão dos componentes fibrosos na dieta CS, porém não foi observado efeito sobre o consumo de matéria seca. A lignina subestimou significativamente a digestibilidade. A utilização da FDAi, FDNi e lignina-i para estimar a digestibilidade total é viável, no entanto, a FDAi e lignina-i não estimaram adequadamente as digestibilidades parciais. Houve efeito significativo na digestibilidade ruminal da FDA, com valores mais elevados para CS e semelhantes para FGM, em relação à dieta MI. A digestibilidade total da FDA foi maior na dieta CS, porém, as digestibilidades dos demais componentes não foram afetadas pelas diferentes fontes energéticas. Não houve diferença significativa para a digestibilidade da energia e nos valores obtidos de NDT, com média de 61,5%. A casca de soja e o farelo de gérmen de milho, em substituição parcial do milho, mostraram-se fontes alternativas satisfatórias para a inclusão na dieta de bovinos. Feed intake, partial and total digestibility and nitrogen balance were evaluated in confined steers. Three crossbreed steers, rumen and duodenum cannulated, were allotted to two 3 x 3 Latin square experimental design. The experimental diets were composed by corn silage (60%) and concentrate with sunflower meal as protein source and ground corn as energy source (MI). The ground corn was partially substituted by soybean hulls (CS) or by corn germ meal (FGM). Lignin and indigestible ADF (iADF), NDF (iNDF) and lignin (i-lignin) determined by 144 h of in vitro digestion were used as markers to estimate the total and partial diet digestibility of diets. The fiber intake was higher on CS diet, however no effect on dry matter intake was observed. Lignin underestimated significantly the digestibility. Indigestible ADF, iNDF and i-lignin was able to estimate total digestibility, however iADF and i-lignina did not estimate adequately the partial digestibility. Ruminal ADF digestibility was influenced by diets with higher values for CS and similar values for FGM, in relation to MI. Total ADF digestibility was higher in diet CS, but the other nutrients digestibility were not affected by different energy sources. Energy digestibility and NDT values did not differ among diets, with average of 61.5%. Soybean hulls and corn germ meal, on partial substitution of ground corn, were satisfactory alternative sources for inclusion on steer diets. UNESP FCAV Departamento de Zootecnia UNESP FMVZ USP ESALQ UNESP FCAV Departamento de Zootecnia UNESP FMVZ