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Copyright of Revista de Metodos Cuantitativos para la Economia y la Empresa is the property of Universidad Pablo de Olavide and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de Metodos Cuantitativos para la Economia y la Empresa is the property of Universidad Pablo de Olavide and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de Metodos Cuantitativos para la Economia y la Empresa is the property of Universidad Pablo de Olavide and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de Metodos Cuantitativos para la Economia y la Empresa is the property of Universidad Pablo de Olavide and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de Metodos Cuantitativos para la Economia y la Empresa is the property of Universidad Pablo de Olavide and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de Metodos Cuantitativos para la Economia y la Empresa is the property of Universidad Pablo de Olavide and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper shows the forecast of the exchange rate between the Colombian peso and the US dollar (hereinafter the dollar) from December 2019 to December 2020, based on a VEC (Vector error correction) model based on the parity hypothesis of weak purchasing power. With this, it's proposed that the exchange rate is adjusted not only to balance the differences in rates between the United States and Colombia, but also to balance a third variable, in this case WTI crude oil price. Caused by that the main source of export earnings for Colombia has its source in oil resources, it was considered valuable to use WTI quotes as a proxy to estimate the likely direction of the exchange rate in the short and medium term. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Metodos Cuantitativos para la Economia y la Empresa is the property of Universidad Pablo de Olavide and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de Metodos Cuantitativos para la Economia y la Empresa is the property of Universidad Pablo de Olavide and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de Metodos Cuantitativos para la Economia y la Empresa is the property of Universidad Pablo de Olavide and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de Metodos Cuantitativos para la Economia y la Empresa is the property of Universidad Pablo de Olavide and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de Metodos Cuantitativos para la Economia y la Empresa is the property of Universidad Pablo de Olavide and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de Metodos Cuantitativos para la Economia y la Empresa is the property of Universidad Pablo de Olavide and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de Metodos Cuantitativos para la Economia y la Empresa is the property of Universidad Pablo de Olavide and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Increasing the productivity of an economy requires improvements in the productivity of its companies, and therefore greater business success. It should be noted that a company on the road to success is more productive. The objective of this paper is to analyse how internal and external factors influence the labour productivity of companies. This paper provides evidence that recognises the importance of the quality of business management, on the one hand, and the factors related to the functioning of markets and institutions, on the other, in determining the productivity of companies. The results show that business management practices and the quality of the business environment jointly determine the productivity of companies. However, there are differences according to the size of the companies, so that smaller companies have lower business productivity that can be increased if they improve their management practices and their physical capital endowment per worker. In addition, if institutions invest in improving the environment in which businesses operate, they are more likely to achieve greater business success. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper looks at a sample of small and medium entities in Spain and analyzes the effect of the vulnerability of sectors to insolvency on their survival and the probability that they will go bankrupt. We collected data from solvent and insolvent firms in Spain over the period 2012-2016, and grouped them according to the percentage of insolvencies by sector (highest, lowest, and a reference group). The results show that no differences in the endurance of the firms emerge among the groups, while some variables appear to be relevant when the logit analysis is applied. Survival depends on liquidity and size in all industries, but profitability and turnover are also essential for the group with the highest levels of insolvency. The probability of bankruptcy is mainly explained by turnover and short-term solvency. Size and turnover have negative effects on bankruptcy. Age is also a common factor, but with a different interpretation for each technique. The main contribution of this paper is the analysis of insolvency in the two dimensions of survival and probability according to the sectorial insolvency rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper theoretically interprets how international real capitalist competition pressures trade balances of the peripheral countries to depend on absolute cost advantages based on the super-exploitation of labor power and nature; dependence which creates cyclical dynamics within those countries. To reinforce such an interpretation, the paper takes as a study case the Ecuadorian peripheral capitalism, about which some historical-cyclical trends are presented as well as some examples of economic activities that seem to obtain their trade surplus through super-exploitation. Also, the paper estimates a PVAR model over a panel data of 43 economic activities