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Abstract: Authors from different countries have published their papers in English, aiming to promote their research results widely and to become internationally known by their peers. It is also true that, although they are aware of the English terminology used in their respective field, some authors still struggle with some features of academic writing such as collocations. Thus, this paper presents a discussion on the underuse and overuse traces of academic collocations by Brazilian authors who had their articles published in English on an open electronic library of scientific journals. In order to analyse the collocations used by these researchers, we compiled a 906,035-word corpus from eight different academic areas. The collocations observed were statistically compared to those from an academic corpus of English writings which contains texts produced by English-speaking authors. Results showed that there are more collocations underused than overused by the authors. The analysis proved that the collocation repertoire of researchers could be broadened by being pointed out during academic writing workshops. Keywords: academic collocations; research paper writing; corpus linguistics. Resumo: Autores de vários países têm publicado seus artigos científicos em inglês com o intuito de promover amplamente os resultados de suas pesquisas dentre a comunidade científica internacional. É verdade que, embora estejam cientes da terminologia utilizada no respectivo campo de pesquisa, alguns autores ainda apresentam dificuldade em lidar com certas características da escrita acadêmica, como o uso das colocações. Este artigo apresenta uma discussão sobre traços de sobreuso e subuso de colocações acadêmicas utilizadas por autores brasileiros que têm seus artigos publicados em inglês numa plataforma eletrônica aberta de artigos científicos. Para analisar as colocações utilizadas por estes pesquisadores, compilamos um corpus de 906.000 palavras a partir de oito áreas científicas. As colocações analisadas foram comparadas estatisticamente com as colocações de um corpus acadêmico de inglês que contém textos escritos por autores anglófonos. Os resultados mostraram que há mais traços de subuso que sobreuso de colocações acadêmicas utilizadas pelos pesquisadores e este repertório poderia ser ampliado se fossem destacadas durante cursos de escrita acadêmica em língua inglesa. Palavras-chave: colocações acadêmicas; escrita de artigos científicos; linguística de corpus.

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The ICAO Language Proficiency Rating Scale offers parameters for aeronautical English teaching and assessment focused on oral skills. It assists governments worldwide in assessing pilots and air traffic controllers' English proficiency, licensing them for international operations. This paper addresses two of the six linguistic areas listed in the Rating Scale, namely fluency and interaction, to understand what conversational elements are present in pilot-controller communications with a view to informing pedagogical material. The analysis is based on a corpus of pilot-controller radio communications in abnormal situations, revealing a more spontaneous code as opposed to the documented Standard Phraseology mandated for routine situations. Corpus Linguistics is the methodology chosen for this investigation, concentrated on the top frequent three-word clusters extracted from the corpus. Investigation of these clusters reveals that fluency and interaction are interconnected and should be considered in a broader perspective that takes into account language in use. To illustrate, 'we'd like' and 'if you can' are commonly employed as requests in this specific register. The paper concludes by suggesting that learners' awareness of pragmatic aspects of language is pivotal in the aviation English classroom. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The ICAO Language Proficiency Rating Scale offers parameters for aeronautical English teaching and assessment focused on oral skills. It assists governments worldwide in assessing pilots and air traffic controllers’ English proficiency, licensing them for international operations. This paper addresses two of the six linguistic areas listed in the Rating Scale, namely fluency and interaction, to understand what conversational elements are present in pilot-controller communications with a view to informing pedagogical material. The analysis is based on a corpus of pilot-controller radio communications in abnormal situations, revealing a more spontaneous code as opposed to the documented Standard Phraseology mandated for routine situations. Corpus Linguistics is the methodology chosen for this investigation, concentrated on the top frequent three-word clusters extracted from the corpus. Investigation of these clusters reveals that fluency and interaction are interconnected and should be considered in a broader perspective that takes into account language in use. To illustrate, ‘we’d like’ and ‘if you can’ are commonly employed as requests in this specific register. The paper concludes by suggesting that learners’ awareness of pragmatic aspects of language is pivotal in the aviation English classroom. Keywords: Plain Aviation English; fluency; interaction; Corpus Linguistics; Pragmatics. Resumo: A Escala de Proficiência Linguística da ICAO oferece parâmetros para o ensino e a avaliação do inglês aeronáutico focado nas habilidades orais. Serve para os governos em todo o mundo avaliarem a proficiência em inglês de pilotos e controladores de tráfego aéreo, licenciando-os para operações internacionais. Este estudo aborda duas das seis áreas linguísticas elencadas na Escala, quais sejam, fluência e interação, para compreender quais elementos conversacionais estão presentes nas comunicações entre pilotos e controladores com o objetivo de subsidiar materiais pedagógicos. A análise se baseia em um corpus de comunicações via rádio entre pilotos e controladores em situações anormais, revelando um código mais espontâneo, diferentemente da Fraseologia Padrão oficial mandatória nas situações rotineiras. A Linguística de Corpus é a metodologia utilizada nesta investigação, concentrada nos mais frequentes blocos de linguagem de três palavras evidenciados no corpus de estudo. A investigação desses blocos de linguagem revela que fluência e interação são interconectadas e deveriam ser consideradas a partir da perspectiva da língua em uso. Para ilustrar, ‘we’d like’ e ‘if you can’ são normalmente empregados como solicitações. Conclui-se sugerindo que a conscientização dos aprendizes sobre aspectos pragmáticos da língua é fundamental na sala de aula do inglês aeronáutico. Palavras-chave: Plain Aviation English; fluência; interação; Linguística de Corpus; Pragmática.

