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This paper analyzes the legal regime that involves international cooperation in the field of outer space, regarding its exploration. It aims to show the different types of cooperation, as they have been historically developed for the needs of the countries involved in the creation of the Law of Outer Space and its aftermath. To do this, this paper bases its content in doctrine and the various treaties and resolutions identified by the United Nations as of vital importance for this issue. Additionally, it draws attention to the problems that this type of legal developments has led and some possible solutions to these, which assures the space exploration through the principle of international cooperation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper argues the impossibility of claims of sovereignty over the Geostationary Orbit, therefore, it analyzes the positions of the equatorial countries especially Colombia and Ecuador face this issue as well as international treaties and conventions and statements made by various states generating the problem of sovereignty over this orbit one of a kind. At first and for understand the importance of Geostationary orbit, this paper exposes orbit types and their respective characteristics focusing on the Earth orbits, seeking the understanding of its usefulness for humanity and understand the technical basis for subsequently achieving the correct formulation of legal regulations pertaining to sovereignty over it and considering certain proposals for the use of the orbits in general. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the United States of America, the electronic promissory notes are subject to regulation under the definition of "transferable records" established in both, state law and federal law. Part of this regulation was developed in order to facilitate the issuance and electronic circulation of these negotiable instruments in real estate, and to facilitate the granting of mortgages, offering the alternative of making the entire process electronically. In this paper we address the study of these negotiable instruments, with particular emphasis on the requirements that allow the processing of electronic files in conditions equal to those of traditional documents issued in paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently the High-Frequency Trading (hft) operates for trading assets worldwide. This article studied, from the U.S. experience, the impact of hft on markets and its relation to the regulation. Thus, the scope of this paper consisted in the effect produced by hft and equity market fragmentation in the United States and other countries over the world. By analyzing the issues and experience in its implementation, it is evident the importance of the existence of a future regulation on Colombian stock markets when the HFT is implemented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growth of Location Based Social Networks (LBSN), clearly justify the need for the industry and dpa to start using different mechanisms to regulate the processing of location personal data. For that motive, this paper examines the different location-based systems and how those platforms use it, in order to present a series of recommendations to the social networks, so they can comply with the data protection regime establish in the Law 1581 2012. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The technological developments in aeronautics, particularly related to Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems of commercial, civil and recreational use, has grown exponentially in the past years, raising several doubts regarding its ruling and control, generating the need to regulate them based on the risks these devices pose to the safety and privacy of citizens. Thus, the objective of this paper is to find out which implementations and changes are needed in the Colombian legal system regarding the regulation of rpas for commercial and civil use, in order to protect the safety and basic rights of the people, make the business profitable, and allow continuous technologic advancement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper intends in the first place to carry out a theorical description and analysis, in order to establish if in fact there is or there is not a conflict between the right to health, more specifically regarding the access to medications, and the exclusive rights granted by the pharmaceutical patents. In second place, and based on the performed investigation, the different views of the different bodies and relevant figures in the Colombian context are analyzed and compared. In order to finally conclude that although, in Colombia there is more than one position on the subject, the patent system does not affect in a negative way the access to medications, and therefore, the Constitutional right to health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a context where the labor dimension is fundamental part in the lives of people, and especially in those with a disability, many sectors have driven from the Corporate Social Responsibility a positive change in this human dimension. The aim of this paper is to analyze the role of the pharmaceutical industry in this area, and its remarkable proposal for social innovation that has advocated for the inclusion of people with disabilities in addition to enhancing this dimension. The results allow us to assess the positive contributions of major pharmaceutical laboratories, and on the other hand, the mere declaration of intentions of other actors, but without concrete facts. Until then, as a society we still have a gap remaining between persons with disabilities and the general population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is based on a research aimed at establishing whether the protection of the right to one's image is stronger in the United States than in Colombia. The American judiciary system has a patrimonialist focus that incentives its use by victims, as well as direct negotiation mechanisms, thus increasing the index of the effective protection of the right to the protection of one's image. On the contrary, Colombian law highlights the personal and fundamental character of such right, which allows restorative measures. However, the law in action is such that it is hard to prove material damages, and hence no compensation is given and the arduous path of tort law is not paid off. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Considering the rise and role of information technology in today's society, new challenges facing the privacy of personal data of individuals in cyberspace emerge; as a result different legal debates propose new regulation mechanisms. This paper is intended to present these controversies to make a legal analysis of the issuance of Statutory Law 1581 2012 (also known as Habeas Data Law) and its application to the social network Facebook in Colombia, as recent pronouncements of the Superintendence of Industry and Commerce argue that there is no place for it. Therefore, a legal alternative that supports the implementation of Habeas Data Law in Colombia in response to the activity of data collection made by Facebook is proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Article 19 of Colombian Law 1480 of 2011 introduces the administrative duty of information by the producers, dealers or marketers who know the defect of one of its products in order to protect the rights of the Colombian users. However, the newest rule in Colombia it is not clear at all. The regulation announces hard riddles to solve: What to report to the administration? What are the corrective measures to have to be taken by the producers, dealers or marketers when find a defect in their products? How article 19 it is related to product liability? Which are the penalties for non-compliance? Those, essentially, are the problems that this paper is focused on. Further, with that goal, this document suggests ideas for the regulation of article 19 and clarify the impact of the rule on product liability and the role of the administration in this scenario. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The social function has had multiple uses in private property law. Expropriation, easements or forfeiture are just some of the specific ways in which it becomes operational. We can infer, then, that more than a specific definition, it is a core idea that not having original content serves and has served as a tool for the realization of human values such as equality and solidarity. In copyright law there are readings and uses of social function that have not, however, met the specific forms of tangible ownership. Despite this, it has been implicit - and in some cases explicit - to the center of the modern critique of the institution. Through a critical approach, this paper presents the readings of the social function in copyright law and proposes, given the interpretative potential of this powerful idea, one possible reading. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper develops an approach to the concept of "virtual community" from a theoretical dimension, in that it attempts to confront the elements and main questions of this notion in the context of relationships established among Colombians on Facebook, within the cities of Bahia Blanca, La Plata and Buenos Aires (Argentina). The goal is to understand the relationship between offline environments and the possibilities that these types of gatherings and social-virtual interactions can provide to its members. Using virtual ethnography as a method of participatory observation of inter-textuality allows for the identification, based on the perception of some of the participants in such groups, of the motivations for joining, the assumed sense of belonging to these groups and the influence of their offline lives, with respect to the possibilities that these groups have for the inclusion of its members. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current development of tools used for the algorithmic processing of information is enabling radical changes in the way companies conceive and execute their marketing and advertising strategies. It is also encouraging a growing interest in the analysis of the behavioral patterns of network users (behavioral targeting). In this context of radical innovations and the need to preserve the free flow of information as a fundamental means for easy access, storage and availability, different approaches are being proposed, which mostly involve a review of basic legal concepts such as the respect for privacy, freedom of expression and access to information, thus presenting new and interesting nuances for the exercise of fundamental rights in the context of the so-called information economy. This paper recognizes a prominent role for the State to play as an actor to be called upon to balance the great power and influence acquired by multinational companies in this sector, but to also focus on the importance of the inclusion of the concepts developed in the behavioral economics framework, and to postulate that through this it will be possible to achieve regulations that are more consistent and compatible with the challenges faced by emerging market nations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Internet has an impact in almost every aspect of the society worldwide. This paper intends to demonstrate that this ICT can have a positive influence to strengthen democracies. It presents a brief historical resume of technology's intervention in politics. Subsequently, it explains the structural basis of electronic democracy. Finally, it analyses the challenges that technology must address in order to facilitate democratic participation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the flaws present in article 11 of the 1979 