observed during the period 2007-2016; from that estimation, it is found evidence of short-run cyclical dynamics among Ecuadorian economic activities. All the empirical results evidence the importance of the absolute cost advantages gained through super-exploitation of labor power and nature on the determination of trade balances and on the rise of cycles that reinforce the dependent condition of Ecuadorian capitalism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Metodos Cuantitativos para la Economia y la Empresa is the property of Universidad Pablo de Olavide and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this paper, we study the relationship between reconciliations in the Colombian electricity market and the bid prices by firms on the spot market. In this work, we propose a model of behavior of the firm to elaborate theoretical predictions about the relationship between the reconciliations and the bid prices. Subsequently, we developed an empirical strategy to test the predictions of our model. We find that when firms expect their units to have negative reconciliations the next day, they tend to reduce the bid prices for their units. To positive reconciliations, there is no evidence of any relationship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to estimate the probability of growth aspirations of Colombian entrepreneurs according to the generation in which they were born. There is a large literature on the determinants of the growth aspiration, but there is not much empirical evidence on the possible effects of belonging to a specific generation. We used data from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor for the period between 2006 and 2017. Specifically, the data were taken from the Adult Population Survey, which measures certain relevant characteristics of entrepreneurs around the world. Based on a sample of 6,670 individuals, three ordinal logistic regression models were estimated, one for each generation: Baby Boomers, Generation X and Generation Y-Millennials. The results show that the youngest entrepreneurs, the Millennials, have a very different conception of life than their predecessors in relation to their view of entrepreneurship as a life choice. In fact, structural factors such as gender, education and motive for entrepreneurship are significant for all generations. However, context-related factors such as their skills, fear of failure, recognition, and their view of entrepreneurship as a desirable career have different effects on each generation. These results are relevant for the development of public policies and business strategies associated with entrepreneurship in developing regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Metodos Cuantitativos para la Economia y la Empresa is the property of Universidad Pablo de Olavide and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de Metodos Cuantitativos para la Economia y la Empresa is the property of Universidad Pablo de Olavide and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de Metodos Cuantitativos para la Economia y la Empresa is the property of Universidad Pablo de Olavide and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper aims to identify the determinants of revenue underreporting and their temporal evolution from a business perspective in formal firms located in an emerging country with high inflation (Argentina). We propose a conceptual model and we estimate it empirically using a logistic regression based on pooled data 2010-2017 of the World Bank Enterprise Surveys. The findings show that revenue underreporting is a multicausal phenomenon where taxes lose importance in the light of other determinants such as: corruption, regulation and bureaucracy, quality of public and government services, detection probability, sector informality and political instability. Moreover, the outcomes recognize companies' characteristics with a greater propensity to underreport sales (smaller size, selling in domestic market, from manufacturing sector, without external financing, with male entrepreneurs). Our empirical evidence is relevant for the formulation of public policies aimed at reducing revenue underreporting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of the paper is to equilibrate the sectorial imbalances of the production of goods and services, identified in the Cuban productive structure, following a methodology that includes mathematical modeling. Econometric and goal programming (GP) models are designed to assess the relative importance, to estimate and to solve the imbalances between the intermediate and final destination in economic sectors of the Cuban economy. This makes it possible to design public policies focused on improving economic complementarity and integration, a relevant aspect in the process of updating the Cuban economic and social model, endorsed in the government documents governing the economic reform undertaken since 2011. As a result, the methodology is applied in the province of Santiago de Cuba, where sectorial imbalances were estimated and productive capacities reserves of goods and services by 42.500 million pesos were identified to equilibrate the imbalances, which can contribute to investment decision-making within the framework of the country's economic and social development strategy until 2030. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Metodos Cuantitativos para la Economia y la Empresa is the property of Universidad Pablo de Olavide and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de Metodos Cuantitativos para la Economia y la Empresa is the property of Universidad Pablo de Olavide and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de Metodos Cuantitativos para la Economia y la Empresa is the property of Universidad Pablo de Olavide and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de Metodos Cuantitativos para la Economia y la Empresa is the property of Universidad Pablo de Olavide and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de Metodos Cuantitativos para la Economia y la Empresa is the property of Universidad Pablo de Olavide and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de Metodos Cuantitativos para la Economia y la Empresa is the property of Universidad Pablo de Olavide and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de Metodos Cuantitativos para la Economia y la Empresa is the property of Universidad Pablo de Olavide and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de Metodos Cuantitativos para la Economia y la Empresa is the property of Universidad Pablo de Olavide and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de Metodos Cuantitativos para la Economia y la Empresa is the property of Universidad Pablo de Olavide and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this paper, the objective is to determine whether international trade operations, cleared by maritime customs in Mexico, present fractal characteristics with long term memory. To estimate the Hurst exponent (H), the scaled rank method (R/S) was applied to 1,700 data grouped by each customs office in the country, considering as a hypotheses that long-term memory is present when H is equal or greater than 0.5 and less than or equal to 1. The results allow affirming that long-term memory does exist, with which the authorities could manage more efficiently the resources assigned to the country's maritime customs offices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we perform an analysis about the effect of the perception of corruption in the activity of the credit insurance or CDS market in Spain during the period between 2008 and 2018. To measure the perception of corruption, we use Google Trends tool for the keyword “corrupcion”. On the other hand, to proxy the activity of the CDS market, we use the evolution of the 5-year CDSs. Subsequently, an empirical analysis is carried out through regression methodology and out-of-sample analysis to verify the predictive capacity of the model. The results show that perceived corruption impacts the evolution of CDSs, and its influence is greater in the years in which the country's economy does not face a crisis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this paper is to measure the performance of formal work in two states of Mexico with different economic vocation: Quintana Roo whose main activity is tourism and Aguascalientes with mainly industrial activity. The work begins by presenting the work context in both states, and later describes the review of literature related to the performance of formal work in Mexico and Latin America. With the official data of the workers affiliated to the IMSS from 1998 to 2019, the best adjustment is identified, with the statistical parameters obtained; the monthly behavior of the first quarter of 2020 is analyzed with classical methodology contrasted with meta-analysis. The results allow us to conclude that in previous periods and during social distancing, the number of IMSS members not only remained at conventional levels, but that in several months the number of registered workers increased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Metodos Cuantitativos para la Economia y la Empresa is the property of Universidad Pablo de Olavide and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de Metodos Cuantitativos para la Economia y la Empresa is the property of Universidad Pablo de Olavide and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper aims to carry out a preliminary analysis of the arbitrage pricing theory in Argentine capital market, with special emphasis on inflation as a variable of interest for an emerging country, an underdeveloped financial market, and a period under analysis with inflationary trends and exchange market intervention. To that end, we work with a theoretical-empirical method. In order to formulate the model, we make a theoretical approach to the subject, based mainly on scientific articles that examine the relationship between the rate of return on assets and inflation. We focus our empirical analysis in an econometric study of the shares' performance of 19 companies listed on Argentinian capital market in the 2005-2014 period, and the associations with variables of interest, especially macroeconomic ones, also including some control tests with microeconomic variables. The main findings are robust about the effect on firms' performance of the following explanatory variables: risk-free interest rate, market performance, temporary effects of "hinge" periods and sector effects. However, the results are not determinant in reference to the effect of the inflation and the exchange rate variables on stocks' performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we intend to substantiate the usefulness of Deep Learning, especially feedforward neuronal networks, in the prediction of business failure. This methodology provides very good results in terms of predictive performance when large sample sizes are available. Therefore, we have developed a business failure prediction model for European companies, based on this algorithm on a sample of 61,624 companies, of which 12,128 were declared bankrupt in 2016. As independent variables were considered ratios, and economic and financial data obtained from the financial statements for the year preceding the date of failure. Deep Learning achieves a predictive performance of 94%, where companies with larger size and lower solvency are more prone to failure. The obtained results have been tested on an independent test sample, different from that used to estimate and train the model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective of this paper is to analyze the effect of education, age, access