Objective: Drawing on Pearson (1998) and using corpus linguistics tools available for Brazilian Portuguese, we report on a study aimed at exploring to what extent the concepts of technical term, nominal group and lexical item are coextensive in Brazilian Portuguese. Method: A corpus of academic articles on the experiential domain of Diabetes Mellitus self-care was compiled and queried in AntConc, a concordancing software (ANTHONY, 2019). Using as a reference corpus CALIBRA (FIGUEREDO; PAGANO; FERREGUETTI, 2014), three keywords were extracted analysed with AntConc tool clusters/n-grams, considering clusters/n-grams with a minimum number of ten occurrences. Results: Analysis of clusters/n-grams to the right and left of each of the selected keywords showed that technical term, nominal group and lexical item cannot always coextensive. The use of cluster/n-grams tool can be considered effective to search for lexical items that are coextensive to the order of the nominal group, due to the existence of at least one nominal group in each cluster/n-gram analyzed. Conclusion: Although the programs used by Pearson (1998) are not fully available to Brazilian Portuguese, a systemic-functional approach to nominal group and lexical item together with the tools of the concordancing software used in this paper proved to be efficient for the analysis herein proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to investigate how the emergence of conceptual metaphors reveals subjective experiences in the narratives of patients who developed and treat breast cancer and their coping strategies. Therefore, an adaptation of a method, based on Corpus Linguistics, is proposed to identify these metaphors found in these women's discourse based on the identification and in the extraction of candidate terms for possible conceptual domains. Texts were collected from 31 freely accessible blogs on the subject under study, constituting a corpus of 2036 texts. One of the blogs, consisting of 23 posts, was chosen as a reference to assess whether the chosen tool and the adapted methodology combined with the study. Based on this, a list of keywords was created to extract candidate terms for conceptual domains, constituting a reference list for the analysis of the other texts. Among the most frequent conceptual domains, the following emerged: entity, strength of nature, game, container, travel, monetary value and war. Also, to a lesser extent, elements linked to religion and spirituality eventually emerged. From the analysis undertaken, it is highlighted that the realization of metaphors in the narratives act as coping strategies, given that they are evidence of the conceptual elaboration of these experiences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The following paper provides an analysis of soccer terms and specialized phraseological units in metaphorization processes with the target area of politics. The research uses a monolingual journalistic corpus in Spanish rio-platense, from the politics section Humor Político of the Argentinean newspaper Clarín. The use of computer programs for lexical analysis typical of Corpus Linguistics research has made it possible to identify and extract terms and specialized phrases found in the corpus. The analysis of units in context pointed to the metaphorical construction of the most abstract field of politics by means of more concrete figures of the soccer environment. The corpora consultation available online corroborated the premises and findings in the corpus of study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we present descriptive and computational studies related to omitted subjects. Firstly, we develop a quantitative descriptive study based on three corpora, which consist of journalistic, literary and encyclopedic genres. Specifically, we quantify the omitted subjects in sentences for each of these corpora; omitted subjects were found in 24%, 41% and 46% of their sentences, respectively. Secondly, applying rule-based strategies, we reconstitute those subjects and place them back to the corpora, with the goal of evaluating how much the omission of subjects can impact the automatic learning of syntactic dependencies. The results indicate that the formal subject reconstitution can enhance the learning of syntactic dependencies in up to 2% according to the CLAS metric, highlighting the relevant role of linguistic modeling in the automatic learning process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work consists of the description and comparison of two lexical analysis software, WordSmith Tools (WST) and Sketch Engine (SE). The study corpus selected for the comparative analysis between the programs is called LexTest which is composed of articles, dissertations, reviews and theses about Lexicology. These texts are written in Portuguese, and the corpus has 552,903 tokens. The aspects analyzed in the WST and in the SE are: interface, language settings, corpus upload, number of tokens and types, corpus tagging, word list, keyword list, access to concordance lines, and so on. Based on the comparative analyzes, it was possible to conclude that the WST and the SE are effective in their purpose, because, for example, they process the keywords and allow configuring the language according to the study corpus and calculate the number of tokens; however, depending on the purpose of the research, one of these programs may be more appropriate than the other. The choice of one of them will be responsibility of the researcher, who may consult the comparative table between the WST and the SE, presented at the end of this paper to substantiate his or her preference. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the hardest problems in Natural Language Processing (NLP) is the lexical ambiguity, as words may express different senses depending on the context in which they occur. In NLP, Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) is the task that aims at determining the proper meaning of a word in its context. In this task, the use of a sense annotated corpus is useful because this computational linguistic resource enables further study of the ambiguity phenomenon and the development and evaluation of WSD methods. This paper describes the verb sense annotation process in news texts in the CSTNews corpus, using Princeton WordNet as sense repository. Besides detailing the annotation process and its results, the contributions of this work include the availability of a linguistic resource that may be the basis for future research in WSD for Portuguese. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims at presenting the role of the Sketch Engine concordancer in the development of Field - Football Expressions Dictionary, a trilingual lexicographic resource based on the notion of frame and on linguistic corpora. Here, some considerations are presented concerning not only the resources available in the software, but also the analyses conducted through it. In the second section, Frame Semantics, a theory developed by Fillmore (1982, 1985) and its lexicographic applications are presented; in the third section, the Corpus Linguistics methodological potential is introduced by approaching some of its main principles, and some features of the study corpus. The fourth section describes the analyses procedures to identify (i) polysemic words and (ii) collocations in our corpus, through Sketch Engine. The results indicate that the software can be used for various lexicography-related purposes, once it enables users not only to visualize in detail the entire productivity of language, especially through the Word Sketch option, but also to define the lexicography policy supported by corpus evidence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the first results of a broad study regarding the lexicon of the human body. The study was based on the annotation of large corpora of Portuguese language. We explain the linguistic annotation choices, present the results of an agreement study and explore the material made available: a corpus of interviews (1.4 million words) and a literary corpus (1.2 million words) full annotated and revised, and the remained corpora partially revised. The whole material is publicly available. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho é investigar como a emergência de metáforas conceptuais revela as experiências subjetivas nas narrativas de pacientes que desenvolveram e tratam o câncer de mama e suas estratégias de coping. Para tanto, é proposta uma adaptação de método, baseado em Linguística de Corpus, para a identificação dessas metáforas encontradas no discurso dessas mulheres com base na identificação e na extração de termos candidatos a possíveis domínios conceptuais. Foram coletados textos de 31 blogs de livre acesso sobre a temática em estudo, constituindo um corpus de 2036 textos. Elegeu-se um dos blogs, constituído por 23 postagens, como referência para avaliar se a ferramenta escolhida e a metodologia adaptada seriam adequadas ao estudo. A partir disso, foi criada uma keyword list para extrair termos candidatos a domínios conceptuais, constituindo-se uma lista de referência para a análise dos demais textos. Dentre os domínios conceptuais mais frequentes, emergiram os seguintes: entidade, força da natureza, jogo, container, viagem, valor monetário e guerra. Também, em menor medida, elementos ligados à religião e à espiritualidade acabaram surgindo. A partir da análise empreendida, destaca-se que a realização de metáforas nas narrativas atua como estratégias de coping, haja vista que elas são indícios da elaboração conceitual dessas experiências. Palavras-chave: metáfora conceptual; linguística de corpus; coping; câncer de mama. Abstract: The aim of this paper is to investigate how the emergence of conceptual metaphors reveals subjective experiences in the narratives of patients who developed and treat breast cancer and their coping strategies. Therefore, an adaptation of a method, based on Corpus Linguistics, is proposed to identify these metaphors found in these women’s discourse based on the identification and in the extraction of candidate terms for possible conceptual domains. Texts were collected from 31 freely accessible blogs on the subject under study, constituting a corpus of 2036 texts. One of the blogs, consisting of 23 posts, was chosen as a reference to assess whether the chosen tool and the adapted methodology combined with the study. Based on this, a list of keywords was created to extract candidate terms for conceptual domains, constituting a reference list for the analysis of the other texts. Among the most frequent conceptual domains, the following emerged: entity, strength of nature, game, container, travel, monetary value and war. Also, to a lesser extent, elements linked to religion and spirituality eventually emerged. From the analysis undertaken, it is highlighted that the realization of metaphors in the narratives act as coping strategies, given that they are evidence of the conceptual elaboration of these experiences. Keywords: conceptual metaphor; corpus linguistics; coping; breast cancer.