Moon Treaty, which imply a number of legal loopholes that compromise the basic principles of space law, hindering the development of scientific and economic activities in outer space. It aims to contribute new legal alternatives able of circumvent the current legislative omissions that regulate outer space resource extraction, preventing international conflicts, and providing the legal certainty required to boost research and investment in outer space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research paper aims to analyze the recent growth that has been happening in space tourism. In first place, we attempt to identify the main legal issues that arise from the lack of regulation; secondly, we present some solutions and approaches to solve these shortcomings and controversies. These consist of creating a global or international organization responsible for the regulation of major aspects of space tourism, as well as the development of national institutions in every state that runs this kind of activities. Finally, we conclude that the lack of specific regulations for the fully development of this particular activity requires not only the progress in technology and science that has been done until now, but also requires an advance in the legal aspect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Moon is a celestial body of huge importance in human culture and has been considered as a world heritage. However, this concept has been in doubt due to the fact that the nations that had the possibility to explore this natural satellite have considered ways of appropriating it. This concern led to the creation in 1979 within the United Nations of a juridical regime that regulated the activities of States in the Moon. Article 11, of these rules established an innovative regime that guarantied the equitable access of all countries to the resources allocated in the Moon. This paper explains the context and principles that inspired this agreement, as well as its qualities and defects and describes some proposals in order to improve it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to analyze the legal reasoning used by judges in common law and civil law legal traditions when they have to solve problems about assertion of jurisdiction over Cyber- Torts cases. Here I discussed around the theory of jurisdiction, competence, Tort, non contractual liability and Cyber-Torts. These concepts are compared with cases decided in Colombia, Canada and the U.S. To conclude that the traditional rules of civil procedure are sufficient to resolve conflicts of jurisdiction over Interne-based cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

These paper studies the conflict arise by the non-authorized register of a domain name that incorporates a similar or identical reproduction of a trademark belonging to someone else. Specifically, it studies the practice known as warehousing or sale in auction of domain names. For this purpose, the article develops the concept of "Domain Names", states its applicable regulation and gives a general description of the legal tools that have been used to solve the conflict mentioned above. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The following paper has the aim of analyzing the different regulatory scenarios of the network neutrality from the United States' point of view. In particular, it studies the current arguments asserted by both sides in connection with network neutrality debate in order to determine which regulatory position should be adopted. For such purpose, the present study will portray the nature of the Internet and some of its multiple technological facets. It also attempts to present the case-law and regulatory policy context related to the fact that regulation over the Internet it would be closely linked to constitutional and market provisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main purpose of this paper is to examine the argument around the expiration terms of information on the commercial and financial database systems, based on the Habeas Data bill project (2007), contrasting it with the constitutional jurisprudence developed about the topic, known to be, so far, as the only legal source on the subject. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Within the legal rating of the certification authorities for electronic commerce are some services that have so much or greater importance than digital signatures and digital certificates. I am talking about time stamping and trusted archive. These services offered through third parties of confidence are based on the idea that the electronic document (legally assimilated to the document in paper) is unique and original. It is the only authentic and complete legal evidence that credits reports, acts, contracts, manifestations etc. That is why we recognize that to assure the conservation, file and recovery of the document --which is legal evidence-- is of great legal transcendence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The following document is the result of an analysis of the current situation of the admission and valuation of digital evidence in Colombia's legal context. In this sense, this paper reviews digital evidence practices and procedures and their legal regulations. It also explores the tools that judges have to take into account in order to admit and value digital evidence, that is, evidence that has to fulfill legal and information security requirements, such as confidentiality, authenticity and integrity. In this line of work, the authors have conceived a proposal based on best practices documented in HB171:2003 Guidelines for the management IT Evidence, which will serve not only to value digital evidence by healthy critic and reason standards, but also by strategies and elements that are inherent to information security in every stage of the digital evidence life cycle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]