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At the end of the 1960s, neighborhood movements burst onto the municipal agenda in many metropolitan environments worldwide through numerous demands related to basic needs. In Madrid, these demands took different neighborhood spaces and some former municipalities that were integrated as districts in the city's urban core as a geographic scale of reference. This placed these locations at the center of the political debate, which gradually faded away as a result of the various municipal reforms developed during the first two decades of parliamentary democracy in Spain. In the last fifteen years, neighborhood demands have taken a different turn, as a political phenomenon has appeared linked to new forms of neighborhood protest called neighborhoodnalism. This process was not diminished during the hardest moments of the global covid-19 pandemic; rather, it has been strengthened as a dynamic of political socialization, solidarity, and daily resistance in many of Madrid's neighborhoods. As a result, the referents and elements of identification around the neighborhood, as well as the political practice of neighborhoodnalism itself, have been expanded. From a spatial perspective of neighborhood movements that considers political identity as a dynamic and resignified process through protest and collective organization, and through ethnography and the analysis of in-depth interviews held over five years in the Madrid district of Hortaleza around the Three Kings Parade, this paper studies how these socio-political practices are being articulated in urban space and how the learning of this form of spatial socialization is influencing Madrid's municipal agenda as a whole. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the scientific literature on return migration in Colombia that assesses and sheds light on the importance of this phenomenon in terms of its empirical contributions, in the first two decades of the present century. To do so, four dimensions of analysis are used as a starting point: what and who are the returnees; where they return to —the territorial scale of return from an ontological viewpoint, specifically, the territorial dimension—; the reasons for return; and the public policies of return. The bibliographic review and selection strategy was undertaken in four phases: 1) bibliographic search in indexing and abstracting systems (SIR): ALAP-OIM, DOAJ, Redalyc, Scopus, Seriunam, Clacso, Clase, LatAM-Estudios, Redib, SciELO Colombia, Biblat, Publindex-Colombia, Cepal and Web of Science; 2) purging of duplicate studies; 3) eligibility; and 4) specific selection. The total number of papers located was 424. Of these, a total of 127 were selected according to the inclusion-exclusion and methodological evaluation criteria. Despite the progress made, we concluded that there is a lack of studies on return migration in areas such as family, multidimensional reintegration, transnationalism, and political participation. There are also few studies that address current return from Venezuela, making it difficult to design policies to manage the phenomenon. Finally, the originality of this article consists in the dimensions of the analysis of return and its temporality. This in the light of a methodological procedure using grounded theory, in which each scientific text constituted a heuristic and hermeneutic unit of comparative analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims to address the changing relationship between waste and urban space in Buenos Aires. Specifically, based on an analysis of the period between 1976 and 2019, it seeks to understand the way in which cartoneros (waste pickers) are inscribed today. By studying the productive role played by frontiers as sites of conflict, this paper presents three movements in which borders trace over waste. This mapping reveals the place of the cartoneros as important actors in a network that links waste management, the production of urban space, and a certain way of organizing the labor force. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is based on the results of a socio-pedagogical study in a public secondary school situated in a context of urban poverty in the Metropolitan Region of Buenos Aires, Argentina. A qualitative methodology is used to recover elements of ethnography and audiovisual production through a documentary film workshop. This is a collaborative effort that explores audiovisual language as a research practice that allows us to use different forms of narration. We reflect on the students’ ways of saying when they take the camera. Our hypothesis is that the way in which students construct their narratives constitutes a narrative that is told by action and that is driven by and through images. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to analyze irregularities and responses deployed by women workers recruited at origin in Morocco and workers from other African countries during the soft fruit season. The growth of an intensive, globalized, and delocalized food production model is giving rise to a growing population inhabiting a fourth world. The southern border of Europe and Africa make up one of the largest soft fruit producing and exporting regions. This region is the province of Huelva, where in 2020, the soft fruit season coincided with the first wave of COVID-19. A qualitative methodology based on ethnographic interviews, observation, and specialized literature allowed us to analyze the shortcomings of those who managed to safeguard production and how their essential status, granted to them for the first time, does not guarantee them their fundamental rights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mandatory confinement decreed in Argentina in the early 2020s positioned the security forces as essential workers. The police/pandemic/confinement relationship thus revolved around two differentiated poles of meaning: one that heralded a police force that takes care of use and another that denounced police violence. This paper explores this debate on the basis of three inseparable concerns: the police roles and policing practices that encourage these current crisis scenarios; the lessons they teach us given their potential reiteration; and, above all, the local and regional data revealed that allow us to reflect empirically and politically on our specific Latin American experiences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the relationship between regional integration and industrialization in Latin America over the past seventy years. To this end, it shows how ECLAC's