to ICTs and physical and financial assets, as well as other personal and socioeconomic characteristics on the probability of being a formal or informal own-account worker. In order to achieve this purpose, information will be used at the urban level for the twenty-one main cities in Colombia from the Great Integrated Household Survey 2010 (GISH), by the National Administrative Department of Statistics (DANE) and the Colombian Longitudinal Survey of the University of the Andes 2013 (CLS). Based on these data, models that have a qualitative binomial and multinomial dependent variable are employed, correcting for selection bias. As main results, it was found that physical assets and access to credit have a positive marginal effect on the probability of being an own-account worker. On the other hand, the marginal effect of education was negative; the lower the educational level, the greater the probability of self-employment, especially regarding the informal work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the analysis and valuation of an individual, temporary, and leveled-prime life insurance. It starting point is an analogy between contract rules and a financial exotic option. In particular, a cash or nothing option. Several cases are presented from a person with different age and gender, and sensitivity to different probability distributions are tested using Monte Carlo simulation. All cases are adjusted to Argentinean recent data in order to estimate exercise prices, main variable to estimate the contract value. Prime market values used on this work are more than double than the theoretical value found on the exotic option while comparing them to identical contract conditions such as insured amount, time frame and demographic conditions of the individual. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies in economic growth have focused on the convergence hypothesis for regions, territories and groups of countries. The main idea is that on the long run, the poorer regions would catch up to the richer in terms of Gross Domestic Product Per Capita. This paper analyses the economic convergence in the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), not considered in studies related to the organization, which offers an expanded view on the matter. Utilizing an estimation and panel data analysis for the period 1970-2017, it indicates whether the gaps between countries belonging to the block have tended to be reduced or widened, and for this, an econometric model based on the literature is developed, with different equations, periods, variables and set of countries within the OPEC. The results mainly show convergence and the formation of convergence clubs between these economies, and a growth dynamic determined by human capital and physical capital. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

International Accounting Standard 40 (IAS 40 - Investment properties) offers an ideal setting for research on accounting choice as it represents a paradigmatic case choosing between the fair value and the historical cost as the measurement criteria. In this paper, we take the opportunity of this standard to provide additional evidence in a multinational and multi-context on the determinants that explain the accounting choice. Furthermore, in this paper, we introduce and compare the use of artificial neural networks and decision trees in order to assess the predictive capability of these methodologies, compared to other techniques commonly used to solve classification problems in this area such as the logistic regression. The classification results indicate that both neural networks and decision trees can be an interesting alternative to classical statistical methods such as the logistic regression. In particular, both methods outperformed the logistic regression in terms of predictive ability, although no significant differences were found between both. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to contrast the spillover effects in business failure derived from the geographic proximity among firms of the same sector. To get this purpose, we develop an empirical application based on the analysis of the join-count statistics on a sample of firms of service sector located in the municipality of Murcia (Spain). Our results show significant spatial autocorrelation pattern, therefore, the probability of failure in a firm not only depends on its internal characteristics, but also on the situation of failure of its vicinity peer companies. These results can be an interesting starting point in the development of papers which consider the interdependence effects among closer peer companies in business failure literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following the recent work of Gómez-Déniz and Pérez-Rodríguez (2014), this paper extends the results obtained there to the normal-exponential distribution with dependence. Accordingly, the main aim of the present paper is to enhance stochastic production frontier and stochastic cost frontier modelling by proposing a bivariate distribution for dependent errors which allows us to nest the classical models. Closed-form expressions for the error term and technical efficiency are provided. An illustration using real data from the econometric literature is provided to show the applicability of the model proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Metodos Cuantitativos para la Economia y la Empresa is the property of Universidad Pablo de Olavide and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de Metodos Cuantitativos para la Economia y la Empresa is the property of Universidad Pablo de Olavide and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de Metodos Cuantitativos para la Economia y la Empresa is the property of Universidad Pablo de Olavide and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)