Resumo: Objetivo: Sob a perspectiva do trabalho de Pearson (1998) e utilizando as ferramentas da linguística de corpus disponíveis para o português brasileiro, a pesquisa apresentada neste artigo busca verificar em que medida a coextensividade entre termo técnico, grupo nominal e item lexical pode ser considerada válida para o português brasileiro. Método: Para a verificação desta coextensividade, um corpus de artigos acadêmicos sobre o domínio experiencial do autocuidado em Diabetes Mellitus foi compilado eletronicamente. Esse corpus foi inserido no software concordanciador AntConc (ANTHONY, 2019) e três palavras-chave foram extraídas com base no corpus de referência CALIBRA (FIGUEREDO; PAGANO; FERREGUETTI, 2014). O contexto de cada uma dessas palavras foi analisado por meio da ferramenta clusters/n-grams do AntConc, considerando os clusters/n-grams com o número mínimo de dez ocorrências. Resultados: A investigação desses clusters/n-grams formados à direita e à esquerda de cada uma das palavras-chave selecionadas mostrou que a coextensividade entre termo técnico, grupo nominal e item lexical nem sempre pode ser identificada, embora a utilização da ferramenta de cluster/n-grams pode ser considerada eficaz para buscar por itens lexicais que estão em coextensividade à ordem do grupo nominal, em razão da existência de pelo menos um grupo nominal em cada cluster/n-gram analisado. Conclusão: Ainda que os programas utilizados em Pearson (1998) não estejam totalmente difundidos para o português brasileiro, a abordagem sistêmico-funcional para o grupo nominal e para o item lexical em conjunto com as ferramentas do software concordanciador utilizado se mostraram eficientes para a análise proposta neste artigo. Palavras-chave: item lexical; grupo nominal; termo técnico; linguística de corpus; sistêmico-funcional; co-extensividade. Abstract: Objective: Drawing on Pearson (1998) and using corpus linguistics tools available for Brazilian Portuguese, we report on a study aimed at exploring to what extent the concepts of technical term, nominal group and lexical item are coextensive in Brazilian Portuguese. Method: A corpus of academic articles on the experiential domain of Diabetes Mellitus self-care was compiled and queried in AntConc, a concordancing software (ANTHONY, 2019). Using as a reference corpus CALIBRA (FIGUEREDO; PAGANO; FERREGUETTI, 2014), three keywords were extracted analysed with AntConc tool clusters/n-grams, considering clusters/n-grams with a minimum number of ten occurrences. Results: Analysis of clusters/n-grams to the right and left of each of the selected keywords showed that technical term, nominal group and lexical item cannot always coextensive. The use of cluster/n-grams tool can be considered effective to search for lexical items that are coextensive to the order of the nominal group, due to the existence of at least one nominal group in each cluster/n-gram analyzed. Conclusion: Although the programs used by Pearson (1998) are not fully available to Brazilian Portuguese, a systemic-functional approach to nominal group and lexical item together with the tools of the concordancing software used in this paper proved to be efficient for the analysis herein proposed. Keywords: lexical item; nominal group; technical term; corpus linguistics; systemic functional theory; coextensiveness.

Resumo: Este artigo apresenta uma análise de termos e unidades fraseológicas especializadas, do âmbito do futebol, em processos de metaforização com o domínio alvo da política. A pesquisa utiliza um corpus jornalístico monolíngue em espanhol rio-platense, da coluna Humor Político do jornal argentino Clarín. A utilização de programas computacionais para análises lexicais característicos da pesquisa com a Linguística de Corpus viabilizou a identificação e extração de termos e fraseologias especializadas presentes no corpus. A análise das unidades em contexto apontou para a construção metafórica do campo mais abstrato da política por meio de figuras mais concretas do meio futebolístico. A consulta a corpora disponíveis on-line corroborou as premissas e os achados no corpus de estudo. Palavras-chave: terminologia; unidades fraseológicas especializadas; metáfora; linguística de corpus; corpus jornalístico. Abstract: The following paper provides an analysis of soccer terms and specialized phraseological units in metaphorization processes with the target area of politics. The research uses a monolingual journalistic corpus in Spanish rio-platense, from the politics section Humor Político of the Argentinean newspaper Clarín. The use of computer programs for lexical analysis typical of Corpus Linguistics research has made it possible to identify and extract terms and specialized phrases found in the corpus. The analysis of units in context pointed to the metaphorical construction of the most abstract field of politics by means of more concrete figures of the soccer environment. The corpora consultation available online corroborated the premises and findings in the corpus of study. Keywords: terminology; specialized phraseological units; metaphor; corpus linguistics; journalistic corpus.