structuralist thought and integrationist dynamics have influenced each other in practice. It outlines the positions on regional industrialization found in old regionalism, open regionalism and in 21st century regionalisms, and how such positions were shaped by conflicts between social groups. Specifically, it introduces the Andean Pact, MERCOSUR and ALBA as examples. This paper's contribution consists in reflecting critically on Latin American experiences of drafting and implementing common industrial policy in diverse contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of integral human development is central to the Catholic social tradition. Yet, it remains under-explored with regard to its integrating components and their implications. What does taking an integral human development perspective mean for social analysis and action? The paper seeks to answer this question on the basis of the four encyclicals in which the idea of integral human development is treated, and in combination with the literature on human development in the multidisciplinary social science field of international development studies and its conceptual foundations in Amartya Sen's capability approach. Based on this comparative analysis, the paper proposes an understanding of integral human development that it calls a "spirituality-extended capability approach to the progress of peoples". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyses human migration, taking forced displacement as the concept that best defines the events occurring in Honduras in recent years. To this end, it examines the dispossession to which the Garifuna communities in the Atlantic zone of Honduras have been subjected as a result of the implementation of tourism projects. The paper analyses the objectives, strategies, and impacts of dispossession and, based on the case of the community of Guadalupe, exemplifies these practices and examines the resistance mechanisms that have been developed. Based on community-based research, various typologies of dispossession are discussed. These have in common the use of legislative instruments accompanied by practices that tend to break down the social fabric and create an atmosphere of fear and distrust among the local population. Concerning the forms of resistance, we highlight the connections of local communities with national and international organisations--drawing on transnationalism--, the use of social networks, land re-appropriation practices, and psycho-legal tactics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to reconstruct Foucault's reflections on the birth of modernity, paying particular attention to the role of capitalism and discipline within it. The thesis we will defend is that in Foucault's work in the first half of the 1970s--especially between 1973 and 1975--both dimensions appear as two aspects of the same continuum, thus establishing a necessary link between them. This approach, which contests certain Marxist positions, attempts to reveal that the research on disciplinary power can be conceived as a complement, and not a correction, of the analyses deployed by Marx in Das Kapital. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Latin American indigenous people have undergone changes in their cultural identity, especially as a result of their contact with Western cultures. As such, a measuring instrument is required to determine the extent of this change. In the Amazon, difficulties in obtaining field data have not allowed the establishment of cultural indicators. This paper presents an instrument designed from the indigenous perspective that allows us to measure their cultural identity. The qualitative study focusing on the Ecuadorian Amazon resulted in an instrument that provides information on thirty subscale and five cultural scales, and was successfully tested for validity and reliability. Finally, it was applied to three populations with different degrees of contact with Western society in order to determine their differences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the trajectories of payment for ecosystem services (PES) from the 1990s to the present, with an emphasis on Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC). It is concluded that these trajectories were configuring a strategy for nature conservation within the framework of North-South relations within the international system. It emerged in academic-scientific institutions in the United States, and was subsequently projected at the multilateral level through the Global Millennium Ecosystem Report, published in 2005. In Latin America and the Caribbean, a technical and political discussion developed on the possibility of measuring nature and assigning it an economic value, and cases were implemented that legitimized the PES proposal with external financing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes elements of automobile culture, a topic that has hardly been studied at all in research on transport and urban culture. Based on Colombian cases, the paper shows how the practices, beliefs, values and emotions associated with automobiles have transcended the universe of cars, to the point that many of the cultural changes in cities were related to automobilities. The argument is developed through a discussion of the role of autonomy, the notion of the driver personality and the automobility system's own socio-material hierarchies. The research is based on the review and analysis of press items and statistical bulletins from the period of 1950-1968 referring to the cases of Bogota and Barranquilla. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reflects upon a decisive issue, namely, the relation between modernity and coloniality in the Latin American context. What remains to be settled is whether European modernity is inherently colonial, or, in other words, whether all modern European thought is indistinguishably and inseparably interwoven with grammars of coloniality that, even today, are reproduced in the arenas of knowledge and power. The guiding thread of this inquiry will be the theoretical proposals of Walter Mignolo, a thinker who argues precisely for the consubstantiality of modernity and coloniality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents some results of a qualitative research that explores and analyzes the narratives of a group of adults who were adopted in Chile, and who have searched for their origins and made contact with their birth mothers. In their narratives, the people interviewed adhere to, strain, and/or challenge the principles and discourses that make up hegemonic adoption policies and practices, resignifying their experience of adoption in various ways, as they (re)build their identities and reorganize their kinship relationships. It discusses the tensions and ambivalences that play out in the search for origins and the challenges associated with it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A recent strategy known as "femvertising" appears to seek to end the sexism that has always accompanied much of advertising. It not only proposes overcoming sexist paradigms, but also incorporates elements of female empowerment. However, it is not exempt from risks, given its ambivalent nature and the gender interests it invokes. This paper reflects on the theoretical aspects of "femvertising" and employs a case study as a way to approach this type of advertising, on which there is hardly any literature. The conclusions suggest that this is a complex phenomenon that requires deeper analysis in order to diagnose its commitment to equality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the final stage of Import Substitution Industrialization in Argentina, which took place between 1960 and 1975. We present, on the one hand, the gains and structural constraints of this process and, on the other, we retrieve some economic policy ideas and definitions that sought to address these constraints. In the first case, we highlight the positive evolution of some aspects (such as manufacture exports, changes in the internal composition of the sector and the development of large projects in basic industry) that inform about the maturation of the industrial process. Regarding the ideas, we analyze how the intellectual contributions and debates reveal a relative consensus around the need to strengthen the industrial presence in external markets and thus overcome the traditional substitution strategy identified with the original proposals of the Economic Commission for Latin America (ECLAC). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes that the use of the bow and arrow and boleadoras (stone throwers) as a weapon system was simultaneously employed --in different environments-- by the Aonikenk hunter-gatherer groups in the post 1520 AD period, which is different from the hypothesis found in previous historical-ethnographic studies. To test our hypothesis and due to the scarcity of stone balls in the stratigraphic excavations, we chose an analysis of the frequency of projectile points, end-scrapers and side-scrapers found in 38 post-contact sites. These three types of artefacts presented different frequencies, which may be associated with the different functions of the respective sites (limited activities vs. multiple activities). This analysis, together with the topography of the sites, allowed us to confirm our initial hypothesis, showing the usefulness of a regional approach to the analysis of post-Contact archaeology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Marine conservation has become one of the main factors in the transformation of oceans, reshaping the relations of power which define the future of such zones, with the participation of diverse agents in decision-making. This paper analyzes the creation of Marine Protected Areas in the Corcovado Gulf in Chilean Northern Patagonia. It reveals that these Marine Protected Areas are i) a response to a controversial process of territorial transformation, aggravated by the expansion of the salmon industry and calls for the conservation of biodiversity; ii) the emergence of a conservationist assemblage, based on the idea of collective efforts, and its involvement in a multi-agent network of governance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vulnerability is one of the major terms involved in the advent of a new, more compassionate, collective sensibility towards social phenomena. Mobilizing the notion of ideal type, this paper analyzes using a comparative heuristic perspective, four major historical semantics of vulnerability (excluded, moral, proactive and performative). Each one of them might be understood as the result of the intersection of two major factors: the ethical or moral sense that is given (or not} to vulnerability, and the political function assigned (or not) to it. Additionally, this article argues that grasping the reasons of the primacy of one or another of these semantics and the forms they take in different periods or societies, allows a different understanding of the issue of vulnerability in contemporary world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The notion of victim has been applied in the human rights (HR) field with a series of different connotations in each country. In this paper we aim to reflect on its uses and appropriations within the context of a series of laws and government programs designed to compensate the victims of state terrorism in Argentina and of the armed conflict in Colombia. Based on the gathering of documents and fieldwork with public servants and diverse groups of people who have been identified as victims, we analyze the meanings that this category has acquired and its possible applications in heterogeneous social contexts. O conceito vítima vem sendo aplicado no campo dos direitos humanos (DH) com uma série de conotações particulares em cada país. Neste trabalho, ocupamo-nos de refletir sobre seus usos e apropriações no âmbito de um conjunto de leis e programas governamentais destinados a reparar as vítimas do terrorismo de Estado na Argentina e do conflito armado interno na Colômbia. A partir da recopilação de documentos e do trabalho de campo com servidores públicos e diversos grupos de pessoas que têm sido identificadas como vítimas, analisamos os sentidos que essa categoria e suas possíveis aplicações adquirem em contextos sociais heterogêneos. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a social geography of environmental conflicts in Santiago de Chile, from the perspective of political ecology. For this purpose, a series of conflicts were identified and localized through consultation of three sources: judicial decisions, print media, and social networks, sources which were then cross-referenced with specialized socioeconomic information. The results show a trend towards concentration of socio-environmental conflicts in the most privileged socioeconomic sectors of the city, a phenomenon which is not consistent with their conditions of deterioration or environmental quality. Based on this finding, it discusses whether socio-environmental conflicts are a new form of social exclusion or solely a matter of the elites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]